Enhancing Maintainability of the AWG-10 Through Built-In-Test Equipment

Multimode airborne weapons systems are now a reality. Because of the increased complexity of these systems, excessive maintenance time has become a problem. This paper describes an approach to reducing maintenance time through the use of semiautomatic built-in-test equipment within the framework of an integrated maintenance program. Emphasis is placed on the methods and hardware involved in the built-in-test mechanization as well as describing the development history of this type of maintenance concept.     

基于运动特征和中心环绕模型的空对地车辆检测方法

平台的移动基于空基车辆检测以其视野广、速度快、适应性强等优点,近些年成为了智能交通和航空应急救援等领域内的一个热点课题。然而,在城市背景的交通环境下,由于复杂背景造成的干扰、车辆运动的不规律性以及光照等条件变化带来的噪声,有效地获取运动对象特征是空对地视觉监视方法面临的一个难题。为有效解决这一问题,提出了结合运动特征的中心环绕模型进行空对地车辆检测的算法。现有的空对地车辆检测算法,大多是针对固定的摄像头的情况下,基于运动特征进行检测,例如光流法、背景差法等。这些方法在对高速公路等背景相对较为简单的环境下获得了良好的检测结果,但当面对城市复杂背景条件或摄像头自身运动的状况时,难以有效地检测出运动目标。而在对颜色、强度等静态特征进行显著度分析的基础上,加入了对运动特征的分析,可以解决在复杂环境下准确提取车辆目标有效特征的问题。试验表明,相较于基于图像相减的检测算法和单一显著度算法,该算法可以获得更高的检测率与更低的误报率。     

基于不确定传感器状态的机载系统多层故障诊断方法

准确的机载系统故障诊断是保证飞机安全飞行和实现经济效益最大化的重要途径。然而传感器受到内外部环境条件的影响而不可避免的存在检测状态的不确定性,因此基于单个传感器或局部区域传感器综合检测结果的方法难以完全保证故障诊断的有效性和正确性。针对飞机机载系统的结构和工作原理,充分利用系统中不同层级、不同区域传感器检测特征之间的关联关系,考虑单个传感器本身存在的不确定性,构建了传感器信息前向融合与反向校验相结合的分层诊断决策方法,实现了对系统状态和传感器状态的双重估计与更新,克服了单一传感器故障对系统诊断推理准确度的影响。该方法较传统故障诊断模型,不再依赖某一个或某一类传感器信息的绝对可靠,在实现系统级的准确故障诊断同时,还能判断具体某一传感器本身是否发生虚拟警。在飞机液压系统故障诊断案例中,新方法成功将系统故障诊断的虚警率降低了96%,传感器的不确定度降低了84%。     

机载天线隔离度的分析计算与仿真

机载天线间的隔离度是飞机系统电磁兼容性的主要参数之一,用来表征天线间的耦合强弱程度.在实际工程中,飞机上集中了大量天线,使得周围空间电磁环境很复杂.在研究机载天线电磁兼容性时,采用计算天线间的隔离度数值的方法来实现.本文先通过对配置在圆柱体模型上的两个天线的隔离度进行理论分析和计算,然后采用HFSS仿真软件对所需频带内的两个天线隔离度进行了仿真,并将其两者的结果进行了比较,从而实现对整个频带内的天线的电磁兼容性的正确预测和评估.     

基于RFID技术的机载设备维护管理系统

无线射频（RFID）技术近年来在民航机场运输领域得到了较为广泛的应用,但在国内民航制造领域和飞机运营维护领域还未得到推广应用,其中大量的工作仍通过原始人工处理等方式进行。提出一种利用RFID 技术应用于民用飞机机载设备全生命周期维护和管理的系统架构,对其关键组成部分的功能及配置进行说明,并通过一项客舱应急设备的例行维护...     

Sensor/actuator fault diagnosis based on statistical analysis of innovation sequence and Robust Kalman Filtering

In this paper, an approach to detect and isolate the aircraft sensor/actuator faults affecting the mean of the Kalman filter innovation sequence is presented. The effects of the sensor and actuator faults in the innovation process of the channels are investigated, and a decision approach to isolate the sensor and actuator faults is proposed. When a Kalman filter is used, the decision statistics change regardless of whether the fault is in the sensors or in the actuators, whilst when a Robust Kalman Filter (RKF) is used, it is easy to distinguish the sensor and actuator faults. A novel feature of this diagnostic method is that the innovation sequence based fault isolation algorithm has been presented and hence, the sensor/actuator fault detection and isolation problem has been solved. The categories (or classes) of the likely faults are not demanded. The statistical characteristics of the system are not required to be known after the fault has occurred. In the simulations, the longitudinal dynamics of an aircraft control system are considered, and the detection and isolation of pitch rate gyro faults and actuator faults affecting the mean of the innovation sequence are examined.     

机载计算机多核虚拟化系统文件动态配置方法

针对机载计算机多核虚拟化环境下虚拟机数量及需要固化加载的文件数量不确定性所导致的复杂性 问题,提出了一种文件动态配置方法,通过配置工具按固定格式生成文件清单,软件根据文件清单生成文件配 置数据,针对不同的虚拟机数量及不同的文件数量,动态调整文件配置数据各项参数及偏移,并根据文件配置 数据一键固化并加载机载二进制文件。相比于传统的机载文件固化加载方法,提高了机载维护状态下操作的便 捷性;其依赖配置表的设计不需要人工过度干预,可以使维护过程更加可靠。     

基于滑窗检测的机载设备故障诊断仿真系统

根据机载设备故障诊断的需求,结合飞机性能监控系统的结构框架和机载设备的特点,提出基于快速存取记录器（QAR）记录的飞行数据和滑窗检测原理的机载设备故障诊断算法,并实现相应的机栽设备故障诊断仿真系统。在简述QAR数据译码与数据选择方法的基础上,论述了滑窗检测的原理并对其性能进行分析：设计实现了基于QAR的机载设备故障诊断仿真系统并给出仿真结果。结果表明,该系统可以有效诊断存在的故障,并能大大降低虚警概率,对保障飞行安全具有重要意义。     

Application of Analytic Redundancy-based Fault Diagnosis of Sensors to Onboard Maintenance System

Analytic redundancy-based fault diagnosis technique (ARFDT) is applied to onboard maintenance system (OMS). The principle of the proposed ARFDT scheme is to design a redundancy configuration using ARFDT to enhance the functions of redundancy management and built in test equipment (BITE) monitor. Redundancy configuration for dual-redundancy and analytic redundancy is proposed, in which, the fault diagnosis includes detection and isolation. In order to keep the balance between rapid diagnosis and binary hypothesis, a filter together with an elapsed time limit is designed for sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) in the process of isolation. Diagnosis results would be submitted to central maintenance computer (CMC) together with BITE information. Moreover, by adopting reconstruction, the designed method not only provides analytic redundancy to help redundancy management, but also compensates the output when both of the sensors of the same type are faulty. Our scheme is applied to an aircraft’s sensors in a simulation experiment, and the results show that the proposed filter SPRT (FSPRT) saves at least 50% of isolation time than Wald SPRT (WSPRT). Also, effectiveness, practicability and rapidity of the proposed scheme can be successfully achieved in OMS.     

Flyable fiber-optic radar target generator

Airborne radar relies on Built-in-Test (BIT) for fault detection, fault isolation and system calibration. The capability of BIT is often limited by space, weight, size and cost considerations. Furthermore, the radar does not have a test target that will allow BIT to perform in flight, closed-loop functional test of the complete radar system. This paper describes a fiber-optic based radar test target unit that provides a delayed replica of the transmitted radar signal. The unit will intercept a small amount of radar-transmitted energy, delay it in the fiber, then feed it back into the radar producing a calibrated “echo” at a predetermined radar range. The unit can be installed as part of the airborne radar. The details on the design and testing of a proof-of-concept unit are also given     

基于区域的卷积神经网络在空对地车辆检测中的应用

针对传统空对地车辆检测算法在光照变换、场景变化时检测效果不佳的问题,提出了基于区域卷积神经网络Faster RCNN模型的空对地车辆检测方法,介绍了Faster RCNN模型以及模型训练过程.实验结果表明,基于Faster RCNN的空对地车辆检测方法是可行的,对不同光照和场景下的车辆检测可以取得较好的效果.     

基于蒙特卡罗仿真的FADEC系统多故障TLD分析方法

航空发动机电子控制系统的时间限制派遣(TLD)分析是飞机系统安全性分析的重要内容,是商用飞机及航空发动机型号合格审定的一项必要工作,传统方法无法解决多故障情形下的TLD问题。对多故障TLD方法进行了研究,提出了多故障派遣时的派遣间隔决策方法与维修策略决策原则,基于蒙特卡罗仿真提出了多故障TLD分析方法,结合具体案例验证了方法的有效性,并针对典型全权限数字式电子控制系统(FADEC)进行了多故障TLD分析。结论表明,与单状态马尔可夫模型方法相比,本文方法具有较高的精度,误差在0.25%左右,同时能够避免马尔可夫过程繁琐的建模工作,并且具备工程实用性。     

基于动态故障树的故障隔离程序分析方法

传统的故障隔离程序采用常规静态故障树进行故障分析，可能会导致故障原因分析不全、故障隔离路径过于繁琐等问题。提出基于系统原理和动态故障树进行故障隔离程序分析的方法，以某飞机防火系统引气导管过热探测系统故障为实例，进行系统设计原理和故障告警逻辑分析，引入动态逻辑门，构建具有顺序相关、功能相关和备份关系的动态故障树；在此基础上进行关联故障分析和排故流程图转化。结果表明：该方法能系统地、全面地反映故障触发逻辑，提供快速、准确、有效的故障隔离程序，提高飞机维修保障水平，在复杂飞机系统的航线维修领域具有良好的应用前景和推广价值。     

民机电传飞控系统故障检测与容错技术

现代民机广泛采用数字式电传飞控系统,它有利于飞机减重、飞行品质改善、飞机维护性改善等。民机电传飞控系统需满足严格的安全性与可用性要求,保证飞机取证与运营可靠性。故障检测与容错技术是实现高度安全可靠电传飞控系统的关键。该文阐述了已应用于现代民机的故障检测与容错技术,重点介绍了波音、空客公司故障检测与容错技术应用于民机设计的成功案例,对未来民机容错技术发展进行了探讨与展望。     

Multi-level virtual prototyping of electromechanical actuation system for more electric aircraft

Electromechanical actuators (EMAs) are becoming increasingly attractive in the field of more electric aircraft because of their outstanding benefits, which include reduced fuel burn and maintenance cost, enhanced system flexibility, and improved management of fault detection and isolation. However, electromechanical actuation raises specific issues when being used for safety-critical aerospace applications like flight controls: huge reflected inertia to load, jamming-type failure, and increase of backlash with service due to wear and local dissipation of heat losses for thermal balance. This study proposes an incremental approach for virtual prototyping of EMAs. It is driven by a model-based system engineering process in order to enable simulation-aided design. Best practices supported by Bond graph formalism are suggested to develop a model’s structure efficiently and to make the model ready for use (or extension) by addressing the above mentioned issues. Physical effects are progressively introduced, and the realism of lumped-parameter models is increased step-by-step. In particular, multi-level component models are architected to ensure continuity between engineering activities. The models are implemented in the AMESim simulation environment, and simulation responses are given to illustrate how they can be used for preliminary sizing, control design, thermal balance verification, and faults to failure analysis. The proposed best practices intend to provide engineers with fast, reusable, and efficient means to assess performance virtually and enhance maturity, performance, and robustness.     

Robust Kalman filter design for predictive wind shear detection

Severe low-altitude wind shear is a threat to aviation safety. Newly developed airborne sensors measure the radial component of wind along a line directly in front of an aircraft. The authors use optimal estimation theory to define a detection algorithm to warn of hazardous wind shear from these sensors. To achieve robustness, a wind shear detection algorithm must distinguish threatening wind shear from less hazardous gustiness, despite variations in wind shear structure. Statistical analysis methods to refine wind shear detection algorithm robustness are presented. Computational methods predict the ability to warn of severe wind shear and avoid false warning. Comparative capability of the detection algorithm as a function of its design parameters is determined, identifying designs that provide robust detection of severe wind shear     

Real-time decision aiding: aircraft guidance for wind shearavoidance

Modern estimation theory and artificial intelligence technology are applied to the Wind Shear Safety Advisor, a conceptual airborne advisory system to help flight crews avoid or survive encounter with hazardous low-altitude wind shear. Numerical and symbolic processes of the system fuse diverse, time-varying data from ground-based and airborne measurements. Simulated wind-shear-encounter scenarios illustrate the need to consider a variety of factors for optimal decision reliability. The wind-shear-encounter simulations show the potential of the Wind Shear Safety Advisor for effectively integrating the available information, highlighting the benefits of the computational techniques employed     

基于工效分析与过程仿真模型的机载设备拆装时间评估方法

机载设备拆装时间是重要的维修性设计指标,是选择或优化设计方案的重要参数。提出一种以过程 仿真模型为基础,综合考虑维修作业复杂度和维修工效评估结果的拆装时间综合评估方法。首先,将机载设备 拆装过程分解为基础维修活动单元,规划仿真过程并建立仿真模型;然后,使用模特分析法分析基础维修活动 时间,并根据维修作业复杂度与维修工效综合评估结果确定维修时间修正系数,修正基础维修活动时间;最后, 根据基础维修活动时间和工作流程评估机载设备拆装时间,并以飞机发动机拆卸时间分析为例进行应用验证。 结果表明:该方法可对机载设备拆装时间进行准确评估,能够满足飞机研制的需要。     

航电核心处理机接线盒模块的设计与实现

接线盒模块可解决综合模块化航电系统中计算机产品对外调试信号过多、影响设计、且外场维护困难的问题。模块能够有效减少综合处理机对外接口中调试用以太网信号的数量,进而减少外部连接器的使用,利于机载产品的结构和接口设计。模块还支持外场免拆卸产品而实现对产品的调试和维护功能,便于机载产品的外场维护和故障排除。模块采用即用供电设计,既可满足地面开发/调试使用,又可降低飞行状态下的系统功耗。     

机载反导拦截武器的发展与思考

考虑机载反导拦截武器在目标拦截匹配性、作战使用灵活性方面的优势,借鉴美国机载反导拦截系统在定向能和动能拦截武器两条路线的发展思路,分析机载反导拦截武器系统在空基平台、预警探测、指挥控制和拦截武器等方面的能力需求,引发依托岸基飞机平台和舰载飞机平台发展机载反导拦截武器的思考,梳理出发展机载反导拦截系统所需的关键技术,从而对反导防御体系和机载武器体系的发展具有良好的参考和借鉴价值。