卫星光学遥感器光谱波段选择的影响因素

文章详细阐述了大气对太阳辐射在可见光-近红外段的吸收作用和散射作用，并总结了可见光-近红外波段常用的大气窗口及其透射率，最后，分析了可见光、近红外、短波红外的波段选择问题。     

近地轨道飞行器的光辐射背景环境

文章简要介绍了在可见光和红外波段深空和地球高层大气的光辐射源和辐射特性,包括辐射机制和强度、辐射的各向异性等,通过比较表明空间红外波段的背景辐射明显高出可见光波段近1个数量级;分析了在地球大气外进行对地观测时大气辉光辐射的角分布,指出了辐射的临边增亮特性。以上研究对于研制和开发新型航天器、利用太空资源以及未来的深空探测都具有实用价值。     

地面目标识别特征影响因素分析

地面目标可见光识别特征主要包括形状、颜色、亮度等。研究表明地面目标的可见光辐射主要是反射太阳辐射,目标与背景在可见光波段的亮度对比取决于目标与背景的反射率。大气气象条件是影响目标识别特征的主要因素。     

抗大气湍流近红外计算鬼成像

为解决大气湍流造成成像质量严重下降的问题,提出一种抗大气湍流近红外计算鬼成像方法。计算鬼成像利用调制光场和物光总光强进行强度关联来获取图像信息,调制光场是决定成像质量的一个关键。利用湍流随时间和空间变化,将其作为计算鬼成像中的随机调制光场,通过功率谱反演法模拟强、中、弱三种大气湍流引起的相位扰动影响,并加载到光传播链路中完成抗大气湍流近红外鬼成像仿真分析。利用近红外相机作为探测器搭建计算鬼成像实验系统,并进行外场实验对提出的方法进行实验验证。仿真和实验结果表明,仿真三种不同强度湍流情况和外场条件下均能重构出目标物体的像,仿真图像信噪比分别为19.4 dB、24.2 dB和64.58 dB,表明了计算关联成像在近红外波段抗大气湍流的有效性。该方法结构简单,易于实现,可为近红外抗大气湍流探测提供一种技术途径。     

大气色散对航空双谱段高分辨率斜视成像影响

航空双谱段高分辨率斜视成像载荷作为重要的成像手段,具有焦距长、分辨率高等特点,由于大气层上疏下密的分层特性,光线在大气中斜视传播时,导致光谱展宽并产生色散和畸变,严重影响系统成像分辨率和目标定位精度。文章分析了斜视成像的几何特性;利用MODTRAN软件仿真分析了斜视成像时大气透过特性和光谱散射特性;通过光线追踪法定量分析了大气色散对可见光和中波红外谱段的光线弯曲和光谱色散的影响,并提出了基于多光谱ZnS楔形窗口补偿方法。结果表明,远距离斜视成像可见光近红外0.50～0.95μm透过率高,散射小;中波3.70～4.80μm散射和路径辐射效应较小,光线斜视传播时,光线弯曲角度基本一致;大气色散对可见光谱段影响较大,航高20km斜视120km时,成像分辨率由0.375m退化至4.2m,大气色散对中波红外谱段影响较小;色散补偿后,可见光谱段色散角度下降为原来的1/2,中波红外谱段不受影响,在提升可见光成像品质的同时,保持中波红外谱段色散特性不变。     

多光谱扫描仪空间环境下定标设备可见光近红外谱域标准源装置研制

可见光近红外谱域标准源装置是多光谱扫描仪空间环境下定标设备的组成部分。该定标设备能在模拟空间环境条件下对多光谱扫描仪进行定标。本文介绍了可见光、近红外谱域标准源装置的组成、光学机械结构特点和所达到的技术指标。     

用光谱测量对有关农作物参量的定量分析

本文是为了调查和评价遥感数据在农业上的应用。从飞机或卫星获得有关农作物参量的多光谱数据,主要涉及到可见光波段(0.4-0.7微米)和红外光波段(0.7-1.2微米和1.2-2.5微米)的植被反射特性。     

日本先进的陆地观测卫星

先进的陆地观测卫星(ALOS)是日本的一颗高分辨率地球现测卫星。星上装有3种仪器:1)用于立体制图的全色遥感仪(PRISM);2)先进的可见光和近红外辐射仪-2(AVNIR-2);3)相阵L波段合成孔径雷达(PALSAR)。这3种仪器可用于制图、区域观测和自然灾害监测。为了充分利用遥感器获得的数据,ALOS卫星具有大容量数据处理的功能,并且装有下一代高分辨率遥感卫星所必须的精确测定位置和姿态的分系统。ALOS将在2002年用H-ⅡA火箭发射。     

SAM在CMODIS数据信息提取中的应用

中国首次上天的中等分辨率成像光谱仪 (CMODIS)数据具有 34谱段 ,包含了从可见光、近红外、短波红外至热红外波段非常丰富的波谱信息。但是CMODIS波段间相关性很高 ,而且数据量很大 ,若用传统的基于数理统计的分类方法 (如监督和非监督分类方法 )提取信息会有一定的困难。光谱角度制图法(SAM)是通过计算 1个测试光谱 (像元光谱 )与 1个参考光谱之间的“角度”来确定它们两者之间的相似性 ,从而达到分类目的。这一方法更符合高光谱数据的特点。文章对 2 0 0 2年 5月 2 2日取得的前 2 0个波段的CMODIS数数据分别采用监督分类方法和光谱角度制图 (SAM)法提取信息。试验结果表明采用SAM得到了比监督分类方法更好的分类效果和更多的信息。     

SAM在CMODIS数据信息提取中的应用

中国首次上天的中等分辨率成像光谱仪(cMODIS)数据具有34谱段，包含了从可见光、近红外、短波红外至热红外波段非常丰富的波谱信息。但是CMODLS波段间相关性很高，而且数据量很大，若用传统的基于数理统计的分类方法(如监督和非监督分类方法)提取信息会有一定的困难。光谱角度制图法(SAM)是通过计算1个测试光谱(像元光谱)与1个参考光谱之间的“角度”来确定它们两者之间的相似性，从而达到分类目的。这一方法更符合高光谱数据的特点。文章对2002年5月22日取得的前20个波段的CMODIS数数据分别采用监督分类方法和光谱角度制图(SAM)法提取信息。试验结果表明采用SAM得到了比监督分类方法更好的分类效果和更多的信息。     

亚毫米波大气传输计算及分析

主要研究了在近亚毫米波段的大气传输特性，通过分析红外区和毫米波区的大气２模型，给出了亚毫米波段的大气传输模型参及加权项的表达形式。在吸收模型的理论的基础上，推导了以宏观气象条件为参变量的解析表达式，并由实验数据加权后的模型进行了验证分析，加权模型与实验数据基本吻合。在散射模型中，提出了以粒子的统计分布均值代替一般的密度分布，从而提高了计算精度。分别推导了Ｍｉｅ和Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ散射系数求解的数学表     

Airglow in the Visible and Infrared Spectral Ranges of the Disturbed Upper Atmosphere under Conditions of High-Velocity Plasma Jet Injection: I. Experimental data

The measurements of infrared emission from an artificial structure, which was generated during the Fluxus experiment with plasma jet injection into the atmosphere, are obtained and discussed for the first time. Additional experimental data on the airglow in the visible spectral band of the disturbed region of the atmosphere are presented. A generalized analysis of the data is given.     

中分辨率成像光谱仪焦平面设计方案设想

文中就中分辨率成像光谱仪的焦平面设计进行了分析,根据中分辨率成像光谱仪的谱段配置、微型组合滤光片研制难度、辐照分辨率、空间分辨率等具体情况,提出了详细的焦平面设想:在可见光波段焦平面(VIS FPA)采用镶嵌蓝光增强PIN二极管列阵,近红外焦平面(NIR FPA)采用红外增强PIN二极管列阵,读出采用CMOS多路读出及源跟随器输出结构,以相关双取样电路消除背景噪声、复位噪声和热噪声,每列探测器对应一路前置放大器;短波红外焦平面(SWIR FPA),探测器采用光伏HgCdTe器件,采用直接注入多路读出电路;长波红外焦平面(LWIR FPA),探测器采用光导HgCdTe器件,读出电路为与光敏元一一对应的前置放大器,主放大器,然后以模拟开关变为串行输出,文中还就各FPA的信噪比、量子效率、串音等进行了分析,提出了各焦平面的最佳工作温度、响应率和一致性等要求。     

Earth as an extrasolar planet: Earth model validation using EPOXI earth observations

The EPOXI Discovery Mission of Opportunity reused the Deep Impact flyby spacecraft to obtain spatially and temporally resolved visible photometric and moderate resolution near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic observations of Earth. These remote observations provide a rigorous validation of whole-disk Earth model simulations used to better understand remotely detectable extrasolar planet characteristics. We have used these data to upgrade, correct, and validate the NASA Astrobiology Institute's Virtual Planetary Laboratory three-dimensional line-by-line, multiple-scattering spectral Earth model. This comprehensive model now includes specular reflectance from the ocean and explicitly includes atmospheric effects such as Rayleigh scattering, gas absorption, and temperature structure. We have used this model to generate spatially and temporally resolved synthetic spectra and images of Earth for the dates of EPOXI observation. Model parameters were varied to yield an optimum fit to the data. We found that a minimum spatial resolution of ～100 pixels on the visible disk, and four categories of water clouds, which were defined by using observed cloud positions and optical thicknesses, were needed to yield acceptable fits. The validated model provides a simultaneous fit to Earth's lightcurve, absolute brightness, and spectral data, with a root-mean-square (RMS) error of typically less than 3% for the multiwavelength lightcurves and residuals of ～10% for the absolute brightness throughout the visible and NIR spectral range. We have extended our validation into the mid-infrared by comparing the model to high spectral resolution observations of Earth from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, obtaining a fit with residuals of ～7% and brightness temperature errors of less than 1?K in the atmospheric window. For the purpose of understanding the observable characteristics of the distant Earth at arbitrary viewing geometry and observing cadence, our validated forward model can be used to simulate Earth's time-dependent brightness and spectral properties for wavelengths from the far ultraviolet to the far infrared. Key Words: Astrobiology-Extrasolar terrestrial planets-Habitability-Planetary science-Radiative transfer. Astrobiology 11, 393-408.     

大气成分探测红外光谱仪系统指标分析

由温室气体引起的全球气候变化和环境污染已经受到全世界的广泛关注。进行大气成分探测，对于更好地了解温室效应产生的细节、大气分子的光化学性质对臭氧层的影响以及大气污染机制都具有重要意义。由于大气成分种类较多，其红外吸收光谱密集且复杂，因此大气成分探测仪器需要有较高的光谱分辨能力和信噪比。文章进行了大气成分探测的总体指标需求分析，并据此确定了大气成分探测红外光谱仪的主要技术指标。为了满足指标要求，该光谱仪采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的总体方案。通过仪器性能影响因素分析和系统优化，使得该仪器的最终设计结果满足指标要求。     

Disk-averaged synthetic spectra of Mars

The principal goal of the NASA Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) and European Space Agency's Darwin mission concepts is to directly detect and characterize extrasolar terrestrial (Earthsized) planets. This first generation of instruments is expected to provide disk-averaged spectra with modest spectral resolution and signal-to-noise. Here we use a spatially and spectrally resolved model of a Mars-like planet to study the detectability of a planet's surface and atmospheric properties from disk-averaged spectra. We explore the detectability as a function of spectral resolution and wavelength range, for both the proposed visible coronograph (TPFC) and mid-infrared interferometer (TPF-I/Darwin) architectures. At the core of our model is a spectrum-resolving (line-by-line) atmospheric/surface radiative transfer model. This model uses observational data as input to generate a database of spatially resolved synthetic spectra for a range of illumination conditions and viewing geometries. The model was validated against spectra recorded by the Mars Global Surveyor-Thermal Emission Spectrometer and the Mariner 9-Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer. Results presented here include disk-averaged synthetic spectra, light curves, and the spectral variability at visible and mid-infrared wavelengths for Mars as a function of viewing angle, illumination, and season. We also considered the differences in the spectral appearance of an increasingly ice-covered Mars, as a function of spectral resolution, signal-to-noise and integration time for both TPF-C and TPFI/ Darwin.     

The modular optelectronic multispectral scanner system for spaceborne remote sensing

A multispectral scanner system for spaceborne remote sensing of land and coastal/ocean features is under development for the German Ministry for Research and Technology. The system is based on the use of multilinear detector arrays for visible and infrared spectral bands.The electronically scanning image system MOMS (Modular Optoelectronical Multispectral Scanner) consists of individual spectral channel modules which can be grouped to dedicated mission tasks. Those dedicated tasks are land surface thematic mapping, sea or vegetation monitoring and in a stereo mode conventional photo interpretation and mapping.The basic performance data would allow up to 10,000 pixels per scan line, corresponding to about 20 m resolution at 200 km swath width out of observation satellite altitudes with narrower spectral bands than used on the current systems. High spectral resolution (up to 20 nm) is feasible at medium spatial resolution (～ 60 m).An experimental airborne scanner has been successfully flown in spring 1978. High-resolution modules development in the visible/NIR is under way and will be flight tested in early 1981.     

Biosignatures of early earths

A major goal of NASA's Origins Program is to find habitable planets around other stars and determine which might harbor life. Determining whether or not an extrasolar planet harbors life requires an understanding of what spectral features (i.e., biosignatures) might result from life's presence. Consideration of potential biosignatures has tended to focus on spectral features of gases in Earth's modern atmosphere, particularly ozone, the photolytic product of biogenically produced molecular oxygen. But life existed on Earth for about 1(1/2) billion years before the buildup of atmospheric oxygen. Inferred characteristics of Earth's earliest biosphere and studies of modern microbial ecosystems that share some of those characteristics suggest that organosulfur compounds, particularly methanethiol (CH(3)SH, the sulfur analog of methanol), may have been biogenic products on early Earth. Similar production could take place on extrasolar Earth-like planets whose biota share functional chemical characteristics with Earth life. Since methanethiol and related organosulfur compounds (as well as carbon dioxide) absorb at wavelengths near or overlapping the 9.6-microm band of ozone, there is potential ambiguity in interpreting a feature around this wavelength in an extrasolar planet spectrum.     

紫外/红外准成像双色导引头技术研究

介绍了紫外／红外准成像双色导引头。该导引头采用玫瑰花形扫描方式，将双色信息融合技术与计算机技术相结合，用双色玫瑰扫描分时相关控制算法，实现了复杂干扰环境下的光谱鉴别等系统技术，具有对抗多个红外诱饵干扰的能力，从而使该类导弹的战术性能，特别是抗干扰性能获得了飞跃式的提高。