激光推进中激光波长对推进效应的影响

针对"烧蚀模式"激光推进,为了精确计算靶材的烧蚀质量以得到较准确的比冲值,采用了平衡气化和"电子崩"等简化模型描述激光等离子体的形成,初步实现了固体靶的激光动态烧蚀物理过程。同时采用光线跟踪的思想计算了等离子体的对激光脉冲的逆轫致吸收过程,重点计算和分析了激光波长对推进效应(冲量耦合系数Cm和比冲Isp)的影响及其机理,结果表明:随着波长的增大,Cm减小,Isp增大;波长为2.5μm处的能量利用率η最高,达到了97.8%。     

激光推进中继折转系统的控制分系统性能仿真

为了在激光推进系统中实现对主激光的精确控制,设计了中继折转系统。中继折转系统以光学方法捕获信标光后实时解算出信标光和主激光方向并驱动中继折转镜调整姿态,实现自主闭环跟踪。控制分系统采用基于PC104总线架构方式,由电流环、速度环和位置环构成三环调节系统。对整个控制系统进行了计算机仿真,设计位置回路的跟踪带宽为2 Hz,速度回路的带宽为5 Hz,系统的跟踪精度小于0.4°。仿真结果表明,中继折转系统达到了设计要求的控制精度,能满足整个激光推进系统的使用要求。     

Intersatellite laser crosslinks

Intersatellite laser crosslinks (ISL) provide a method of communication that has significantly increased the data throughput that can be managed over typical RF communication systems, and has significant growth potential. Optical communications offer very wide bandwidths which can be effectively utilized with wavelength division multiplexing techniques. The data rate growth potential is well beyond the few gigabit per second range of RF technology. The use of lasers in transmitting optical data takes advantage of its small wavelength and low beam divergence to send highly directed signals over significant distances with controlled losses in intensity. The high directivity of the laser aids in resistance to jamming communications between satellites, or between satellites and ground stations. Various intersatellite laser optical crosslink system are discussed including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Laser Intersatellite Transmission Experiment (LITE), the McDonnell Douglas Electronic Systems Company Laser Crosslink System, and The Ball Aerospace Optical Intersatellite Link,in order to display the various subsystem and their implementations. Link budget calculations are performed on the most commonly used modulation formats to determine system parameters necessary to close the crosslink. Background is provided on primal system architectures and methods of laser communication, as well as presently implemented systems. The authors provide some insights on where ISL systems have opportunity to increase their data throughput and reduce acquisition time     

A long-range laser velocimeter

A long-range laser velocimeter (LV) developed for remote operation from within the flow fields of large wind tunnels is described. Emphasis is placed on improvements in optical hardware as well as additions to data acquisition and processing techniques. The method used for data reduction of photon resolved signals is outlined in detail, and measurement accuracy is discussed. To study the performance of the LV and verify the measurement accuracy, laboratory measurements were made in the flow field of a 10-cm-diameter, 30-m/s axisymmetric jet. The measured velocity and turbulence intensity surveys are compared with measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Additionally, the LV was used during the flow calibration of the 80-ft×120-ft wind tunnel to measure the test-section boundary layer thickness at the maximum wind tunnel speed of 51.5 m/s. The requirements and techniques used to seed the flow are discussed, and boundary-layer surveys of mean velocity and turbulence intensity of the streamwise component and the component normal to the surface are presented. The streamwise component of mean velocity is compared with data obtained with a total pressure rake     

Ground-to-satellite laser communication experiments

Ground-to-satellite laser communication experiments between the optical ground station located in Koganei, central Tokyo, and a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite were jointly performed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. In 18 trials during three non-consecutive months, the satellite was acquired and tracked 61 % of the time, when clear or partly-clear conditions were predominant. The optical link was maintained for about 6 minutes when the satellite was visible in spite of the high angular velocity of the satellite. In 3 of the 18 trials, the link was not interrupted due to clouds during the six-minute transit. The failures (39% of the time) occurred when cloudy or rainy conditions were predominant. Fluctuation in the uplink received signal power was minimized by using multiple laser beam transmissions. The measured uplink and downlink bit error ratios were 10^-7-10^-4. These results demonstrate the applicability of free-space laser communication for not only geostationary earth orbit-LEO optical links but also ground-to-LEO optical links.     

激光推进辐射击穿温度特性的数值研究

在9种等离子体击穿温度下,数值模拟了二次反射式聚焦系统聚焦情况下激光推力器内流场的演化过程,得到了不同击穿温度对应的能量沉积率、推力峰值、冲量和冲量耦合系数,能量沉积率和推进性能参数在某个等离子体击穿温度值处发生突变。根据空气对激光的逆韧致吸收系数公式,计算了CO2激光辐照下不同等离子体击穿温度对应的空气辐射自由程,发现当等离子体击穿温度为14000K时,辐射自由程为1.4mm,与计算网格的典型尺寸相当,此时入射激光能量在一个网格内以一定效率被吸收,由此确定了基于逆韧致吸收的激光等离子体的击穿温度。     

激光功率与底面状态对选区激光熔化球化的影响

为研究激光功率与底面状态对选区激光熔化熔池流动的影响，基于离散单元法建立了选区激光熔化铺粉模型，采用粒径分布与实验相符的马氏体时效钢粉末分别铺展到平坦底面和增材底面上，将计算获得的粉末分布导入到基于有限体积法建立的选区激光熔化熔池计算流体力学模型中，研究激光功率和基板底面粗糙度对熔池流动和熔道表面形貌的影响。采用激光单道扫描实验验证铺粉模型和选区激光熔化模型。结果表明：随着激光功率的降低，单位长度的球化数量增加；由于增材底面使熔池润湿性变差，同时又对熔池流动行为产生扰动，使得增材粗糙底面上熔道的球化数量增加。选区激光熔化铺粉模拟及激光单道扫描模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。本研究可为选区激光熔化工艺中工艺参数的选择提供理论指导。     

全方位旋转分离式激光推力器概念设计

为了更好的研究激光推进,提出了全方位360°可旋转的分离式激光推进发动机概念及其构型设计,其结构主要特点是:光学系统和推力系统彻底分离,光学系统只经过2次反射聚焦,结构简单;光学系统可以360°改变激光接收方向,以适应各种轨道条件;采用双光束、单/双发动机构型,可以降低单台激光器的功率,较平稳的实现激光器接力。对激光飞行器入轨轨道编制程序并进行数值计算。计算结果显示,为了更好的将飞行器推入近地轨道,则需采用较大冲量耦合系数的材料作为烧蚀工质,且比冲不宜过大。     

激光水推进的机理研究及参数优化

为了研究双层结构靶的激光水推进过程中各阶段能量转移和转化的物理机制,将一个激光脉冲推进过程划分为四个阶段,并针对双层结构靶的特点,提出了"爆炸-连续爆炸推进模型",利用该模型定性解释了实验结果。实验显示,激光水推进得到的冲量耦合系数比其它推进模式高一到两个数量级。定义了金属粒子与水分子单次碰撞的能量传递率κ为表征推进效率的一个参量,计算不同的金属基底材料对应的κ值:A l为96%,Fe为73.6%,Cu为68.8%,该结果与实验得到的Cm值变化趋势一致。通过对模型的分析,得出选择原子量与水分子量接近的金属,可以得到更好的推进效果;并存在一个与基底材料和激光参数对应的水层最优厚度。     

Organic chemical analysis on a microscopic scale using two-step laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectrometry

The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Allende meteorite has been measured using two-step laser desorption/laser multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry. This method enables in situ analysis with a spatial resolution of 1 millimeter or better of selected organic molecules. We present results showing that PAH concentrations are locally high compared to the average concentration found by analysis of pulverized samples, and are found primarily in the fine grained matrix; no PAHs were detected in the interiors of individual chondrules at our detection limit of about 0.05 parts per million. We have recently extended the spatial resolution of this instrument to 40 microns.     

Space power by ground-based laser illumination

Reducing energy storage requirements of space power systems by illuminating the photovoltaic arrays with a remotely located laser system is addressed. It is proposed that large lasers be located on cloud-free sites at one or more ground locations and that large lenses or mirrors with adaptive optical correction be used to reduce the beam spread due to diffraction or atmospheric turbulence. During the eclipse periods or lunar night, the lasers illuminate the solar arrays to a level sufficient to provide operating power. Two applications are discussed: illumination of geosynchronous orbit satellites and illumination of a moonbase power system. Issues for photovoltaic receivers for such a system are discussed     

Bandwidth maximization for satellite laser communication

Free space optical communication between satellites networked together can make possible high speed communication between different places on Earth. The basic free space optical communication network includes at least two satellites. In order to communicate between them, the transmitter satellite must track the beacon of the receiver satellite and point the information optical beam in its direction. The pointing systems for laser satellite communication suffer during tracking from vibration due to electronic noise, background radiation from interstellar objects such as Sun, Moon, Earth, and Stars in the tracking field of view, and mechanical impact from satellite internal and external sources. Due to vibrations the receiver receives less power. This effect limits the system bandwidth for given bit error rate (BER). In this research we derive an algorithm to maximize the communication system bandwidth using the transmitter telescope gain as a free variable based on the vibration statistics model and the system parameters. Our model makes it possible to adapt the bandwidth and transmitter gain to change of vibration amplitude. We also present an example of a practical satellite network which includes a direct detection receiver with an optical amplifier. A bandwidth improvement of three orders of magnitude is achieved in this example for certain conditions, as compared with an unoptimized system     

Device for plate metal laser cutting

The design of a device with supersonic nozzles for plate metal laser cutting and a technique for calculating the nozzle geometry is proposed. Also presented is a schematic diagram of the device that uses the vortex flow properties.     

透射式水工质的高耦合效率激光推进模式

为了提高激光推进的耦合效率,防止光学器件污染,提出了透射式液体工质的激光推进模式。在这种推进模式中,Nd:YAG固体激光器中产生的450 mJ,7 ns激光穿过透明的玻璃基底后,与燃烧室中的液体推进剂相互作用,产生的等离子体在玻璃基底、燃烧室和液体推进剂的约束下膨胀,产生很高效率的动量转换,使靶获得初速度。纯水和黑墨水分别被用作推进剂,通过比较实验结果发现,在这种模式中墨水比水更适合做推进剂。通过改变燃烧室的长度和孔径,得到的耦合系数的最大值为17 858.3 N/MW。     

激光等离子体点源减阻技术中入射能量对气动阻力的影响

数值模拟了来流马赫数为5时的圆球绕流冷流场,以及来流与头部驻点附近注入激光能量而产生的等离子体相互耦合形成的流场的演化过程。计算结果表明:施加局部能量点源能够改变原有的弓形激波结构,使其变为斜激波,从而减小气动阻力;气动阻力随入射激光能量的增大而逐渐减小,当入射激光能量为1.1 J时,气动阻力减小的百分比高达40%。     

CO2脉冲激光与气体相互作用实验

实验研究采用波长为10.6μm的CO2脉冲激光器,N2,He,CO2等三种纯净气体及上述气体的相互混合气作为推进工质时,通过实验舱内的冲击摆装置对抛物形光船获得的冲量耦合系数Cm进行了测量。实验发现气体工质的获得的冲量耦合系数Cm随气压增高而增大,通常气体工质的分子量越大,冲量耦合系数Cm越大;在低气压条件下,分子量较大的气体所占的比例越高,混合气获得的冲量耦合系数Cm越高;在高气压条件下,混合气体工质获得的冲量耦合系数与混合气体的种类及比例密切相关。     

Receiver characteristics of laser altimeters with avalanchephotodiodes

The receiver characteristics of a laser altimeter system containing an avalanche photodiode photodetector are analyzed using the Gaussian approximation, the saddlepoint approximation, and a nearly exact analysis. The last two methods are shown to yield very similar results except when the background noise is extremely low and the probability of false alarm is high. However, the Gaussian approximation method is shown to cause significant errors even under relatively high levels of background noise and received signal energy     

吸气式激光推力器概念设计

以发射10kg级微小卫星为航天任务背景,基于地面推力1000N的设计指标,分析了吸气式激光推进的主要性能参数,依据所建立的激光推进能量相似律理论和数值计算研究结果,对激光参数、聚焦系统和喷管子系统进行设计,完成了封闭的吸气式激光推力器概念设计循环。所提出的二次反射聚焦系统与抛物形喷管组合的吸气式激光推力器概念模型经数值计算程序验证,可以获得地面500N/MW的冲量耦合系数。所提出的设计理论和方法对激光推力器概念设计有一定的参考价值,是研制激光推力器模型的重要基础。     

HMS SCOTT ring laser gyro navigator integration

HMS SCOTT is a United Kingdom ocean survey vessel that hosts a state-of-the-art deep ocean mapping system which was designed, developed, and is currently maintained and periodically updated by the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, (SSC San Diego). A recent update of this system consisted of the replacement of an obsolete and very costly to maintain inertial navigation system. Another reason for updating the ship's inertial system was to provide higher accuracy attitude data, than was previously available with the old inertial system, to the high resolution multi-beam sonar system in order to produce improved bathymetric charts. After conducting a market survey of suitable inertial navigator systems, the Kearfott SEANAV ring laser gyro navigator (RLGN) system, using a monolithic T-24 gyro, was selected to replace the old inertial system. The selection of the SEANAV RLGN was based on its relatively low cost, high reliability, and, particularly, the roll and pitch data accuracies of typically less than 1-arc-minute. This attitude data accuracy was key to enable a significant improvement in the bathymetry data accuracy. Two SEANAV systems were integrated with GPS receivers, a system master time code generator, and electro magnetic (EM) log and Doppler sonar speed sensors to provide the navigation portion of the mapping data. Operational testing of this updated system aboard HMS SCOTT, in November, 2003, showed a marked improvement in the quality of the map product due, in part, to the improved attitude data provided by the SEANAV RLGN system.     

激光干涉仪测微冲量原理

对激光干涉仪测量微冲量的原理进行了初步研究,将激光与靶材相互作用产生的微冲量转化为冲击摆的微幅振动,通过激光干涉仪辨识此振动以获得冲量。激光干涉仪可分辨出λ/8的微振动,为精确测量微冲量提供了可靠的保证。理论分析表明,研究工作对在作用力时间不可忽略条件下精确测量10-4N.s量级以下的微冲量具有意义。