Girl — the German infrared laboratory for spacelab

GIRL is a liquid helium cooled 50 cm telescope equipped with four focal plane instruments dedicated to astronomical and aeronomical observations. These instruments, a detector array, a photopolarimeter, an Ebert-Fastie-spectrometer and a Michelson-interferometer make up an “infrared observatory” having high sensitivity and high spectral and spatial resolution. Si:Ga-, Si:Sb-, Si:As-, Si:P-, Ge:Be-, Ge:Cu- and Ge:Ga-detectors with NEP-values as low as $\text{3 10}{}^{\mathrm{?17}}\text{W Hz}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ have been tested and will be used to cover the wavelength range 3…120 μm. A full size “thermal model” of the GIRL cryostat containing 300 1 of superfluid helium at 1.6 K has been tested at the industrial prime contractor MBB; results of these tests will be presented in a following paper by F. Dahl et al. Several new techniques for cold telescopes are used in GIRL, for instance a glass ceramics primary mirror, a low power chopping secondary and an active helium phase separator. The scientific objectives include studies of star formation regions and active galaxies as well as measurements of spurious gases in the earth atmosphere. GIRL will be pointed by the Instrument Pointing System (IPS) and is scheduled to fly on Spacelab in 1986/87.     

相变储热/辐射器式热沉的传热特性研究

对一种用于舱外活动的相变储热/辐射器式热沉进行了实验研究和数值模拟.设计了相变储热器的实验件和实验方案,进行了储热器的冷却实验.建立了具有导热与对流换热耦合边界的相变储热器数学模型,模型中考虑了自然对流及空穴的影响.编制了相变储热器的性能分析计算程序.通过实验值与计算值的比较分析,验证了程序的可靠性.该模型及计算程序为相变储热器的设计和优化提供了有利的分析工具.     

反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题

获得航天器在轨飞行过程中的外热流数据对于研究热控涂层在轨退化规律、各种空间因素对热控产品的影响以及航天器姿轨控发动机羽流热效应都有非常重要的意义,然而直接测量热流存在很多困难,因此可以通过求解导热反问题得到满足一定精度的结果.首先,通过研究利用航天器设备在轨遥测温度值反演出航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题方法,建立了反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的数学模型,采用共轭梯度法求解导热反问题并从物理概念角度改进了共轭梯度法的迭代过程以增加其抗不适定性;然后构造了两组能够代表目前大多数地球轨道航天器以及深空探测航天器在轨吸收外热流变化的数值试验对共轭梯度法的反演效果进行了检验.除阶跃变化位置以外反演值与真实值的最大相对偏差为2.9%,反演效果非常好;对于阶跃变化位置的吸收外热流在对反演结果进行分析处理后也能够得到较好的反演结果.      

八水氢氧化钡相变材料储热性能实验

采用八水氢氧化钡（Ba（OH）₂·8H₂O）作为相变储热材料,经过150次熔化-凝固热循环实验,发现随着热循环次数的增加,Ba（OH）₂·8H₂O的相变点温度变化很小,但是该相变材料结晶时存在严重的过冷现象.通过扫描电子显微镜获得50次热循环后Ba（OH）₂·8H₂O与铝合金和紫铜金属材料之间的腐蚀情况图像,图像分析表明,Ba（OH）₂·8H₂O与紫铜有良好的相容性.搭建了含/未含泡沫铜的相变储能装置的实验台,对比实验结果表明,泡沫铜填充不仅可以提高相变材料的传热效率,而且能够有效地降低Ba（OH）₂·8H₂O的过冷度.      

利用色质谱方法检测卫星真空热试验污染物成分

在真空热试验过程中进行了污染物的采集及成分分析试验。利用污染采集板收集污染物,丙酮溶液洗脱污染物,气相色谱-质谱联用方法对污染物进行成分分析。确定了整星热试验和太阳电池翼热试验中的主要污染物成分为硅氧烷和邻苯二甲酸酯,热试验中污染物甲基苯基硅氧烷可能来源于粘结剂。     

论航天器的热试验

论述了各种类型热试验 （热平衡试验、热真空试验、热循环试验） 在航天器研制中的重要性及它们的做法要点。针对当前试验中出现的问题, 强调了组件级, 尤其是电子电工产品热试验 （热真空试验及热循环试验） 和整星级发射星热真空试验对提高航天器可靠性所起的重要作用, 并提出了相应的建议。     

泡沫铜作为填充材料的相变储热实验

对填充有泡沫铜的固-液相变储热装置进行了试验研究.采用纯度为98%的正21烷(C₂₁H₄₄)作为相变材料(PCM),通过抽真空灌注的方法将其灌注到泡沫铜内部,封装并作绝热处理后作为试验件.在进行储热试验时,用嵌入了加热棒的铝制底座模拟被散热件对试验件加热,利用探针式和贴片式铂电阻(pt100)测量试验件温度并通过数据采集仪进行采集.整理绘制了在不同加热功率下的温度时间曲线,讨论和分析了此装置的热性能,结果表明泡沫铜作为填充材料能明显改善相变储能装置的传热性能和内部温度均匀性.      

纳米复合相变材料熔化过程数值模拟

相变储能技术在航空航天等领域具有广泛的应用前景,但是相变材料导热性能差制约了其工程化应用。高导热的纳米材料能够有效提高相变材料的导热性能。为了对其相变现象进行更精细的模拟分析,基于Maxwell-Garnett等效介质理论（EMT）建立3种具有代表性结构的纳米复合相变材料详细物性参数,将流体体积（VOF）模型与焓-多孔介质模型相耦合,在考虑相变材料体积膨胀的情况下,数值模拟了纯石蜡、添加不同体积组分金刚石纳米粒子（ND）、单壁碳纳米管（SWCNT）和石墨烯纳米片（GnP）的纳米复合相变材料在定温边界条件下的固液相变过程。结果表明:相变材料熔化过程中对流效应主要分布在临近固液相界面、临近加热壁面及临近气液两相交界面这3个区域;3种纳米粒子中GnP的导热强化效果最佳,相比纯石蜡,添加体积分数为3%的GnP纳米复合相变材料固相导热系数提高了486%,相变材料的熔化时间缩短了69%;升高壁面温度能够有效缩短复合相变材料的熔化时间。      

CM-SAF surface radiation budget: First results with AVHRR data

In the phase of redefinition of the EUMETSAT ground segment seven so called Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) each of them serving dedicated user groups have been established in Europe. The SAF on climate monitoring (CM-SAF) will deliver a comprehensive set of climate variables, including from different cloud products, radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere, surface radiation budget and tropospheric humidity. A consistent dataset of cloud and radiation products in a high spatial resolution on a uniform grid is derived. The CM-SAF is a joint project of the German Meteorological Service, EUMETSAT and five other European Meteorological Services. It is dedicated to produce climate datasets using data from instruments onboard of METEOSAT Second Generation and polar orbiting satellites NOAA and METOP. After the development phase, the CM-SAF has started its initial operational phase in the end of 2003. In this context, the algorithms have been implemented at the processing centres and the processing of satellite data from the polar orbiting satellites of NOAA has commenced. This paper gives an overview of the first products of surface radiative fluxes and their validation with selected surface sites.     

Thermal reactions in interstellar ice: A step towards molecular complexity in the interstellar medium

Complex organic molecules are widely observed in star-forming regions, although their formation mechanisms are not well understood. Solid-state chemistry is thought to play an important role, but the solid-state reaction network is poorly known. We provide a list of purely thermal reactions involving electronically stable reactants to complement existing grain chemistry networks. The kinetic parameters of the reactions are given when available. These reactions lead to the formation of complex organic molecules, which were not considered previously. Eventually, these complex molecules are either released into the gas phase or incorporated into the organic residue found in meteorites. Thermal reactions are important because they are not limited by the UV flux or the slow diffusion of the radicals, and because they involve both surface and mantle molecules. Thermal reactions represent an important step in the formation of complex organic molecules that constitute the primitive material of comets and asteroids.     

AIT环境对卫星热控白漆性能影响的试验

热控白漆喷涂之后至卫星发射之前需要经过数个月的部件组装和测试（AIT）阶段,AIT环境是否影响热控白漆的性能是一个疑问。将与卫星天线相同热控ACR-1白漆的试验膜放置在AIT环境中,对其吸收率和发射率进行了六次测量。通过测量数据,对比分析了AIT过程中温度、湿度、洁净度等环境因素对热控白漆性能的影响程度。结果表明,在试验周期内,ACR-1白漆的吸收率和发射率变化量不大,对白漆性能可靠性的影响度不明显;洁净度对ACR-1白漆的吸收率影响较大。因此,在AIT阶段卫星环境应保持较高的洁净度。     

基于硬脂酸复合相变材料的被动热沉性能

固液相变储能材料的被动热沉广泛应用于航空航天及军事装备领域。针对高热流密度电子芯片的被动温控问题,对比实验验证了单温度和双温度2种数值模拟方法对基于泡沫铜/硬脂酸复合相变材料被动热沉控温过程模拟的准确性。结合基于Maxwell-Garnett模型的EMT建立了石墨烯纳米片/硬脂酸复合相变材料物性,采用更为精确的双温度数值模拟方法分析了不同导热强化方式的控温效果,并研究了环境温度对热沉控温效果的影响。结果表明:高热流密度下的相变温控过程采用双温度数值模拟更为精确;当导热增强体的体积组分相同时,提高泡沫金属的孔密度对相变温控效果提升有限,而同时采用泡沫金属与石墨烯纳米片能更有效改善相变控温效果;环境温度的剧烈变化对温控时间和控温温度均能产生影响。      

碳纤维增强石英作辐射防热盖板的评估与研究

对纤维增强陶瓷在辐射防热结构中充当外部辐射盖板的特性进行了评估。以返回航天器典型的力学环境和热环境为依据,对碳纤维增强石英进行了试验研究,包括小平板再入热模拟试验、大尺寸热结构件的常温振动、常温冲击、低温振动、低温冲击和再入加热等项目。一系列试验证明,碳纤维增强石英既保留了陶瓷耐高温、隔热好的优点,又克服了陶瓷固有的脆性,因此,在返回舱上作防热材料颇具潜力。     

辛算法的纠飘研究

辛算法较RK(Runge-Kutta)方法,保持辛结构不变或保持哈密顿系统规律性不变是突出的优点,但点态数值精度并不理想.推导出了三阶、四阶辛算法的漂移量计算公式,通过补偿漂移量就能提高点态数值精度,既保辛结构又保证点态数值高精度,适合于工程应用.建立了分数步对称辛算法(即FSJS算法)的纠漂公式,制定了漂移的约束标准.相关算例的数值结果表明:三阶FSJS算法漂移量最小,点态数值精度更高.     

一种数字化DS/BPSK扩频接收机

介绍一种新型数字化DS/BPSK(Direct Spread/Binary Phase Shife Keying)扩频接收机的设计.该接收机采用专用数字相关器为核心的硬件设计,并结合数字处理算法完成扩频信号的解调.技术上采用串并组合的伪码捕获、科斯特环载波跟踪、延迟锁定环伪码跟踪等方式,可通过软件算法灵活实现.该接收机具有综合性能强,及软件接口灵活的特点,可有效地应用于基于码分多址的多目标测控系统中.     

Integration test project of CEEF--a test bed for Closed Ecological Life Support Systems.

CEEF (Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities) were installed at Rokkasho village in northern Japan, for the purpose of clarifying life-support mechanisms in a completely closed space, such as a Lunar or Mars base. An integration test using the Closed Plantation Experiment Facility and Closed Animal Breeding & Habitation Experiment Facility is needed before conducting an entire closed experiment including plants, animals and humans. These integration tests are planned to be conducted step by step from fiscal 2001 to 2008.     

Distributed satellite autonomous navigation using X-ray pulsars

Distributed X-ray pulsar-based navigation (DXNAV) is an effective method to realize earth-orbit satellite positioning under weak pulsar signal conditions. In this paper, we propose a new DXNAV method based on multiple information fusion. The DXNAV system principle and the pulse phase estimate Cramér-Rao lower bound are deduced. To suppress the calculation complexity and the error source, the X-ray pulsar photon time-of-arrival detected by each satellite is equivalently converted to the leading satellite directly using the inter-satellite link ranging and starlight angular distance measurement. A high precision estimate model of the pulse phase is built using pulsar standard profile, observed profile, and star-geocentric angular distance from distributed satellites. The estimated pulse phase is real-time supplied to the navigation system, which is established in the form of a deviation equation. The two-stage Kalman filter is designed to estimate the pulse phase in profile histogram bin step and the leader position in real-time step. Compared separately with the maximum likelihood phase estimate method and the celestial navigation method using only the star-geocentric angular distance, the simulation analysis shows that the estimation precisions of position and velocity are improved by 29% and 25%.     

航天器用新型聚酰亚胺薄膜性能研究

原子氧是低地球轨道环境中对航天器影响较为严重的因素之一. 为了提高聚酰亚胺薄膜抗原子氧侵蚀的性能, 依据结构与性能的关系, 设计合成了新型的聚酰亚胺薄膜. 采用这种新型聚酰亚胺薄膜制备了二次表面镜, 利用地面模拟设备对热控涂层进行原子氧暴露试验, 结果表明其具有优异的耐原子氧侵蚀性能. 此外, 真空elax-elax紫外、真空elax-elax质子、真空elax-elax电子辐照等空间环境模拟试验表明, 这种耐原子氧聚酰亚胺薄膜二次表面镜热控涂层具有良好的空间稳定性.      

微重力条件下泡沫复合相变材料蓄热装置数值仿真

相变材料由于相变过程中吸收或者释放大量能量且过程近似等温这一特性而有巨大的应用潜力,将相变材料蓄热装置应用于航天器是维持航天器内各个单元工作温度的一种有效方法.提出一种基于正二十烷的相变蓄热结构方案,分别填充泡沫铜与泡沫碳作为基体材料来强化相变材料的传热性能.通过对该模型进行数值仿真计算,得到相变蓄热装置温度、固液相界面位置随时间的变化等有效数据,分析泡沫相变蓄热材料在微重力条件下相变界面的演变过程.结果显示,得益于其较高的导热系数,泡沫复合相变材料可将热源热量有效分散到其他区域,减缓热源面温度上升速度,并且降低重力变化对传热的影响.所得数据结果为泡沫复合相变材料的工程应用提供了科学依据.      

电子设备热分析软件应用研究

应用热分析技术,能在产品的设计阶段获得其温度分布,从而优化设计,提高产品可靠性.介绍了现在流行的电子设备热分析软件,阐述了电子设备热分析软件在应用中面临的一些问题,并结合一简单实例,展示了电子设备热分析的全过程,对热分析软件应用中的部分难题提出了解决方案.结果表明:妥善处理好主要问题,则能够达到较高的热分析精度,满足工程需求.