多用途飞船缩比返回舱成功着陆

2016年6月26日15：41,由长征－7运载火箭搭载升空的多用途飞船缩比返回舱（简称缩比返回舱）在东风着陆场西南戈壁区安全着陆。该缩比返回舱由中国航天科技集团公司所属中国空间技术研究院研制。此次缩比返回舱的成功回收,为后续新型载人飞船的论证设计和关键技术攻关奠定了重要基础,这标志着我国载人深空探测技术迈上了新的台阶,为未来载人深空探测任务奠定了基础。     

有大气行星悬飞探测初步设想与可行性探讨

提出了一种有大气地外行星悬飞探测方式,该探测方式是利用被探测天体存在大气的环境特点,实现探测器在被测天体的"飞行"机动,克服目前已有的环绕探测、着陆探测、巡视探测和采样返回探测四类无人深空探测方式受地形、地貌约束无法实现大范围机动就位探测的不足。提出了悬飞探测器的典型任务工作模式设想,建立了悬飞探测器的六自由度动力学模型,并针对太阳系内典型的有大气行星环境(火星和土卫六)特点,给出了悬飞探测器的动力学特性并开展了仿真分析。在此基础上,首次提出了悬飞探测器的可行性约束系数,为悬飞探测器在深空探测的可行性研究提供了理论依据。     

新一代载人飞船试验船返回舱回到“娘家”

正新闻:5月8日中午,新一代载人飞船试验船返回舱在东风着陆场区平安着陆后,酒泉卫星发射中心搜索回收分队立即对返回舱进行了现场处置,并利用蟒式全地形履带车连夜将返回舱运出沙漠。5月15日,返回舱顺利运抵中国空间技术研究院,并在此举行了欢迎及交接仪式。解读:返回舱平安着陆后,想要回到阔别多日的"娘家"并不容易,而是经历了一段颇为周折的旅程。     

月球着陆器着陆腿非线性有限元建模与仿真

为了准确地预测着陆冲击过程中着陆腿的载荷缓冲和吸能性能用于指导着陆缓冲机构的设计和优化,采用非线性有限元方法进行着陆冲击动力学仿真.建立了单腿着陆冲击有限元模型,采用ABAQUS/Explicit显式动力学程序作为求解器.为提高计算效率,采用了质量缩放技术.对2个单腿着陆冲击工况进行了动力学仿真分析,通过与试验数据的对比证明了分析结果的正确性.分析结果表明:非线性有限元模型可以综合考虑各种非线性因素的影响,能较准确地预测着陆腿着陆缓冲性能;着陆腿的弹性对套筒间的摩擦力有较大的影响,增大着陆腿刚度可以减小摩擦力.     

一种基于星表特征直线匹配的着陆器位姿估计算法

针对深空探测星际着陆过程中的自主导航问题,提出一种基于星表特征直线的着陆器位姿估计算法。该算法首先采用EDLine算法对着陆过程中所拍摄的图像进行特征直线提取;其次根据直线局部特征对特征直线进行匹配;之后利用至少3对已匹配的特征直线,建立关于着陆器位姿的几何约束方程;然后根据奇异值分解法得到着陆器位姿的候选解;最终通过最小二乘法从候选解中选取着陆器位置、姿态的唯一解。仿真结果表明:该算法可以快速估计着陆器位姿,且在高度为2 000 m时位置误差小于2 m、姿态误差小于0.10°。     

月球着陆器软着陆冲击仿真

为提高分析月球着陆器软着陆有效载荷着陆冲击响应的准确性,提出一种基于瞬态动力学的着陆器有效载荷软着陆冲击响应分析方法.根据着陆器全机结构柔性和月壤柔性对有效载荷着陆冲击响应的影响,参照某型着陆器,于MSC.PATRAN环境中建立着陆器全机柔性体模型及月壤柔性体模型,运用瞬态动力学仿真软件MSC.DYTRAN对着陆器软着陆有效载荷着陆冲击响应特性进行了仿真研究.仿真结果与试验结果具有一定的一致性.研究结果表明:使用该方法分析着陆器软着陆有效载荷的着陆冲击响应是准确有效的,能够比较逼真地模拟月球着陆器实际着陆工况.     

基于刚柔耦合模型的月球着陆器动力学分析

基于刚柔耦合多体动力学理论,提出了一种基于三维实体造型、有限元分析与多体动力学分析的刚柔耦合动力学仿真分析方法;利用该方法建立了月球着陆器着陆动力学模型,分别在地球重力环境和月球重力环境(1/6地球重力环境)下,对某典型着陆工况下的着陆动力学进行了仿真分析,得到了着陆器着陆的缓冲性能分析结果,包括主支柱最大缓冲行程、左右辅助支柱最大缓冲行程、最大质心加速度响应;将仿真结果与试验结果相比较,验证了着陆器动力学模型的正确性以及仿真分析方法的有效性,为今后的着陆器缓冲试验提供了动力学模型和仿真分析方法.从能量角度对月球着陆器的着陆过程进行分析,弥补了缓冲试验难以进行能量分析的不足.     

《空间控制技术与应用》选题大纲

<正>一、总体设计1.系统理论、系统工程、系统集成与一体化设计2.控制系统方案设计3.先进的控制理论和方法(自适应控制、智能控制、鲁棒控制、模糊控制、变结构控制、最优控制等)4.系统建模、系统辨识和状态估计二、制导、导航与控制1.自主导航与组合导航技术2.姿态动力学和轨道动力学3.姿态测量和姿态确定技术4.挠性结构动力学和控制5.姿态控制和轨道控制6.交会对接与返回再入技术7.深空探测与着陆技术8.编队飞行与星座控制技术9.拦截器制导与控制技术10.机器人动力学与控制技术11.天基信息系统和空间安全12.制导、导航和控制系统物理仿真     

《空间控制技术与应用》选题大纲

正一、总体设计1.系统理论、系统工程、系统集成与一体化设计2.控制系统方案设计3.先进的控制理论和方法(自适应控制、智能控制、鲁棒控制、模糊控制、变结构控制、最优控制等)4.系统建模、系统辨识和状态估计二、制导、导航与控制1.自主导航与组合导航技术2.姿态动力学和轨道动力学3.姿态测量和姿态确定技术4.挠性结构动力学和控制5.姿态控制和轨道控制6.交会对接与返回再入技术7.深空探测与着陆技术8.编队飞行与星座控制技术9.拦截器制导与控制技术10.机器人动力学与控制技术11.天基信息系统和空间安全12.制导、导航和控制系统物理仿真     

载人登月舱月面着陆缓冲装置设计与研制

基于着陆冲击动力学实现载人登月舱月面着陆缓冲装置的方案设计,并分别开展机构运动分析、振动响应分析和着陆冲击特性分析,对着陆缓冲装置进行了全面的仿真分析计算。在此基础上研制了全尺寸载人登月舱月面着陆缓冲装置原理样机,并结合分析优化结果进行了试验验证。该研究为研制大收拢比、大尺寸、大载重、低过载的载人登月舱月面着陆缓冲装置奠定了技术基础。     

缓冲座椅系统着陆冲击响应的研究与分析

根据返回舱着陆过程中的特点、等效的着陆冲击加速度和缓冲机构的工作原理,建立了缓冲座椅系统的动力学模型。然后给出了座椅上任意点动力响应的计算方法,数值算例验证了缓冲座椅系统建模、计算的正确性。最后分析了着陆速度、输入冲击波形、座椅上测点位置和缓冲机构力学特性不同因素对航天员胸背向、头盆向加速度、座椅缓冲行程的影响及其原因,为提高缓冲座椅的工作性能提供了参考。     

Landing of the asteroid probe with three-legged cushioning: Planar asymmetric dynamics and safety margin

The probes landing on the surfaces of the asteroids can increase the scientific return of the exploration missions and also promote the development of deep space resources. Because of its excellent applicability to the uneven terrain and a lighter configuration than the four-legged mechanisms, the three-legged cushioning mechanisms are suitable for dissipating the impact energy and then quickly stabilizing the probe attitude when the probe lands on the micro-gravitational surfaces of the asteroids. Research on the landing dynamics of the probe facilitates to the design of the landing-cushioning mechanism and the optimization of its configuration, as well as the assessment of the landing safety. Comparing with the previous extensive related literature focusing on landing dynamics of the probes assisted by the four-legged cushioning mechanisms, this paper studies creatively the planar dynamics considering the asymmetric characteristic and the leg-leg coupling to understand the landing process of the asteroid probe with the three-legged cushioning mechanism and thereby to optimize the configuration of cushioning mechanism and assess safety margin of the landing. According to the touchdown status, the asymmetric landing modes are classified and the coupling issue in the construction of the landing models is explained. Consequently, two types of dynamics models describing the two-stages touchdown cushioning process of the probe are established. Then, five significant configuration factors of the cushioning mechanism are extracted, and their values combinations are designed according to the Taguchi orthogonal method. On this basis, the maximum safe landing attitude angles of the probe are solved by using these values combinations as the input conditions under the dangerous situations in different landing modes. The range analysis and nonlinear fitting methods are employed to discuss the influence of the configuration factors on the landing safety margin, and the favorable parameter values of the configuration factors are determined. Next, the influence of the ground obstacle on the landing safety margin and several methods to improve the margin are researched. Finally, the complete attitude changes of the probe in two representative landing cases are analyzed. The results studied in this paper can contribute to configuration optimization of the three-legged cushioning mechanisms and safety assessment of the legged probes landing on the asteroids, as well as to provide a reference for discussing the leg-leg coupling issue received less attention in landing dynamics of the probes with the four-legged cushioning mechanisms.     

一种深空粒子采样返回探测器构型设想

以太阳风粒子、深空尘埃等为目标的采样返回探测任务是空间科学与深空探测研究的热点方向之一。对“星尘号”“起源号”两个典型采样返回探测器的构型进行了分析,并梳理了其主要构型特点。结合我国月地高速再入返回飞行器的构型特点,提出了一种深空粒子采样返回探测器构型的设想：总体构型由长方形主体和流线型返回器组成,主体构型适应于承载返回器和其他装器设备,返回器构型适应于样品收集和再入返回气动外形。设计方案采用了充气式采样器进行粒子收集,具有体积小、重量轻、折叠效率高、展开可靠、工程实施简单等特点,并采用了可重复收拢展开的太阳翼,能够适应收集不同类型深空粒子的需求。     

天问一号火星软着陆制导、导航与控制系统

天问一号火星探测器成功实现了我国首次火星表面软着陆,进入舱制导导航与控制系统(GNC系统)负责在火星进入下降着陆过程实施进入舱的姿态与轨道控制,确保进入舱安全着陆火星表面.介绍了执行天问一号火星EDL任务的GNC系统飞行阶段划分、系统组成、方案架构,以及针对火星EDL任务的特色设计,最后介绍了GNC系统在轨飞行结果.     

Landing of hopping rovers on Irregularly-shaped small bodies using attitude control

A hopping rover that is driven only by internal or external attitude actuators is an ideal mobility approach for surface exploration of small solar system bodies. Without thrust control and grasping mechanisms, a hopping rover is mechanically simple to design and less prone to mechanical failures, but faces challenges during soft landing. It may rebound from the surface, causing deviations from its original landing site. In this paper, landing of a hopping rover on the surface of an asteroid is investigated, and a strategy using only attitude control to shorten the landing distance is proposed. Based on rigid body impact dynamics, the edge impact configuration is investigated in detail. The factors that affect the impact states of a cube-shaped hopping rover are studied. Then, controlled edge landing is analyzed, in which the post-impact velocity of the hopping rover is changed by controlling its attitude prior to impact. Three guidance schemes are developed, followed by attitude profile generation and finite time stable attitude control. Finally, simulations are performed on an ideal flat surface and uneven terrain. The results show that controlled edge landing can effectively reduce the landing distance and settling time, compared with uncontrolled landing. This study on hopping motion on the surface of an irregular-shaped asteroid with attitude control, can provide a reference for hopper trajectory plan in future asteroid surface explorations.     

基于差分进化算法的再入可达域快速计算#br#

针对高升阻比高超飞行器再入可达域计算问题，提出了基于差分进化算法和倾侧角插值相结合的混合求解方案。通过设计罚函数和适应度函数极值化将再入过程等式约束和不等式约束添加到优化指标。为了减小参数化倾侧角剖面的搜索空间，利用带约束的差分进化算法求解满足再入过程约束和终端约束的再入轨迹。在分别得到最大横向航程和最大纵向航程的倾侧角剖面后，利用插值法快速生成倾侧角指令集，进而实现再入可达域的快速计算。以高升阻比飞行器CAV H为对象，设计仿真算例，结果表明，该混合优化求解方案易于实现且具有良好的可操作性。     

载人航天器的再入制导控制与仿真计算

研究了弹道一升力式载人航天器的再入制导规律和各种再入误差源对其落点的影响。主要包括以下内容：再入纵向制导和侧向制导规律的确定;分析各种单项误差对落点的影响;用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法模拟各种再入误差源及其对落点偏差的综合影响。通过大量的模拟计算,掌据各种再入误差对落点偏差的影响,提出再入误差应具有的指标要求,并得到一些有益的结论。计算结果表明,确定的制导规律可以达到满意的落点控制效果。     

Procedure and methodologies for managing the risk of space object reentry

This paper proposes a procedure for managing the risk of reentering space objects and risk assessment methodologies used for the process. The proposed procedure comprises three phases encompassing the whole reentry stages of space objects. Mathematical models for assessing the impact risk of the reentering space objects by utilizing the information available during different risk management phases and the recommended risk analysis results for public communication are presented. The concept of the conditional casualty expectation is proposed as the metric representing the reentry risk and the method to compute its profile is introduced. A case study on the risk management procedure with the dataset on an actual reentry event is conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed procedure.     

载人火星探测飞行方案

对世界各国载人火星探测的研究情况进行了简要综述,研究了国内外有关载人火星探测飞行方案,提出了载人火星探测方案确定的原则和方案基本思想.给出了一种载人火星探测飞行方案的总体设计,包括飞行轨道方案和载人火星飞船方案等.尤其对轨道设计的重要的两个参数——速度增量和飞行时间进行了详细计算.最后给出了飞行轨道选择、火星飞船从地球到火星和从火星返回地球等的轨道方案和火星飞船各组成部分方案的详细设计结果.     

Long-term space flights--personal impressions.

During a final 4-month stage of a 1-year space flight of cosmonauts Titov and Manarov, a physician, Valery Polyakov was included on a crew for the purpose of evaluating their health, correcting physical status to prepare for the spacecraft reentry and landing operations. The complex program of scientific investigations and experiments performed by the physician included an evaluation of adaptation reactions of the human body at different stages of space mission using clinicophysiological and biochemical methods; testing of alternative regimes of exercise and new countermeasures to prevent an unfavourable effect of long-term weightlessness.