Large-size space laboratory for biological orbit experiments.

The study of space factors on living systems has great interest and long-term experiments during orbital flight will be important tool for increasing our knowledge. Realization of such experiments is limited by constraints of modern space stations. A new technology of large-size space laboratory for biological experiments has been developed on the basis of polymerization techniques. Using this technique there are no limits of form and size of laboratory for a space station that will permit long term experiments on Earth orbit with plants and animals in sufficient volume for creation of closed self-regulating ecological systems. The technology is based on experiments of the behavior of polymer materials in simulated free space conditions during the reaction of polymerization. The influences of space vacuum, sharp temperature changes and space plasma generated by galactic rays and Sun irradiation on chemical reaction were evaluated in their impact on liquid organic materials in laboratory conditions. The results of our study shows, that the chemical reaction is sensitive to such space factors. But we believe that the technology of polymerization could be used for the creation of space biological laboratories in Earth orbit in the near future.     

基于极点配置的空间站角动量管理

针对惯性系下引力梯度力矩及其他干扰力矩引起控制力矩陀螺（CMG）角动量积累的问题,采用引力梯度力矩来平衡姿态,设计了基于极点配置的空间站角动量管理控制器。首先在惯性系下建立了空间站线性化模型,并分析了俯仰轴方向在惯性系角动量管理的不可行性。由此,将俯仰轴与滚动/偏航轴解耦,不约束俯仰轴方向的CMG角动量,将常值、1倍和2倍于轨道频率的扰动纳入状态方程以抑制其对俯仰轴姿态的影响。在滚动/偏航轴方向将常值扰动纳入状态方程中以抑制其对CMG角动量的影响;将1倍、2倍于轨道频率的扰动纳入到状态方程中以抑制其对姿态的影响。然后采用带极点配置的线性二次型（LQR）算法求解出反馈增益矩阵,该算法可以避免选取权重矩阵,并且根据系统性能要求即能将闭环极点配置到复平面虚轴左侧指定的区域。最后仿真结果验证了该算法的可行性。      

基于单站CCD漂移扫描光电设备的同步轨道目标测定轨

地基光电观测在同步轨道目标监测领域具有重要作用.为评估单站光电设备对同步轨道目标的实际测定轨能力,利用上海天文台佘山站1.56m望远镜,采用CCD漂移扫描光电技术,对3颗北斗同步卫星开展试验观测,基于卫星精密星历评估目标的测定轨外符精度.结果表明:同步轨道目标的天文定位在方位和俯仰方向上的外符精度均好于0.3";在单圈次观测情况下,尽管轨道预报精度较低,约为数千米量级,但是观测弧段内定轨精度可优于百米;在多圈次观测情况下,轨道改进效果显著,定轨精度优于50m,外推至4d的轨道预报精度为百米量级.此外,定量评估了每晚不同观测时间跨度下同步轨道目标的测定轨精度,为单站光电设备实际应用提供了参考.      

从空间站起飞直接进入行星际转移轨道的可能性

航天技术的发展使空间站作为行星际飞行器的发射基地成为可能。充分利用双曲线剩余速度,使空间飞行器在从空间站起飞、离开空间站轨道后能直接进入飞向其它行星的转移轨道,从能量观点来看,是十分有利的。文章给出这种可能性的约束条件。     

Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight

With the complete success of the 2nd stage of Chinese Manned Space Program (CMSP), several science researches have been performed on Tiangong-1 experimental spacelab, which was docked with three Shenzhou spaceships one after another. The China's real spacelab, Tiangong-2 will be launched in 2015, docked with a Shenzhou spaceship soon. After six months, it will be docked with the first Chinese cargo ship (Tianzhou-1). More space science researches, involving with space biology, fluid physics, fundamental physics, materials science, Earth science, astronomy and space environmental science, will be operated on Tiangong-2 spacelab, and crewed and cargo spaceships. Furthermore, the considerable large-scale space utilization of Shina's Space Station is planned. The research fields include yet not limited to space medicine and physiology, space life science and biotechnology, fluid physics and combustion in microgravity, space material science, and fundamental physics in microgravity, space astronomy, Earth science, space physics and space environment utilization, technology demonstration.      

Prebiotic synthesis of nucleotides at the Earth orbit in presence of Lunar soil.

Modern studies now favor the fact that extraterrestrial organic molecules served as an important source of biological important substances on the primitive Earth. It is presumed that these space-made organic molecules could be transported safely to the Earth surface being associated with mineral grains. It is important to test whether nucleotides synthesized in Earth orbit could be protected by lunar surface regolite. The phosphorylation of adenosine, uridine and thymidine has been studied with respect of their further transformations and degradation in presence of mineral bed. After retrieval, HPLC analysis is used to identify all the mononucleotides of certain nucleosides. It has been shown, that exposure of the investigated nucleosides as dry films in space conditions in the presence of Lunar soil increases the yield of synthesized nucleotides in 1.1-3.0 times as compared with the exposure of the same samples in absence of Lunar soil. To identify and evaluate the principal source of energy in open space responsible for nucleotide synthesis reaction laboratory experiments were performed. It has been shown, that vacuum ultra violet (VUV 145 nm) radiation promotes nucleotide synthesis more effectively than ultra violet (UV 254 nm) while the presence of Lunar soil increases reaction yield in 1.5-2.0 times. Formation of 5'-mononucleotides seemed to be the most effective reaction both in flight and in laboratory experiments. Protective action of lunar soil on synthesized nucleotides against UV radiation has been shown in open Space conditions.     

Validation of the new trapped environment AE9/AP9/SPM at low Earth orbit

The completion of the international space station (ISS) in 2011 has provided the space research community an ideal proving ground for future long duration human activities in space. Ionizing radiation measurements in ISS form the ideal tool for the validation of radiation environmental models, nuclear transport codes and nuclear reaction cross sections. Indeed, prior measurements on the space transportation system (STS; shuttle) provided vital information impacting both the environmental models and the nuclear transport code developments by indicating the need for an improved dynamic model of the low Earth orbit (LEO) trapped environment. Additional studies using thermo-luminescent detector (TLD), tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) area monitors, and computer aided design (CAD) model of earlier ISS configurations, confirmed STS observations that, as input, computational dosimetry requires an environmental model with dynamic and directional (anisotropic) behavior, as well as an accurate six degree of freedom (DOF) definition of the vehicle attitude and orientation along the orbit of ISS.     

空间站轨道高度选择

有许多因素影响空间站轨道高度的选择,包括:任务要求,辐射环境,微流星和空间垃圾,空间站构型,运载器能力,发射窗口以及空间站的补给要求等。从补给运输系统性能考虑,要求空间站的轨道高度低一些,但是从轨道维持出发,希望空间站轨道高度高一些。该文讨论了补给、轨道维持和太阳活动对轨道高度的影响,给出了空间站的最佳运行高度。文中还以载人飞船和航天飞机为运输系统进行了数值计算,得到的主要结论是空间站的最佳运行高度不是常数,而是随着太阳活动情况和补给频繁次数变化。在太阳活动高年期间,空间站轨道高度应提高。当空间站的补给次数增加时,空间站的最佳运行高度应该下降。     

Geomagnetic transmission disturbances and heavy-ion fluences observed in low Earth orbit during the solar energetic particle events of October 1989.

The large solar energetic particle (SEP) events and simultaneous large geomagnetic disturbances observed during October 1989 posed a significant, rapidly evolving space radiation hazard. Using data from the GOES-7, NOAA-10, IMP-8 and LDEF satellites, we determined the geomagnetic transmission, heavy ion fluences, mean Fe ionic charge state, and effective radiation hazard observed in low Earth orbit (LEO) for these SEPs. We modeled the geomagnetic transmission by tracing particles through the combination of the internal International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) and the Tsyganenko (1989) magnetospheric field models, extending the modeling to large geomagnetic disturbances. We used our results to assess the radiation hazard such very large SEP events would pose in the anticipated 52 degrees inclination space station orbit.     

Near real-time BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis with reversed point positioning

The Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite is a crucial part of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) constellation. However, due to various perturbation forces acting on the GEO satellite, it drifts gradually over time. Thus, frequent orbit maneuvers are required to maintain the satellite at its designed position. During the orbit maneuver and recovery periods, the orbit quality of the maneuvered satellite computed with broadcast navigation ephemeris will be significantly degraded. Furthermore, the conventional dynamic Precise Orbit Determination (POD) approach may not work well, because of a lack of publicly available satellite information for modeling the thrust forces. In this paper, a near real-time approach free of thrust forces modeling is proposed for BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis based on the Reversed Point Positioning (RPP). First, the station coordinates and receiver clock offsets are estimated by GPS/BDS combined Single Point Positioning (SPP) with single-frequency phase-smoothed pseudorange observations. Then, with the fixed station coordinates and receiver clock offsets, the RPP method can be conducted to determine the GEO satellite orbits. When no orbit maneuvers occur, the proposed method can obtain orbit accuracies of 0.92, 2.74, and 8.30?m in the radial, along-track, and cross-track directions, respectively. The average orbit-only Signal-In-Space Range Error (SISRE) is 1.23?m, which is slightly poorer than that of the broadcast navigation ephemeris. Using four days of GEO maneuvered datasets, it is further demonstrated that the derived orbits can be employed to characterize the behaviors of GEO satellite maneuvers, such as the time span of the maneuver as well as the satellite thrusting accelerations. These results prove the efficiency of the proposed method for near real-time GEO satellite orbit determination during maneuvers.     

探空火箭定时定点入轨的一种制导控制规律

针对特定探测天体,给出了特殊用途的探空火箭与其实现空间交会的时刻与地点的计算方法.根据特定天体的运行轨道,发射前算出标称交会飞行轨道,装订在箭载计算机内.火箭发射后,利用箭载惯性导航系统确定自身当前的位置与速度,比对标称飞行轨道参数得出飞行偏差,通过控制火箭推力偏斜调整飞行轨道,使探空火箭在交会时刻到达交会点,并在交会时刻相对与惯性空间的速度为0.定义了研究所用的各种坐标系,建立了火箭飞行动力学方程.研究了标称飞行轨道最优交会点选取,交会时间与发射时间计算等问题.给出了发射后动力飞行段的制导控制规律,核心思想是将控制信号分解为时间控制、当地水平面上的海拔高度控制、南北控制与东西控制,通过设置偏置量减小关机后轨道摄动因素引起的漂移.利用计算机数值仿真验证了这种制导控制规律的可行性.     

Decay rate of the second radiation belt.

Variations in the Earth's trapped (Van Allen) belts produced by solar flare particle events are not well understood. Few observations of increases in particle populations have been reported. This is particularly true for effects in low Earth orbit, where manned spaceflights are conducted. This paper reports the existence of a second proton belt and it's subsequent decay as measured by a tissue-equivalent proportional counter and a particle spectrometer on five Space Shuttle flights covering an eighteen-month period. The creation of this second belt is attributed to the injection of particles from a solar particle event which occurred at 2246 UT, March 22, 1991. Comparisons with observations onboard the Russian Mir space station and other unmanned satellites are made. Shuttle measurements and data from other spacecraft are used to determine that the e-folding time of the peak of the second proton belt. It was ten months. Proton populations in the second belt returned to values of quiescent times within eighteen months. The increase in absorbed dose attributed to protons in the second belt was approximately 20%. Passive dosimeter measurements were in good agreement with this value.     

空间增材制造技术的应用

中国空间站旨在进行大量在轨科学实验和空间应用研究,在轨保障是支持空间站在全寿命周期内完成载人航天任务的重要途径.传统地面制造及上行补给方式难以满足较大规模应用的需求,亟需一种创新性的保障模式突破资源瓶颈,空间增材制造技术具有极大的潜力实现即造即用的资源保障模式.本文根据空间增材制造技术的最新研究进展,结合中国空间站和载人深空探测任务需求,对空间增材制造技术的在轨应用模式进行分析,提出了中国空间增材制造技术未来发展所面临的问题和解决途径.      

Space debris mitigation strategies and practices in geosynchronous transfer orbits

Missions to geosynchronous orbits remain one of the most important elements of space launch traffic, accounting for 40% of all missions to Earth orbit and beyond during the four-year period 2000–2003. The vast majority of these missions leave one or more objects in geosynchronous transfer orbits (GTOs), contributing on a short-term or long-term basis to the space debris population. National and international space debris mitigation guidelines seek to curtail the accumulation of debris in orbits which penetrate the regions of low Earth orbit and of geosynchronous orbit. The orbital lifetime of objects in GTO can be greatly influenced by the initial values of perigee, inclination, and right ascension of the orbital plane, leading to orbital lifetimes of from less than one month to more than 100 years. An examination of the characteristic GTOs employed by launch vehicles from around the world has been conducted. The consequences of using perigees above 300 km and super-synchronous apogees, typically above 40,000 km, have been identified. In addition, the differences in orbital behavior of launch vehicle stages and mission-related debris in GTOs have been investigated. Greater coordination and cooperation between space launch service providers and spacecraft designers and owners could significantly improve overall compliance with guidelines to mitigate the accumulation of debris in Earth orbit.     

固液推进技术在载人登月中的应用

通过对世界主要航天国家和地区新世纪载人登月计划的研究、美国"阿波罗"飞船登月舱动力系统的详细分析,基于固液推进技术的特点,利用遗传算法开展了固液火箭发动机替代"阿波罗"登月舱下降级和上升级液体火箭发动机方案的优化设计,并对两者在功能、质量、体积和推进剂特性上进行了对比分析.结果表明固液推进技术在载人登月以及深空探测中具有良好的应用优势和前景.     

Achievable debris orbit prediction accuracy using laser ranging data from a single station

Earlier studies have shown that an orbit prediction accuracy of 20 arc sec ground station pointing error for 1–2 day predictions was achievable for low Earth orbit (LEO) debris using two passes of debris laser ranging (DLR) data from a single station, separated by about 24 h. The accuracy was determined by comparing the predicted orbits with subsequent tracking data from the same station. This accuracy statement might be over-optimistic for other parts of orbit far away from the station. This paper presents the achievable orbit prediction accuracy using satellite laser ranging (SLR) data of Starlette and Larets under a similar data scenario as that of DLR. The SLR data is corrupted with random errors of 1 m standard deviation so that its accuracy is similar to that of DLR data. The accurate ILRS Consolidated Prediction Format orbits are used as reference to compute the orbit prediction errors. The study demonstrates that accuracy of 20 arc sec for 1–2 day predictions is achievable.     

椭圆轨道相对动力学状态转移矩阵

针对已有研究的不足,给出了更加便于理论分析和工程应用,并具有普遍适用性的状态转移矩阵的一种新形式。基于Lawden方程推导了以三维空间中位置-速度表示的状态转移矩阵元素的具体表达式,并将其由角域变换到时域,得到了表示真实位置速度的状态转移矩阵,通过初等变换可以从该矩阵得到任意需要的形式。仿真结果表明了状态转移矩阵的有效性,可将其用于任意偏心率椭圆轨道的三维轨道交会、轨道修正、编队队形设计及控制问题。     

Studies on urine treatment by biological purification using Azolla and UV photocatalytic oxidation

The amount of water consumed in space station operations is very large. In order to reduce the amount of water which must be resupplied from Earth, the space station needs to resolve the problems of water supply. For this reason, the recovery, regeneration and utilization of urine of astronauts are of key importance. Many investigations on this subject have been reported. Our research is based on biological absorption and, purification using UV photocatalytic oxidation techniques to achieve comprehensive treatment for urine. In the treatment apparatus we created, the urine solution is used as part of the nutrient solution for the biological components in our bioregenerative life support system. After being absorbed, the nutrients from the urine were then decomposed, metabolized and purified which creates a favorable condition for the follow-up oxidation treatment by UV photocatalytic oxidation. After these two processes, the treated urine solution reached Chinese national standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-1985).     

Preliminary total dose measurements on LDEF.

After spending nearly six years in Earth orbit twenty stacks consisting of radiation detectors and biological objects are now back on Earth. These stacks (Experiment A0015 Free Flyer Biostack) are part of the fifty seven science and technology experiments of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) of NASA. The major objectives of the Free Flyer Biostack experiments are to investigate the biological effectiveness of single heavy ions of the cosmic radiation in various biological systems and to provide information about the spectral composition of the radiation field and the total dose received in the LDEF orbit. The Biostacks are mounted in two different locations of the LDEF. Up to three layers of Lithium fluoride thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) of different isotopic composition were located at different depths of some Biostacks. The preliminary analysis of the TLD yields maximum absorbed dose rates of 2.24 mGy day-1 behind 0.7 g cm-2 shielding and 1.17 mGy day-1 behind 12 g cm-2 shielding. A thermal neutron fluence of 1.7 n cm-2 s-1 is determined from the differences in absorbed dose for different isotopic mixtures of Lithium. The results of this experiment on LDEF are especially valuable and of high importance since LDEF stayed for about six years in the prospected orbit of the Space Station Freedom. There is no knowledge about the effectiveness of the space radiation in long-term spaceflights and the dosimetric data in this orbit are scarce.     

太阳高纬探测器的借力飞行轨道设计

行星借力飞行技术可以节省深空探测任务的能量消耗.针对借助内行星引力向太阳高纬度发射探测器这一科学任务,分别以金星和地球为借力星体,运用圆锥曲线拼接法,通过求解兰伯特问题绘制能量等高线图,搜索多天体交会发射机会,设计探测器与借力体轨道周期之比为1∶ 1或2∶ 3的多次借力行星际轨道,获得相对黄道面成大倾角的目标轨道.分析表明,采用多天体交会借力相比单天体借力可大大降低发射能量;3次借用金星或者地球的引力可以使探测器轨道相对黄道面的倾角达到30°左右;3次地球借力轨道性能为最优,需要的地球发射能量更低,而且飞行器进入目标轨道之前的转移时间较短.