Life science experiments during the German-Russian MIR '97 mission

Manned spaceflight has been an important element of the German space program over the last decades. This is demonstrated by the nationally managed space missions Spacelab D-l (1985), D-2 (1993), and MIR '92 as well as by the participation in the 1st Spacelab mission FSLP (1983), the NASA missions IML-1 (1992) and IML-2 (1994), as well as in the ESA missions EUROMIR '94 and '95. On February 12th, this year, the German cosmonaut Reinhold Ewald was launched together with his Russian colleagues Wasilij Zibliew and Alexander Lasudkin onboard of a Soyuz spacecraft for another stay of a German cosmonaut onboard of the Russian Space Station MIR. This mission--the so-called German/Russian MIR '97--was, of course, another cornerstone with regard to the cooperation between Russian and German space organizations. The cooperation in the area of manned missions began 1978 with the flight of the German cosmonaut Sigmund Jahn onboard of Salyut 6, at that time a cooperation between the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic in the frame of the Interkosmos Program. In March 1992, it was followed by the flight of Klaus Dietrich Flade with his stay onboard of MIR. After two further successful ESA missions, EUROMIR '94 and '95 with the two German cosmonauts Ulf Merbold and Thomas Reiter and with a marked contribution of German scientists, the decision was taken to perform another German/Russian MIR mission, the so-called MIR '97. In Germany, MIR'97 was managed and performed in a joint effort between several partners. DARA, the German Space Agency, was responsible for the overall program and project management, while DLR, the German Aerospace Research Establishment, was responsible for the cosmonaut training, for medical operations, for the mission control at GSOC in Oberpfaffenhofen as well as for user support.     

中德财务报告比较研究

本文从介绍形成德国独特会计模式的经济因素和社会因素入手，继而选取中德两家在纽约证交所上市公司的会计报告进行比较，目的在于揭示两国财务报告不同之处。     

Some aspects of the German TV-SAT-system

First work of a direct broadcasting satellite was initiated 1971 in the German industry by the German Ministry of Technology and Research. Besides of hardware development different studies on system level were conducted which reflected the needs of the respective time periods. For the moment Germany entered the design phase of a broadcasting satellite project, which is called TV-SAT. This paper describes briefly the history of the German broadcasting satellite activities since 1971 and informs about the work which is under the way in the TV-SAT program.     

在创先争优中增强和提高学生党员的党员意识、党员素质方法研究

在党的基层组织和广大党员中开展创先争优活动,是党的十七大作出的重大部署,通过创先争优活动的开展,在高校基层党组织和党员队伍中培养、发现、树立、运用先进优秀的好榜样,发挥先进、优秀好榜样的作用,尤其是学生党员在学生中的标杆的树立和作用的发挥。本文在学院目前党校教育的基础之上,进行分析研究,总结经验,开拓创新,寻找增强和提高学生党员的党员意识和党员素质的好方法,好途径,使得学生党员的作用在学生群体中得到更好地发挥,学生党员先进性得到更好的体现,从而着力加强大学生党建工作。     

在创先争优中增强和提高学生党员的党员意识、党员素质方法研究

在党的基层组织和广大党员中开展创先争优活动,是党的十七大作出的重大部署,通过创先争优活动的开展,在高校基层党组织和党员队伍中培养、发现、树立、运用先进优秀的好榜样,发挥先进、优秀好榜样的作用,尤其是学生党员在学生中的标杆的树立和作用的发挥。本文在学院目前党校教育的基础之上,进行分析研究,总结经验,开拓创新,寻找增强和提...     

Walter Thiel—Short life of a rocket scientist

In 2012 we celebrate the 70th anniversary of the first successful rocket launch that reached a height of 84.5 km and had a speed of 4.824 km/h (5x sonic speed). This rocket flew 190 km to the target location. One of the masterminds of this launch was Walter Thiel, a German chemist and rocket engineer. Thiel was highly talented, during his education from primary school until diploma exams he always received a grade of A in his exams. He was called “the student with the 7 A grades”. In 1934 Thiel became Dr.-Ing. (chem.), with the highest possible honor (summa cum laude), when he was only 24 years old. He started to work for the rocket development department at Humboldt University, Berlin. Walter Dornberger asked him to leave the university research department and become head of rocket propulsion development in his team in Kummersdorf, near Berlin. Thiel's groundbreaking ideas for the rocket engine would lead to a significant reduction in material, weight and work processes, as well as a shortening in the length of the engine itself. Thiel and his team also defined the fuel itself and the best ratio of mixture between ethanol and liquid oxygen for the engine. In 1940 the propulsion team moved from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde after the launch sites were completed there. Thiel became deputy of Wernher von Braun at the R&D units. One of Thiel's team members was Konrad Dannenberg, who later became famous in the development of the Saturn program. On the night from August 17 to August 18, 1943, Thiel and his family (wife and two children) were killed during a Royal Air Force bombing raid (Operation Hydra). The Moon crater “Thiel” on the far side of the Moon is named after Walter Thiel. The research results of Walter Thiel had a strong impact on the United States' rocket program as well as the Russian rocket development program.     

Space Agency Forum prepares UNISPACE III

On 19-20 May 1998 the German Aerospace Center (DLR) hosted the Space Agency Forum (SAF) at Berlin. The meeting was dedicated to the preparation of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III), which will take place in July 1999. It was attended by 16 space agencies and international organisations from Europe, North- and South America as well as Asia. In this report, first UNISPACE III will be introduced and then the results of the SAF meeting will be reported.     

Waverider

On 17–19 October 1990 the University of Maryland hosted the 1st International Hypersonic Waverider Symposium. It has been a long wait; and although far more eminent contributors took part, there was also one amateur group. The comeback for the Waverider concept is due in part, at least, to determined advocacy by the amateur group, ASTRA — probably the first case of its kind. Duncan Lunan, President of ASTRA, explains.     

Impact of unification on German space activities

1991 is one of the most decisive years in the history of German space activities. Not only do major policy decisions have to be taken concerning the continuation of the European programmes Hermes and Columbus — which, due to the heavy involvement of Germany in international cooperation, strongly affect its space policy — but one year after the unification of Germany the country is about to set up its new space programme. This is in fact a ‘new’ programme because for the first time it includes all space activities of the unified Germany.     

A compact, light-weight high data-rate antenna system for remote-sensing orbiters and space exploration

Upcoming space missions utilizing hyperspectral or other high-resolution sensors will generate a vast amount of data in orbit. The average communication duration between a spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) to a dedicated ground station is short and in addition, due to the high amount of data to be transferred at link times, a high-performance communication system on board of the satellite is indispensable.A solution that provides longer acquisition times with the ground station is to employ a high data-rate inter-satellite link to a geostationary relay satellite, which requires a flat, compact, steerable, light-weight yet robust antenna. Such an antenna system (antenna module plus pointing module) was developed for S-Band at the Institute of Astronautics (Technische Universität München), in cooperation with German space companies, research institutes and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Its successful operation via the geostationary relay satellite Artemis was demonstrated in cooperation with ESA in 2007.This paper describes the evaluation of an antenna system in the Ka-Band, as a successor to be developed in the next two years for high data rates and the various applications of such an antenna system.     

Space Tweetup – from a participant to a Mars Tweetup organizer and a new format of space communication

In September 2011, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Space Agency (DLR) organized the first European SpaceTweetup during the German Aerospace day. One of the authors was one of 60 participants at this SpaceTweetup in Cologne and experienced the concept of a Tweetup and the engagement of the participants from the inside view.     

Review and Prospective on Systems Engineering in China

The origin,formation and evolution of the systems engineering theory accompanied QIAN Xuesen's whole life.The systems engineering theory is the concentrated reflection of QIAN's achievements and theory in all aspects.From returning to China to pioneer China's space industry,creating a new management mode of "one overall design department,two command lines",publishing Organization and Management Technology:Systems Engineering,to proposing the theory of Open Complex Giant System(OCGS) and the theory of Metasynthetic Wisdom,all these mark the formation of the Chinese school of systems engineering.Guided by QIAN's academic ideas,various major Chinese space programs have been implemented successfully which verified the fact that the systems engineering is scientific.The systems engineering has been applied to different fields of the national economy and has a development process with the distinguished characteristics of Chinese systems science.On one hand,the systems engineering is put forward deeply along the traditional systems engineering thought and theory;on the other hand,a batch of innovations that break the traditional shackles have occurred,making the Chinese systems engineering unique and outstanding compared with foreign counterparts.     

The SDI agreement between Bonn and Washington: Review of the first four years

This article provides an evaluation of the significance of the memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed by the US and West German governments in March 1986. The author examines the expectations and fears it created in the FRG and compares them with the reality of actual economic benefit and exchange of information derived: the FRG's influence on arms control; and the effects on its standing and trading relations. The author argues that the MOU has had a negligible effect in securing contracts for West German firms and increasing technological cooperation, while damaging the FRG's standing in the arms control arena.     

中国特色社会主义文化的哲学思考

尽管近年来我国学术界对中国特色社会主义文化进行了深入研究，取得了可喜成果，但是，对于什么是中国特色社会主义文化这个首要问题还是没有完全搞清楚并取得共识。将问题放在一定的历史环境中，具体地历史地认识和解决问题，是马克思主义哲学的基本道理。中国特色社会主义文化是一项伟大的历史性事业，有其具体的历史内涵和时空限度，对之进行时空限度的说明是我们把握其科学内涵、基本性质以及划分其发展阶段、确定其历史地位的基本前提。     

太空中相继升起近80颗中国的人造地球卫星——庆贺中国航天事业创建50周年

回顾了中国自主发展人造地球卫星的历程，以此庆贺中国航天事业创建50周年。     

Russian and Ukrainian satellites to observe the oceans

The Russian/CIS space programme is planning launches from the world’s oceans. In July 1998 a small German satellite was launched from a Russian submarine, the first launch of its kind. A whole family of submarine-launched missiles is available for commercial launches of this kind. In addition, 1999 should see the first flight in the Sea Launch programme which brings together Russian, Ukrainian, US and Norwegian experience.     

太空中相继升起近80颗中国的人造地球卫星——庆贺中国航天事业创建50周年

回顾了中国自主发展人造地球卫星的历程,以此庆贺中国航天事业创建50周年。     

Automated payload and instruments for astrobiology research developed and studied by German medium-sized space industry in cooperation with European academia

For more than a decade Kayser-Threde, a medium-sized enterprise of the German space industry, has been involved in astrobiology research in partnership with a variety of scientific institutes from all over Europe. Previous projects include exobiology research platforms in low Earth orbit on retrievable carriers and onboard the Space Station. More recently, exobiology payloads for in situ experimentation on Mars have been studied by Kayser-Threde under ESA contracts, specifically the ExoMars Pasteur Payload. These studies included work on a sample preparation and distribution systems for Martian rock/regolith samples, instrument concepts such as Raman spectroscopy and a Life Marker Chip, advanced microscope systems as well as robotic tools for astrobiology missions. The status of the funded technical studies and major results are presented. The reported industrial work was funded by ESA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR).     

German rockets in africa: The explosive heritage of peenemunde

This historical paper reviews the technical development and the political impact of two “intelligence affairs” with German rocketry in African countries: 1. the Nasser missiles and space projects in Egypt during the 1960s; 2. the private OTRAG venture in Zaire and Libya during the 1970s.