水基有机硅憎水剂对A3钢憎水处理的应用

以市售聚硅氧烷乳液为基料,辅以金属盐催化剂和醇胺类改性植酸水溶性缓蚀剂制备的水溶性有机硅憎水剂,用以处理A3钢磷化试样表面.考察了催化剂质量分数、植酸质量分数、植酸溶液的pH值、乳液与改性植酸的比率对憎水剂憎水处理效果及稳定性的影响;探讨了不同热处理温度、浸渍时间及热处理时间等工艺条件下憎水剂对金属表面憎水性的影响并确定了憎水剂配方和憎水处理工艺.结果表明,用该憎水剂处理的A3钢磷化试样接触角可达132°左右,A3钢磷化处理表面的耐腐蚀性能得到明显改善.      

新型环氧-酚醛树脂体系的固砂原理与技术

为了在低成本下解决低温油井中的化学防砂问题,采用共混的方法制备了一种以环氧树脂和酚醛树脂为主要原料,且无需其他固化剂的新型树脂固砂剂,并在固砂剂的研究基础上初步研制了树脂涂覆砂.通过红外光谱分析,研究了树脂固化的机理.实验结果表明,固砂剂可在50?℃的水浴中将砂石固结,固结砂样具有较高的抗压强度和渗透率,而且随着树脂用量的增加,固结砂样的抗压强度可以进一步得到提高.涂覆砂可以在酚醛树脂作为外固化剂的情况下固结,其性能满足使用要求.酚醛树脂中的酚羟基和羟甲基与环氧树脂中的环氧基的反应是固化反应的主要机理.     

日研究CELSS废物处理装置

日本航空宇宙技术研究所研究使用湿式氧化法的有机废物处理装置,使其适用于受控生态环境生命保障系统(CELSS)。它是一种将难于循环的植物非食用部分,和人的排泄物处理转换成植物栽培的肥料和环境控制用气体的装置,以便提高CELSS内的循环效率。这是为未来月球基地居住区使用作准备。该装置是将溶于水而不要的有机物,在高温高压下氧化分解。催化剂选用氧化铝、颗粒状氧化铁、不锈钢箔的圆筒载体上附着有钯、钌、铑等元素。此外,为了改善载体寿命,还在试验以钛和金属蜂窝为载体的催化剂。将送入水溶性有机物的密闭压力容器的压力提高到10MPa,在约300℃下氧化。     

贫燃型汽车尾气NOx的催化净化

用溶胶-凝胶混合法制备了Al₂O₃,Ag/Al₂O₃,Sn/Al₂O₃,Ga/Al₂O₃,Co/Al₂O₃和Pt/Al₂O₃等催化剂.在相同实验条件下,比较了C₃H₆在这些催化剂上还原NO的活性,并考察了反应条件对C₃H₆和CH₃OH在Ag/Al₂O₃上还原NO性能的影响.结果表明,Ag/Al₂O₃的还原NO活性优于其它催化剂.H₂O对Ag/Al₂O₃催化剂的NO还原具有可逆抑制作用,SO₂降低C₃H₆在Ag/Al₂O₃上还原NO的活性,但会显著提高CH₃OH还原NO的活性.     

二氧化碳甲烷化在载人航天器再生式环控生保系统中的应用

二氧化碳甲烷化（Sabatier反应）是载人航天再生式环控生保系统中空气质量管理的关键技术,也是焦炉气甲烷化和煤制天然气甲烷化流程中最后一级反应器主要进行的化学反应.化工行业中的二氧化碳甲烷化,尤其是针对高纯度二氧化碳的甲烷化技术,与载人航天用Sabatier技术既有共同点又存在差异.通过对Sabatier技术工艺、催化剂和关键设计的总结,对比分析应用于两个不同领域的二氧化碳甲烷化技术在工艺流程、催化剂和反应器方面的差异,借鉴工业二氧化碳甲烷化技术经验,提出载人航天用Sabatier技术可能的优化方向.      

不同热解温度下酚醛树脂复合材料渗透率测试

为了获得不同热解温度下酚醛树脂复合材料渗透率,设计搭建了复合材料气体渗透过程实验测量装置,提出了一种测量复合材料渗透率的方法,基于达西定律获得了复合材料渗透率。以不同热解温度下酚醛树脂复合材料为研究对象,进行了气体渗透过程实验测量,获得了材料上下表面气体压力变化曲线,同时得到了渗透过材料的气体流量,进而通过达西定律得出材料的渗透率。结果表明,该实验装置能够实现复杂孔隙复合材料的渗透率的测量。整体上,热解温度越高,渗透率越大。热解温度为400℃,渗透率量级在10-13;600℃和800℃时,渗透率量级在10-11。材料渗透率K和热解温度T满足K=9.7×10-14T-4×10-11。该实验结果为该类材料的渗透和热质扩散性能分析提供了基础物性数据。      

硼酸金属化合物的制备及其电催化活性

采用电化学沉积法于室温、碱性条件下在氧化铟锡(ITO,Indium Tin Oxide)表面制备了硼酸钴(CoBi)、硼酸镍(NiBi)、硼酸锰(MnBi)、硼酸铑(RhBi)、硼酸钯(PdBi)几种无定形的硼酸金属化合物薄膜,并对其形貌和结构进行表征,结果表明几种薄膜均为无定形结构.将这几种硼酸金属化合物应用于电化学催化水氧化制氧,对比其催化活性,发现CoBi,NiBi,RhBi具有较高的催化性能,而MnBi和PdBi催化活性较低.进一步研究硼酸pH值对CoBi电催化水分解的影响.发现硼酸有利于金属化合物的制备,pH7~11范围内,HBO₃^2-作为质子受体含量逐渐增大,能接受放氧过程产生的质子,促进催化水分解过程的进行.所得催化剂可自我修复,实现循环利用.     

高含量卡托辛合成的理论与实验研究

2，2'-双（乙基二茂铁）丙烷（卡托辛）是一种综合性能优良的高效液体燃速催化剂，主要包含4种乙基取代位置不同、物理和化学性质均很相近的卡托辛同分异构体和不同取代基的双二茂铁丙烷，其中卡托辛同分异构体与其他双二茂铁丙烷很难分离。首先，采用密度泛函理论（DFT）方法模拟确定了4种同分异构体的结构，分别获得4种同分异构体的1H-NMR和13C-NMR理论谱图。其次，计算研究了合成过程中温度对产物中4种同分异构体含量的影响。最后，在理论合成条件的指导下，以高纯度乙基二茂铁和丙酮为原料、浓硫酸为催化剂，合成了卡托辛粗品。结果表明:利用惰性气体辅助蒸汽蒸馏法得到纯度大于99.0%的卡托辛同分异构体，收率高于94.0%，并通过核磁共振法确定了其结构。      

回转处理对雨生红球藻细胞结构、光合活性、糖及虾青素代谢的影响研究

通过利用二维回转器模拟微重力,对20d回转条件下雨生红球藻细胞结构、光合活性、初级糖代谢及次生代谢产物变化情况进行分析,发现回转作用使得藻细胞体积变小,形状变得不规则.超微结构分析显示,回转处理后,藻细胞的淀粉粒变小,类囊体膜结构排列松弛.叶绿素含量在回转前期降低,中后期提高.类胡萝卜素含量及光合系统II活性在整个回转过程中均降低.由此得出藻细胞光合活性的下降与叶绿体类囊体膜结构的变化及色素含量下降有关.藻细胞淀粉粒变小、淀粉含量下降与淀粉酶活性的上升有关,说明回转作用通过提高淀粉酶水解活性造成淀粉含量下降.蔗糖和海藻糖的积累在藻细胞对早期回转条件的适应过程中发挥了一定保护作用,同时造成合成此两种糖的单糖底物葡萄糖和果糖含量下降.在被称作适应期的回转中期,叶绿素、葡萄糖和果糖均出现补偿性合成,而蔗糖和海藻糖的积累相比回转前期出现相应下降.雨生红球藻次生代谢产物虾青素在整个回转过程中均下降,分析认为这是由虾青素的原初合成底物即类胡萝卜素合成的降低所导致.     

史汪彗星的彗尾

史汪彗星彗尾里的纹纹路是怎么产生的?2006年11月,史汪彗星意外增亮到肉眼可见的程度,而离子尾也出现了幽灵般变幻的细部构造.离子尾是由太阳紫外线游离的体所构成,并在太阳风的推送下离开太阳.太阳风本身就具有很强的结构性,并深受太阳变幻莫测的磁场的挟制.     

Possible complex organic compounds on Mars.

It is suggested that primitive Mars had somehow similar environments as primitive Earth. If life was born on the primitive earth using organic compounds which were produced from the early Earth environment, the same types of organic compounds were also formed on primitive Mars. Such organic compounds might have been preserved on Mars still now. We are studying possible organic formation on primitive and present Mars. A gaseous mixture of CO2, CO, N2 and H2O with various mixing ratios were irradiated with high energy protons (major components of cosmic rays). Hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde were detected among volatile products, and yellow-brown-colored water-soluble non-volatile substances were produced, which gave amino acids after acid-hydrolysis. Major part of "amino acid precursors" were not simple molecules like aminonitriles, but complex compounds which eluted earlier than free amino acids in cation-exchange HPLC. These organic compounds should be major targets in the future Mars mission. Strategy for the detection of the complex organics on Mars will be discussed.     

Radiolysis of aqueous formaldehyde relevant to cometary environments.

The radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions of formaldehyde was studied in order to obtain an insight into the possible role of ionizing radiation on cometary environments. Aqueous solutions of 1.0 mol dm-3 formaldehyde were exposed to gamma-radiation in the dose range from 0.01 to 1200 kGy at 298 K. The radiation chemical yield of decomposition of formaldehyde was determined to be: G(-CH2(OH)2)-26.3 +/- 1.2. The high radiation chemical yield of decomposition was explained by a chain reaction initiated by the radical CH(OH)2 with formaldehyde. Computer fitting of the experimental data gives k(CH(OH)2 + CH2(OH)2)- 8.0xl0(1) dm3 mol-1 s-1. In the computer treatment of experimental findings we used 54 equations to consider the radiolysis of water and 11 reactions for the radiolysis of aqueous formaldehyde. Based on previous estimates of the total dose of ionizing radiation that comets have accumulated over 4.6 billion years, we predict a radiation damage-depth curve of formaldehyde in comet nuclei.     

Cu-Zr-Ti块体非晶合金的形成及其力学性能

在Cu-Zr-Ti的三元合金系中发现了具有高非晶合金形成能力的Cu₆₀Zr_40-xTi_x(x=5%~27.5%,x为原子数分数)合金,采用铜模铸造法制备了块体非晶合金,其过冷液体温度区间为38~65?K.在该合金系中具有最高非晶形成能力的成分范围为Cu₆₀Zr_40-xTi_x(x=7.5%~12.5%),其非晶形成临界直径为5?mm,是Cu-Zr-Ti三元非晶合金中迄今为止非晶形成能力最高的合金.Cu₆₀Zr_40-xTix(x=7.5%~12.5%)块体非晶合金的杨氏模量、压缩断裂强度、压缩塑性应变和硬度分别为80~114?GPa,1?730~1?865?MPa,0.3%~1.5%和Hv 693~Hv 824,并随Ti含量的增加而提高.同时具有高非晶形成能力、高强度及显著塑性变形能力的铜基块体非晶合金的发现对非晶合金的基础研究和高性能结构材料的开发具有重要意义.     

一种活性环氧增韧固化剂性能分析

以壬基酚和甲醛所形成的二聚体为原料,合成了一种新型结构的环氧固化剂双(2-羟基-3 -胺乙基胺甲基-5-壬基苯基)甲烷(BA),利用红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振谱(1HNMR)表征了产物结构.通过差 示扫描量热(DSC)研究了该固化剂的反应活性,确定固化剂最佳质量分数为43.19%.固化 树脂动态力学分析(DMA)表明,由于BA分子结构中存在正壬基,固化后会发生β- 松弛, 能够提高树脂韧性.力学性能测试发现BA固化树脂的冲击强度比普通芳香胺固化树脂提高了 36.91％,证明BA具有高活性和增韧双重效果.      

Evaluations of catalysts for wet oxidation waste management in CELSS.

A wet oxidation is considered to be one of the most effective methods of waste processing and recycling in CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System). The first test using rabbit waste as raw material was conducted under a decomposition temperature of 280 degrees C for 30 minutes and an initial pure oxygen pressure of 4.9 MPa (50 kgf/cm2) before heating, and the following results were obtained. The value of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) was reduced 82.5% by the wet oxidation. And also the Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration was decreased 98.8%. However, the organic carbon compound in the residual solution was almost acetic acid and ammonia was produced. In order to activate the oxidation more strongly, the second tests using catalysts such as Pd, Ru and Ru+Rh were conducted. As the results of these tests, the effectiveness of catalysts for oxidizing raw material was shown as follows: COD and the Kjeldahl nitrogen values were drastically decreased 99.65% and 99.88%, respectively. Furthermore, the quantity of acetic acid and ammonia were reduced considerably. On the other hand, nitrate was showed a value 30 times as much as without catalytic oxidation.     

Photoinduced catalytic synthesis of biologically important metabolites from formaldehyde and ammonia under plausible “prebiotic” conditions

The article analyzes new and previously reported data on several catalytic and photochemical processes yielding biologically important molecules. UV-irradiation of formaldehyde aqueous solution yields acetaldehyde, glyoxal, glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde, which can serve as precursors of more complex biochemically relevant compounds. Photolysis of aqueous solution of acetaldehyde and ammonium nitrate results in formation of alanine and pyruvic acid. Dehydration of glyceraldehyde catalyzed by zeolite HZSM-5-17 yields pyruvaldehyde. Monosaccharides are formed in the course of the phosphate-catalyzed aldol condensation reactions of glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde and formaldehyde. The possibility of the direct synthesis of tetroses, keto- and aldo-pentoses from pure formaldehyde due to the combination of the photochemical production of glycolahyde and phosphate-catalyzed carbohydrate chain growth is demonstrated. Erythrulose and 3-pentulose are the main products of such combined synthesis with selectivity up to 10%. Biologically relevant aldotetroses, aldo- and ketopentoses are more resistant to the photochemical destruction owing to the stabilization in hemiacetal cyclic forms. They are formed as products of isomerization of erythrulose and 3-pentulose. The conjugation of the concerned reactions results in a plausible route to the formation of sugars, amino and organic acids from formaldehyde and ammonia under presumed ‘prebiotic’ conditions.     

比对法真空计量标准装置的研制

比对法真空计量标准装置是一种结构简单、操作方便、检定效率高、实用性强的二等真空标准装置。主要技术要求完全符合国际标准化组织(ISO)和国内有关真空标准的规定,尤其适用于真空计量二级站和一些基层单位大量常规校准,校准范围为10~5～10~(-4)Pa,总不确定度小于10％。在10~(-4)Pa范围内,压力的稳定度好于1％,在1～10~5Pa范围内,压力的稳定度好于0.5％。该标准装置的极限压力达10~(-6)pa。     

Temperature and pressure variability in mid-latitude low atmosphere and stratosphere-ionosphere coupling

This study presents the continuation of our previous analysis of variations of atmospheric and space weather parameters above Iberian Peninsula along two years near the 24th solar cycle maximum. In the previous paper (Morozova et al., 2017) we mainly discussed the first mode of principal component analysis of tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperature and pressure fields, which was shown to be correlated with lower stratospheric ozone and anti-correlated with cosmic ray flux. Now we extend the investigation to the second mode, which suggests a coupling between the stratosphere and the ionosphere.This second mode, located in the low and middle stratosphere (and explaining ~7% of temperature and ~3% of geopotential height variations), showed to be statistically significantly correlated with variations of the middle stratosphere ozone content and anti-correlated with variations of ionospheric total electron content. Similar co-variability of these stratospheric and ionospheric parameters was also obtained with the wavelet cross-coherence analysis.To investigate the role of atmospheric circulation dynamics and the causal nature of the found correlations, we applied the convergent cross mapping (CCM) analysis to our series. Strong evidence for the stratosphere-ionosphere coupling were obtained for the winter 2012–2013 that is characterized by the easterly QBO phase (quasi-biennial oscillations of the direction of the stratospheric zonal winds) and a strong SSW (sudden stratospheric warming event). Further analysis (for the three-year time interval 2012–2015) hint that SSWs events play main role in emphasizing the stratosphere-ionosphere coupling.     

Si对TiAl合金高温抗氧化性能的影响

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱仪等手段研究了TiAl-Si(原子数分数为0~20%)合金在1 173 K大气中24 h的恒温氧化.结果表明:Si元素可以有效地提高TiAl合金的高温抗氧化性能;随着Si含量的增加,氧化膜厚度依次减薄,TiO₂的含量逐渐减少,Al₂O3的含量逐渐增加,添加到10%左右时就有连续致密的Al₂O₃保护膜形成;Si在0~20%的添加过程中并没发现Si的氧化物生成.分析表明:Si对抗氧化性能的贡献可归结于Si与Ti有很好的亲和力,可以有效地降低Ti离子的活度、阻碍Ti离子的向外扩散, 相对来说增强了Al离子的活度,促进连续致密的Al₂O₃保护膜生成.      

交直流转换电路的电路参数误差分析

为了达到更好的交直流转换效果,针对整流输出准确度影响较大的三种元器件(运算放大器、电阻以及二极管),分别进行电路误差分析,将输出结果与理想状态下全波精密整流电路的输出进行比较,总结精密整流电路减小误差的方法,为全波整流电路设计中提高交直流转换准确度提供参考.经电路测试验证,对电压有效值(0.4～4)V,频率(1～50)...