动能侵彻式星壤物性原位触探技术研究进展

动能侵彻式原位探测是一种获取星壤剖面结构、物质成分和物性参数的有效技术手段.综述了星壤剖面动能侵彻式原位探测技术的研究现状和发展趋势,提出了动能侵彻式原位触探的关键技术及其解决途径;结合中国未来深空探测总体规划和关键技术攻关需求,提出了适用于月球、火星及小天体的动能侵彻式原位触探方案,为即将实施的地外天体着陆探测工程立...     

蠕动掘进潜入式行星探测装置方案设计研究

针对在地外星体较大深度处长期地实施地质科学探测这一新的研究难题,运用无人自动潜入式探测原理,提出了蠕动掘进潜入式行星探测装置的设计方案,并重点对探测装置的机构设计开展了研究;成功研制出蠕动掘进潜入式探测装置试验样机及其性能测试平台,为蠕动掘进潜入式行星探测装置方案的可行性验证以及性能测试奠定技术基础。研制的蠕动掘进潜入式行星探测装置对我国未来的行星探测任务具有借鉴意义。     

月壤剖面冲击贯入式探测方案研究

以月壤剖面的原位探测为目标,提出一种利用土体结构侵彻原理的冲击式贯入器设计方案。重点阐述了冲击式贯入器的工作原理和机构实现方案,并开展多方案设计与分析。研制了原理样机并开展实验验证,证明利用冲击式贯入方法实现月壤剖面自动潜入的可行性,并对我国未来开展月壤剖面原位探测提出了相关建议。     

太阳系探测的发展趋势与科学问题分析

分析了太阳系探测的发展趋势,认为从月球到火星是未来太阳系探测的主线,太阳系探测将从普查性探测向重点天体探测转变,从技术实现为主向科学牵引转变,国际合作成为太阳系探测的必然趋势。归纳了太阳系探测的关键科学问题,认为太阳系与行星系统的起源和演化是探测的终极科学目标,寻找地外生命和宜居环境是探测的主要驱动力,预防太阳活动和小天体撞击对地球的灾害性影响是探测的现实意义。在探月工程取得进展之后,中国应以月球和火星探测为主线,以火星探测为切入点,有序开展火星、小行星、太阳、金星、木星系统等太阳系探测任务,牵引航天技术进步,推动行星科学发展。     

火星车的关键技术分析

正1引言在深空探测任务中,巡视探测是深入开展地外天体科学探测活动的重要方式,这种方式可以在火星等固态星球表面选择科学目标,并开展针对性的探测活动。这种探测形式可以拓展探测范围,实现科学探测的点面结合;满足科学仪器巡视就位探测的需求;解决科学探测目标实现与工程实施着陆点选取之间的     

欧阳自远:我国火星探测应高起点发展

根据"第五届国防科技工业试验与测试技术发展战略高层论坛"消息,我国有望在2020年采用搭乘长征五号直接转移方式首次发射火星环绕器和火星车。本刊针对读者关心的问题,采访了我国绕月探测工程首席科学家、长期系统开展各类地外物质(陨石、宇宙尘、月岩)、比较行星学、天体化学与地球化学的研究的中国科学院欧阳自远院士,请他点评火星探测的最新进展和中国探测火星的科学目标着眼点。     

地外巡视探测无人系统自主感知与操控技术发展综述

地外天体探测是空间科学与技术创新的重要途径,是当前和未来航天领域的发展重点之一.地外天体表面巡视探测是拓展探测广度和深度的有效途径.未来月球、火星探测任务对表面探测范围和探测效率的需求明显提高,探测范围从公里级扩展到百公里级以上,移动时速从百米级提高到公里级以上,要求地外巡视探测器具有更强的地外环境适应能力和探测效率.决定地外巡视探测能力的关键因素之一是自主环境感知与操控能力,本文面向我国未来深空探测重大工程任务需求,对地外巡视探测无人系统的自主感知与操控技术发展现状及趋势进行总结分析.     

嫦娥工程技术发展路线

月球是距离地球最近的天体,以其独特的空间位置、广阔的科学探索前景,成为人类地外天体探测和资源利用的首选目标和持续选择。简要总结世界各主要航天大国的探月发展历程和后续计划,详细介绍了我国探月工程(嫦娥工程)"绕""落""回"三步走的发展思路和技术路线,分析了后续的发展方向,提出了2030年前月球机器人科研站任务设想。     

小天体探测发展态势

正小天体探测是当前空间探测的一个重要方向,开展小天体探测不仅可以解决众多基础科学问题,还有助于避免小天体撞击地球、引领高新技术和航天工业的发展、提升航天大国地位等。1小天体探测的科学目标经历了30余年的发展,小天体探测实现飞越、环绕、着陆和采样返回等探测方式,探测程度不断推进,其科学目标也随之不断深入。本文按照时间历程、探测方式分析小天体科学目标的演变情况,及其演变规律和探测重点。     

发刊词

<正>拓展生存空间、寻找地外生命,是人类孜孜不倦的追求,也是人类发展的长远目标之一,而开展深空探测是实现这一目标的必然途径,也是体现一个国家航天技术能力和空间科学水平的重要标志。经过50多年的探索,人类开展的深空探测活动已基本覆盖了月球、太阳、七大行星、小行星和彗星等太阳系各类天体,在航天工程技术和科学发现方面取得了巨大成就,但面对浩瀚宇宙,     

A drilling tool design and in situ identification of planetary regolith mechanical parameters

The physical and mechanical properties as well as the heat flux of regolith are critical evidence in the study of planetary origin and evolution. Moreover, the mechanical properties of planetary regolith have great value for guiding future human planetary activities. For planetary subsurface exploration, an inchworm boring robot (IBR) has been proposed to penetrate the regolith, and the mechanical properties of the regolith are expected to be simultaneously investigated during the penetration process using the drilling tool on the IBR. This paper provides a preliminary study of an in situ method for measuring planetary regolith mechanical parameters using a drilling tool on a test bed. A conical-screw drilling tool was designed, and its drilling load characteristics were experimentally analyzed. Based on the drilling tool-regolith interaction model, two identification methods for determining the planetary regolith bearing and shearing parameters are proposed. The bearing and shearing parameters of lunar regolith simulant were successfully determined according to the pressure-sinkage tests and shear tests conducted on the test bed. The effects of the operating parameters on the identification results were also analyzed. The results indicate a feasible scheme for future planetary subsurface exploration.     

低速溅射小行星表面采样的动力学仿真

开发了适用于小行星环境的大规模三维离散元程序DEMBody,针对低速射弹溅射表层风化层的小行星采样方案,仿真了相同质量不同形状的射弹在微重力环境下垂直射入颗粒床的过程,研究了溅射物质在采样器中的运动历程及最终收集质量与射弹形状的关系。结果表明,90°锥形射弹的采样效率最高。     

Mechanical behavior of the metal parts welded with extraterrestrial regolith simulant by the solar concentrator in ISRU & ISRF application

The use of in-situ resources plays an important role on future extraterrestrial human activities for the facility repair and habitat construction, especially in sustainable space exploration of Moon and Mars. A method of the metal welded with extraterrestrial regolith simulant using solar processing under ambient conditions is presented. Metal parts are made of Q235B ferroalloy and TA2 titanium alloy into standard tensile members according to the ASTM code. They are disconnected from the middle in advance, and then welded together with lunar and Martian regolith simulant under ambient conditions, respectively. The entire welding process and precautions are detailed. Additionally, the mechanical behavior of weldments is characterized regarding their tensile strength. Furthermore, the fusion zone of weldments is studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The results show that it is possible to weld metal parts together with extraterrestrial regolith simulant by the solar concentrator. The average ultimate tensile strength of ferroalloy specimens welded with lunar and Martian regolith simulant is 2.94 MPa and 1.66 MPa; The average ultimate tensile strength of titanium alloy specimens welded with lunar and Martian regolith simulant is 4.95 MPa and 2.59 MPa. Moreover, the failure mode of all weldments was brittle failure. The welding joints strength derives from the phases that the regolith as the solder fusing into ferroalloys in a homogeneous way and titanium alloys in an inhomogeneous way. The presented method may provide a new thought for astronaut assistance associating with repairing and fabricating in subsequent Moon and Mars missions.     

火星探测的微波遥感技术

从微波遥感的角度出发,综述目前国际上对火星的探测现状,列出对微波遥感探测有影响的火星表层土壤、岩层的结构、分布及其介电特性等参数的已有研究结果,分析对火星地壳表层水(或冰)存在可能性及其分布状态的研究动向.结合地球表面微波遥感技术的最新进展,提出用主动与被动微波遥感探测火星表面浅层土壤物质状态和分层结构的可行性分析,初步研讨了火星表层是否有水(或冰)存在的探测方案.      

火卫二地形地貌探测综述

火卫二（Deimos）是火星自然卫星之一，研究人员利用火星探测器对其地形地貌开展了大量研究。首先对火卫二的基本参数及起源假说进行了介绍，进而全面梳理了与火卫二相关的航天探测活动，重点对地形地貌探测活动进行了详细介绍，并对围绕火卫二地形地貌的研究成果进行了归纳分析，结果表明火卫二表面分布有撞击坑、风化层、明亮的反射物质及块状物，并存在物质移动。最后针对火卫二探测不全面的情况，给出了中国关于火卫二探测的建议。     

深远空连续推进动力与施图林格解的解析

针对太阳系远深距离的探测将是人类下一阶段深空探测活动的主要目标。这一目标的实现依赖于探测器连续推进动力技术的突破。从描述连续常值推力下太空飞行的施图林格解出发,对其中反映的深远空飞行任务有效载荷比、任务时间、飞行距离等关键参数与发动机性能之间的关系进行了深入分析。给出了在特定任务时长、特定飞行距离要求下发动机比冲、功率需要满足的条件及其对有效载荷比、最终飞行速度等指标的影响。此外,基于二体轨道动力学对太阳系行星探测的大椭圆转移轨道和转移能量进行了推导,并对连续推力的太阳帆任务方案涉及的关键技术指标做了理论性的计算。这些结论是对深空探测连续推力方案基础理论的归纳,可以为我国未来开展深远空探测活动提供重要的启发和指导。     

Gas permeability and flow characterization of simulated lunar regolith

Recent discoveries of water ice trapped within lunar topsoil (regolith) have placed a new emphasis on the recovery and utilization of water for future space exploration. Upon heating the lunar ice to sublimation, the resulting water vapor could theoretically transmit through the lunar regolith, to be captured on the surface. As the permeability of lunar regolith is essential to this process, this paper seeks to experimentally determine the permeability and flow characteristics of various gas species through simulated lunar regolith (SLR). Two different types of SLR were compacted and placed into the permeability setup to measure the flow-rate of transmitted gas through the sample. Darcy’s permeability constant was calculated for each sample and gas combination, and flow characteristics were determined from the results. The results show that Darcy’s permeability constant varies with SLR compaction density, and identified no major difference in permeable flow between the several tested gas species. Between the two tested SLR types, JSC-1A was shown to be more permeable than NU-LHT under similar conditions. In addition, a transition zone was identified in the flow when the gas pressure differential across the sample was less than ∼40 kPa.     

月尘/月壤环境效应地面模拟方法研究

月壤/月尘会附着并污染航天器、月球车的表面,如果不及时清除,还会进一步诱发部件过热、机械机构卡死、密封失效、材料磨损等一系列问题.本文综述了关于月尘特性、月尘与航天器系统的互相作用机理、月尘环境模拟方法等方面的研究成果,提出了一种小型月尘环境模拟系统的设计方案.该系统将使关于月尘特性的实验研究成为可能,并可作为登月飞船及月球车材料选择、机械机构可靠性试验、除尘策略试验的平台.