Scanning Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar with Integrated Radiometer

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar systems are severely constrained to a narrow swath by ambiguity limitations. Here a vertically scanned-beam synthetic aperture system (SCANSAR) is proposed as a solution to this problem. The potential length of synthetic aperture must be shared between beam positions, so the along-track resolution is poorer; a direct tradeoff exists between resolution and swath width. The length of the real aperture is independently traded against the number of scanning positions. Design curves and equations are presented for spaceborne SCANSARs for altitudes between 400 and 1400 km and inner angles of incidence between 20° and 40°. When the real antenna is approximately square, it may also be used for a microwave radiometer. The combined radiometer and synthetic-aperture (RADISAR) should be useful for those applications where the poorer resolution of the radiometer is useful for some purposes, but the finer resolution of the radar is needed for others.     

Arctic sea ice mapping with satellite radars

The drastic reduction of Arctic sea ice in recent years demands ice monitoring over various spatial and temporal scales. Sea ice backscatter signatures from field measurements and from model analyses are obtained at L-band and C-band frequencies. Based on these signatures, capabilities for Arctic sea ice mapping are determined for current and future satellite active microwave sensors including synthetic aperture radars (SAR) and scatterometers. This study includes L-band and C-band radars such as the ERS (European Remote Sensing), Envisat (Environmental Satellite), RADARSAT-1 and 2, ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite), and DESDnyl (Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice). SARs with resolutions from 10 to 100 m, and the SMAP (Soil Moisture Active-Passive) scatterometer with resolutions from 1 to 10 km.     

利用飞行试验信号对发动机模型辨识的研究

 利用飞行试验信号对发动机模型辨识进行了研究。在飞行过程中,发动机将受到各种随机扰动的作用,这种扰动将引起发动机特性的变化、在这种情况下,利用与发动机特性有关的信号进行发动机数学模型辨识对发动机自适应控制和状态监控有实际的意义。飞行试验是在H=3km、v=770km/h和H=13km、v=1540km/h时进行的,利用机载信号采集与记录设备录取了试验信号。介绍了信号的平滑和滤波方法,讨论了巴特沃思滤波器的设计和参数选择。为了得到无偏估计,采用递推广义最小二乘方法进行辨识,并得到了辨识结果。     

基于稀疏阵列和码分信号的机载预警雷达STAP研究

基于稀疏阵列和码分正交信号,研究了机载雷达的空时自适应处理（STAP）技术,用于空中预警背景下的地面杂波抑制和运动目标探测。提出了稀疏阵列码分多相位中心孔径综合方法,采用正交编码信号实现多发多收,使综合后不同编码信号的相位中心在数量和分布情况上和满阵天线的相同,从而避免了稀疏阵列天线旁瓣较高的问题;在孔径综合的基础上,利用空时自适应处理方法完成杂波抑制,实现运动目标检测。仿真结果表明了本文方法的有效性。     

Effects of polarization and resolution on SAR ATR

Lincoln Laboratory is investigating the detection and classification of stationary ground targets using high resolution, fully polarimetric, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. A study is summarized in which data collected by the Lincoln Laboratory 33 GHz SAR were used to perform a comprehensive comparison of automatic target recognition (ATR) performance for several polarization/resolution combinations. The Lincoln Laboratory baseline ATR algorithm suite was used, and was optimized for each polarization/resolution case. Both the HH polarization alone and the optimal combination of HH, HV, and VV were evaluated; the resolutions evaluated were 1 ft/spl times/1 ft and 1 m/spl times/1 m. The data set used for this study contained approximately 74 km/sup 2/ of clutter (56 km/sup 2/ of mixed clutter plus 18 km/sup 2/ of highly cultural clutter) and 136 tactical target images (divided equally between tanks and howitzers).     

星载合成孔径雷达数学模型的研究

根据合成孔径雷达的基本原理，利用傅立叶变换的性质，详尽地给出了星载合成孔径雷达回波信号的数学模型的推导过程，以及相应的距离变化函数的展开过程，为模拟合成孔径雷达回波信号和对回波信号处理提供了数学依据。     

空空导弹固体火箭冲压发动机设计参数优化

为使空空导弹在较宽的空域范围内获得优化的综合性能,提出了以导弹综合特性为目标函数来优化固体火箭冲压发动机设计参数的思路,以空空导弹在飞行高度分别为5,10km和15km的飞行距离和飞行速度的综合性能参数为目标函数,建立了固体火箭冲压发动机设计参数优化模型,利用遗传算法进行了固体火箭冲压发动机设计参数的优化.优化的结果表明:当参数选择适当时,采用非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机的空空导弹在较宽的工作包线内也能够具有优秀的飞行性能,在高度为5,10km和15km时,空空导弹的飞行距离分别达到了62.9,89.2km和133.1km,空空导弹的平均飞行速度也得到了提高.      

合成孔径雷达系统建模、仿真与信号处理初探

作为雷达技术发展历史中的里程碑,合成孔径雷达(SAR)通过使用空中合成天线阵列技术及先进的目标回波信号处理技术能够提供清晰的地球表面图像。由于它的这一突出特点,SAR已经成为许多飞行器的重要任务载荷并被广泛应用于军事及民用领域。从航空电子系统总体需求角度出发,为了深刻理解SAR系统的工作原理并得到更好的SAR图像产品,有必要对系统数学模型的建立、SAR回波信号的仿真以及信号处理算法进行深入的研究。本文试图从这三方面讨论SAR系统设计中的关键问题。     

Iterative MMSE method and recurrent Kalman procedure for ISAR imagereconstruction

This work presents a novel approximate iterative and recurrent approach for image reconstruction from inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) data. Mathematical models of the quadrature components of the ISAR signal, reflected by an object with a complex geometry, are devised. Approximation matrix functions are used to describe deterministic signals reflected by point scatterers located at nodes of the uniform grid (model) during inverse aperture synthesis. Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equations and Kalman equations are derived. To prove the validity and correctness of the developed iterative MMSE method and recurrent Kalman procedure, numerical experiments were performed. The computational results demonstrate high resolution images, unambiguous and convergent estimates of the point scatterers' intensities of a target from simulated ISAR data     

Effects of Reduced SAR Azimuth Processing

Several approaches are evaluated for reducing the large data handling and processing loads associated with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging systems. The effects of data abbreviation on SAR images were studied theoretically as well as experimentally with SEASAT-A data. Image degradation was measured in terms of azimuth resolution and signal-to-clutter ratio. It was found that the degradation of image quality to data rate reduction is graceful. With high time-bandwidth product signals, little or no azimuth resolution degradation was noticed with several data bandwidth reduction techniques that achieve data reduction factors of up to 8. The signal-to-clutter ratio was found to decrease slowly with increasing reduction in data rate.     

运动单阵元被动合成阵列波达方向估计

 提出了一种运动单阵元被动合成阵列波达方向(DOA)估计算法。该算法基于被动合成阵列(PSA)的概念,结合空间谱估计的思想构建了运动单阵元被动合成阵列模型,通过多次不同速度合成阵列过程实现对信号DOA的无模糊估计。通过对单次匀速合成阵列过程进行分析得到,在假设信号频率已知条件下,合成阵列算法能够达到与同孔径实阵列多重信号分类（MUSIC）算法相当的DOA估计性能。仿真验证了被动合成阵列与同孔径实阵列的渐近等效性及算法的有效性。     

机载单通道雷达实波束扫描的前视探测

针对机载单通道雷达采用合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术、多普勒波束锐化(DBS)技术等途径难以实现载机飞行路线正前方高分辨率成像问题,研究了一种利用方位实波束重叠扫描的新型机载单通道雷达前视探测方法,讨论了提高方位分辨率的可行性和适用条件。该方法根据目标回波强度受到波束扫描增益调制的特点,通过计算修正的Capon空间谱来实现方位超分辨。模拟实验表明,所提方法能够实现机载单通道雷达的前视成像,可以显著提高波束主瓣区域内强弱临近目标的分辨能力。     

一种基于协方差矩阵重构的相干信源DOA估计算法

针对空间相干信源的波达方向估计问题,提出了一种基于协方差矩阵重构的TSVD-ESPRIT算法。它利用包含所有信源信息的特征向量构造Toeplitz协方差矩阵,避免了阵列有效孔径的损失,分辨率高且稳定性好;并且利用ESPRIT算法代替MUSIC算法进行DOA估计,避免了谱峰搜索,大大降低了计算量。数据仿真和分析证明了该算法的正确性和有效性。     

Post: Polar stratospheric telescope

The tropopause, typically at 16 to 18 km altitude at the lower latitudes, dips to 8 km in the polar regions. This makes the cold, dry and nonturbulent lower stratosphere accessible to tethered aerostats. Tethered aerostats can fly as high as 12 km and are extremely reliable, lasting for many years. In contrast to free-flying balloons, they can stay on station for weeks at a time, and payloads can be safely recovered for maintenance and adjustment and relaunched in a matter of hours. We propose to use such a platform, located first in the Arctic (near Fairbanks, Alaska) and, potentially, later in the Antarctic, to operate a new technology 6-meter, diluted aperture telescope with diffraction-limited performance in the near infrared. Thanks to the low ambient temperature (220 K), thermal emission from the optics is of the same order as that of the zodiacal light in the 2 to 3 micron band. Since this wavelength interval is the darkest part of the zodiacal light spectrum from optical wavelengths to 100 microns, the combination of high resolution images and a very dark sky make it the spectral region of choice for observing the redshifted light from galaxies and clusters of galaxies at moderate to high redshifts.Affiliated to the Astrophysics Division, Space Science Department, European Space Agency     

Infrared Imaging Surveyor: IRIS

Based on the experience of the IRTS, a new infrared satellite mission, Infrared Imaging Surveyor:IRIS is now being proposed to ISAS. The IRIS will be thrown into the sun synchronous orbit at 900km altitude by the MV rocket which is now under development in ISAS. With use of new cryogenic technologies, considerably light weight with large aperture telescope is designed. Owing to the large format states-of-art array detectors, the IRIS has an enormous capability for the survey observation, and will provide new discoveries on the formation and evolution of galaxies, brown dwarfs, protoplanetary disk, interstellar matter and so on.     

先进战斗机对机载射频孔径系统隐身的需求及解决方案

 大量的研究结果已经表明：机载天线等传感器孔径的分布与形状特征,对飞机隐身效果具有举足轻重的影响,如果不能有效控制机载射频(RF)孔径系统的特征信号(包括雷达散射截面(RCS)和电磁辐射控制),则通过外形、结构和材料隐身而达到的整机高隐身水平就会受到破坏。迄今为止,天线散射特性的评估是尚未完全解决的问题,而减缩天线RCS的手段和方法也有待深入研究。总结了F/A-22和F-35等国外先进隐身战斗机机载射频孔径系统隐身设计特点,从飞机总体隐身方案设计角度提出了对机载射频孔径系统隐身的需求,并针对具体应用提出最小化天线孔径数量、减小天线孔径外形尺寸、减缩天线孔径特征信号、采用低截获概率（LPI）技术等概念性解决方案。     

Simultaneous ISAR imaging of group targets flying in formation

This paper proposes a novel inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR) imaging method based on second-order keystone transform(KT) and Sandglass transform for group targets flying in a formation with constant accelerated rectilinear motion in the same radar beam. First, range curvature and range walk of each sub-target among group targets are corrected by the second-order KT combined with the quadratic phase term compensation. After range alignment, the signals in each range frequency cell can be modelled as multiple chirp signals and then the Sandglass transform is utilized to cross-range imaging, which transforms the time–frequency distribution of the signals in each range frequency cell into beelines parallel to the slow time axis simultaneously. Finally, cross-range profiles of group targets in each range frequency cell are obtained via a projection of the perk of every scatterer in the two-dimensional accumulation plane onto the frequency axis. The advantage of the proposed method is that it can align range profiles of each sub-target simultaneously and image cross-range profiles directly without separating the returned signals, which simplifies the operation procedure. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

空间电离辐射对镧系光学玻璃透射率的影响

利用60Coγ射线对镧火石玻璃和镧冕玻璃进行辐照,研究不同辐照剂量对光学透射率的影响及其在空间光学系统中使用的适应性,辐照总剂量最大达到10 kGy。结果表明:所有玻璃在辐照后可见光透射率都下降了,而在近红外波段仍然保持较高的透射率。尽管镧火石玻璃LaF10平均透射率在辐照前最小,但是辐照后LaF10透射率衰减是所有玻璃中最小的。模拟了8个不同轨道高度地球辐射环境10年累积的总剂量以及经过10 mm铝屏蔽后的累积总剂量。发现对于10年任务期,在3 000、6 000和10 000 km轨道需要增加屏蔽层厚度,而在其他5个轨道,10 mm厚的铝屏蔽可以保证镧系玻璃满足系统对透射率的要求。     

Conceptual design of near-space synthetic aperture radar for high-resolution and wide-swath imaging

Airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has the capability of high-resolution, and spaceborne SAR has the capability of wide-swath. Inspired by recent advances in near-space defined as the region between 20 km and 100 km, this paper conceptually designed near-space vehicle-borne SAR. The near-space vehicle-borne SAR has the synthetical advantages of the satellite and airplane platforms. By placing SAR transmitter or receiver in near-space vehicles, many functions that are currently performed with satellites or airplanes could be performed in low cost way. These advantages make simultaneous high-resolution and wide-swath SAR imaging possible. As such, this paper focuses on the role of near-space vehicle for high-resolution and wide-swath SAR imaging, and deals with conceptual performance, as opposed to technological implementation. The concepts, models and processing algorithms are provided. To further suppress the azimuth ambiguities and extend swath width, multiple beams in azimuth is applied. Furthermore, an example near-space vehicle-borne SAR is designed. It is shown that the use of cost effective near-space vehicles can provide the solutions that were previously thought to be out of reach for remote sensing scientists and customers.     

Ground-based ELF/VLF observations at high latitudes during passes of GEOS-1 and ISEE-1 and -2

Recordings of ELF/VLF radio signals were made, as a contribution to the International Magnetospheric Study, in Iceland (17 August to 5 September 1977) and Norway (21 October to 15 December 1977; and 11 January to 27 February 1978) by the Space Radio Physics group. The equipment used at each of three sites was a goniometer (direction finding) receiver. As an example of the results obtained, recordings of risers, occurring at a rate up to 10 min^-1 and with frequencies (1.0 to 1.5 kHz) just greater than those of simultaneous hissy chorus signals, made between 10:20 and 11:00 UT on 31 August 1977, are discussed. These risers (downcoming whistler mode signals) are shown to have well defined exit points from the ionosphere which are located, to within an uncertainty of typically ±40 km, by triangulation. The observations are broadly consistent with there being a single exit point which, on this occasion, happens to be almost on the flux tube through the geomagnetic observatory at Leirvogur. Simultaneous ground-based magnetometer observations, and also wave and energetic charged particle observations made aboard GEOS-1, have been studied. The electron spectra and pitch angle distributions are as required for the operation of the electron cyclotron instability in which whistler mode signals are amplified.