一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于日地月信息的航天器全弧段自主容积卡尔曼滤波导航

高精度全弧段航天器自主导航是航天应用技术的发展方向,是实现航天器在轨任务执行的前提和基础。文章对仅利用日、地、月等天文信息进行航天器全弧段自主导航方法进行了研究。首先,以航天器轨道动力学方程和航天器与日地月之间的夹角信息及地心距作为自主导航系统的状态模型和观测模型,构建了非线性导航系统模型。其次,给出了全弧段自主导航算法,在日月可见弧段采用非线性容积卡尔曼滤波实现航天器自主导航,在星蚀时段利用航天器轨道动力学模型进行高精度轨道预报。最后,给出了数值仿真算例。结果表明,基于日地月天文信息的航天器全弧段自主导航精度保持在2km以内,能够满足其自主导航的要求。     

构架式可展开天线自由度与奇异性分析

针对以四面体为基本单元的构架式空间可展开天线,基于螺旋理论分析了多环耦合机构3RR-3RRR基本单元及多单元组网的自由度,降低分析此构架单元过约束与奇异性的复杂性。首先,根据螺旋理论能同时表示运动副轴线的位置和运动副类型的特点,建立了3RR-3RRR单元各铰链的运动螺旋并求解出单元过约束数;其次,运用修正的Kutzbach-Grübler公式求解出此单元的自由度,并分析出在特殊位形下的奇异性和瞬时性;最后,多单元组网成一个复杂耦合机构,采用等效构型的方法简化组网结构可得此天线反射器收展所需自由度,再通过计算各花盘的相对间距来验证构架可展开天线的收展协调性。研究表明构架式天线反射器3RR-3RRR四面体单元为单自由度机构且含有4个过约束,便于机构的展开控制,在同步杆铰链处于特殊位形下有约束奇异。组网后反射器桁架系统是单自由度机构,机构在单驱动运动过程中可展开完全,实现构架可展开天线各杆件在工作时运动协调,在空间机构领域具有良好的应用性。     

直尺反转组合法测量直线度的理论分析

对直尺反转组合法的测量原理进行了较为深入的理论分析，指出测量的准确性受测头误差、采样点定位误差、直尺尺面斜率、直尺再定位误差、直尺各点直线度误差的变化率等五个方面共同作用。其中，采样点定位误差和直尺安装斜率影响直线度测量准确度这一结论，将适用于其他的直尺直线度测量方法，因而具有普遍的指导意义。     

Reevaluation of thermosphere heating by auroral electrons

This paper presents a new calculation of neutral gas heating by precipitating auroral electrons. It is found that the heating rate of the neutral gas is significantly lower than previous determinations below 200 km altitude. The neutral gas heating arises from the many exothermic chemical reactions that take place from the ions and excited species created by the energetic electrons. The calculations show that less than half the energy initially deposited ends up heating the neutral gases. The rest is radiated or lost in the dissociation of O₂ because the O atoms do not recombine in the thermosphere. This paper also presents a new way of calculating the heating rate per ionization that can be used for efficient determination of the overall neutral gas heating for global thermosphere models. The heating rates are relatively insensitive to the neutral atmosphere when plotted against pressure rather than altitude coordinates. At high altitudes, the heating rates are sensitive to the thermal electron density and long-lived species. The calculations were performed with the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) model using a 2-stream auroral electron precipitation model. The heating rate calculations in this paper differ from previous heating rate calculations in the treatment of backscattered electrons to produce better agreement with observed flux spectra. This paper shows that more realistic model auroral electron spectra can be obtained by reflecting the up going flux back to the ionosphere at the upper boundary of the model. In this case, the neutral gas heating rates are 20%–25% higher than when the backscattered flux escapes from the ionosphere.     

船舶仪表现场计量保障问题研究

分析了计量工作重要性和船舶仪表现场计量保障工作面临的问题，阐释了船舶论证研制阶段开展对船舶仪表现场计量保障的依据及论证设计思路，重点分析了国内船舶靠泊港口的环境条件,阐述了压力仪表原位测试的可行性、原位检测设计方案和实施效果。     

低轨Walker星座构型偏置维持控制方法分析

针对低轨（low earth orbit,LEO）Walker星座构型稳定性维持问题,分析了低轨卫星的轨道摄动和星座构型稳定性的影响因素。通过分析低轨Walker星座的轨道摄动和相对漂移特点,提出了两次偏置策略。首先,依据未偏置时星座相对漂移量拟合得出第一次偏置时的偏置量。然后利用第一次偏置后的相对漂移量拟合得出第二次偏置量,消除残余项影响。两次偏置量叠加,使相对漂移大大降低。结果表明,低轨Walker星座中各卫星的初始参数偏差造成了升交点赤经和沿迹角相对漂移的发散,两次偏置策略可将两种星座的相对漂移量降至0.1°以下,证明了策略的有效性,提高了星座构型稳定性。     

考虑磨损后含间隙指向机构运动特性

为了提高空间指向机构磨损寿命的预测精度,克服传统静态磨损寿命预测的缺陷,计及间隙、摩擦磨损耦合因素,以实现机构关节动态磨损的精确预测,并对综合考虑间隙、摩擦磨损等因素的空间二维指向机构动力学问题和磨损问题进行了研究。采用牛顿 欧拉法,将间隙变量嵌入动力学模型,构建含间隙二维指向机构的动力学模型。基于Archards磨损模型,找到运动副接触面不同位置处的磨损深度,重构运动副表面形貌,并对磨损前后含间隙指向机构的动态特性进行分析,得到了关节处接触碰撞力和切向摩擦力的变化规律;采用动态拟合变量法和离散处理法分别对含间隙运动副内部间隙与接触力间、运行时间与相对滑移速度间的对应关系进行拟合,并建立了动态磨损数学模型;进一步预测了二维指向机构在跟踪模式、调姿模式下的运行时间分别为1259192h、76444h。研究工作为二维指向机构的本体设计、制造与应用奠定基础。     

Unsteady drag measurements for flow over a circular disk

对垂直于来流方向的圆盘进行非定常测力实验,研究上游二维干扰圆杆和圆盘绕流雷诺数(雷诺数范围为0.44×10⁵~2.74×10⁵)对圆盘阻力及其脉动特性的影响.实验结果表明,无论有无上游干扰,圆盘平均阻力系数均不随雷诺数改变.上游干扰圆杆在降低圆盘阻力系数的同时,使圆盘阻力脉动量增大,而且当圆盘绕流雷诺数大于1.84×10⁵时阻力脉动量的增幅将随雷诺数的加大而迅速增加.对圆盘阻力的频谱分析表明,在圆盘上游无干扰时,圆盘绕流形成的螺旋状涡引起的非轴对称波动频率(斯特劳哈尔数为0.135)为阻力脉动的主频.     

塞式喷管性能损失分析

影响塞式喷管性能的因素是多方面的,为了明确各种损失对其的影响程度,根据塞式喷管的工作特点,通过建立的塞锥壁面压力分布的简化模型,初步分析了这些因素,比如摩擦损失、化学非平衡损失、截短损失和底部损失等.结果表明,由于塞锥长度的截短所引起的截短损失和底部损失是影响塞式喷管性能的主要因素.为了减小由此所带来的性能损失,应通过实验和数值模拟的方法着重研究气流在塞锥上和底部的流动特征,并且在设计的过程中应该考虑这些因素,以降低其对性能的影响.     

Generic procedure for designing and implementing plan management systems for space science missions operations

This paper is one of the components of a larger framework of activities whose purpose is to improve the performance and productivity of space mission systems, i.e. to increase both what can be achieved and the cost effectiveness of this achievement. Some of these activities introduced the concept of Functional Architecture Module (FAM); FAMs are basic blocks used to build the functional architecture of Plan Management Systems (PMS). They also highlighted the need to involve Science Operations Planning Expertise (SOPE) during the Mission Design Phase (MDP) in order to design and implement efficiently operation planning systems. We define SOPE as the expertise held by people who have both theoretical and practical experience in operations planning, in general, and in space science operations planning in particular. Using ESA’s methodology for studying and selecting science missions we also define the MDP as the combination of the Mission Assessment and Mission Definition Phases. However, there is no generic procedure on how to use FAMs efficiently and systematically, for each new mission, in order to analyse the cost and feasibility of new missions as well as to optimise the functional design of new PMS; the purpose of such a procedure is to build more rapidly and cheaply such PMS as well as to make the latter more reliable and cheaper to run. This is why the purpose of this paper is to provide an embryo of such a generic procedure and to show that the latter needs to be applied by people with SOPE during the MDP. The procedure described here proposes some initial guidelines to identify both the various possible high level functional scenarii, for a given set of possible requirements, and the information that needs to be associated with each scenario. It also introduces the concept of catalogue of generic functional scenarii of PMS for space science missions. The information associated with each catalogued scenarii will have been identified by the above procedure and will be relevant only for some specific mission requirements. In other words, each mission that shares the same type of requirements that lead to a list of specific catalogued scenarii can use this latter list of scenarii (regardless of whether the mission is a plasma, planetary, astronomy, etc. mission). The main advantages of such a catalogue are that it speeds-up the execution of the procedure and makes the latter more reliable. Ultimately, the information associated to each relevant scenario (from the catalogue or freshly generated by the procedure) will then be used by mission designers to make informed decisions, including the modification of the mission requirements, for any missions. In addition, to illustrate the use of such a procedure, the latter is applied to a case study, i.e. the Cross-Scale mission. One of the outcomes of this study is an initial set of generic functional scenarii. Finally, although border line with the above purpose of this paper, we also discuss multi-spacecraft specific issues and issues related to the on-board execution of the plan update system (PUS). In particular, we show that the operation planning cost of N spacecraft is not equal to N times the cost of 1 spacecraft and that on-board non-synchronised operation will not require inter-spacecraft communication. We also believe that on-board PUS should be made possible for all missions as a standard.     

火箭阀门动作量化检测方案设计及试验验证

阀门是运载火箭动力系统关键单机，用于推进剂的加注泄出、贮箱排气、承压安全、贮箱增测压等，实现阀门动作检测对确保阀门正常工作具有重要意义。宇航技术的发展对阀门动作检测提出了更高要求，目前，在飞火箭不能定量判断阀门的关闭程度及密封情况，为此，设计了一种动作可量化检测的阀门结构，并进行了工艺件试验和验证试验，结果表明提出的方案可实现阀门动作量化检测。     

电动伺服舵系统动力学建模及颤振分析

舵机动力学对舵系统颤振有最直接影响,其动力学模型的准确建立是颤振分析的关键。以某电动伺服舵系统为对象,分别建立了电机、减速器及控制回路模型。基于其地面振动试验（GVT）数据特征,考虑了减速器中零部件间隙及滚珠丝杠间接触刚度2类非线性因素。动力学仿真结果复现了试验现象,证明了接触刚度和间隙对该伺服舵系统动力学特征的主导作用。在颤振分析中,对比了接触刚度和常数刚度2种假设下,舵机在不同阶跃角指令下的舵偏角响应。发现常数刚度下舵系统仅存在极限环（LCO）和失稳2个域,临界速度不会随间隙大小而变化;而接触刚度下存在稳定、LCO和失稳3个域,且相同风速下,其临界指令角较常数刚度假设更高,但其临界速度却会随间隙增大而减小,甚至小于常数刚度假设,应引起足够重视。      

考虑FDR的测试性测定试验及其相关方法

针对装备研制过程中,缺乏试验手段测定产品测试性水平,确定其与规定要求间的差距的情况,界定了测试性试验和测试性测定试验的概念,在仅考虑测定故障检测率(FDR,Fault Detection Rate)的情况下,研究给出了基于功能相关特征矩阵和重要度特征的故障特征建模方法,构建了二元组故障特征模型,用于测定FDR试验的试验样本选取.在该种试验样本选取方法中,为了减少进行故障注入试验时,注入不同故障样本的工作量和复杂度,充分考虑了试验样本间的等效关系,定义了等价集合和等效样本的概念,并在此基础上给出了考虑等效样本存在的试验结果评估方法.该研究在某型导弹飞控系统中取得了很好的应用.      

星载相机地面电性能测试系统的设计与实现

根据新型相机结构复杂、载荷多的特点，针对性地设计并实现了一种新型星载相机的电性能地面测试系统。分析并总结了地面测试系统的设计需求，并且针对新型相机测试的全面性要求，设计并实现了整星和多种载荷的模拟接口；针对新型相机测试的可靠性要求，提出了冗余网络切换的测试系统设计方法并解决了数据库访问冲突的问题；针对新型相机测试的安全性要求，提出了针对冗余链路的测试方法和错误注入的测试方法。该系统已经成功配合完成了某高轨型号星载相机的研制，并交付使用。试验证明测试系统功能全面稳定，连续测试72h误码率为0，能够满足新型相机全面性、可靠性、安全性的测试需求。     

Evaluation of the IRI-2016 and NeQuick electron content specification by COSMIC GPS radio occultation,ground-based GPS and Jason-2 joint altimeter/GPS observations

We examined performance of two empirical profile-based ionospheric models, namely IRI-2016 and NeQuick-2, in electron content (EC) and total electron content (TEC) representation for different seasons and levels of solar activity. We derived and analyzed EC estimates in several representative altitudinal intervals for the ionosphere and the plasmasphere from the COSMIC GPS radio occultation, ground-based GPS and Jason-2 joint altimeter/GPS observations. It allows us to estimate a quantitative impact of the ionospheric electron density profiles formulation in several altitudinal intervals and to examine the source of the model-data discrepancies of the EC specification from the bottom-side ionosphere towards the GPS orbit altitudes. The most pronounced model-data differences were found at the low latitude region as related to the equatorial ionization anomaly appearance. Both the IRI-2016 and NeQuick-2 models tend to overestimate the daytime ionospheric EC and TEC at low latitudes during all seasons of low solar activity. On the contrary, during high solar activity the model results underestimated the EC/TEC observations at low latitudes. We found that both models underestimated the EC for the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere regions for all levels of solar activity. For low solar activity, the underestimated EC from the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere can compensate the overestimation of the ionospheric EC and, consequently, can slightly decrease the resulted model overestimation of the ground-based TEC. For high solar activity, the underestimated EC from the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere leads to a strengthening of the model underestimation of the ground-based TEC values. We demonstrated that the major source of the model-data discrepancies in the EC/TEC domain comes from the topside ionosphere/plasmasphere system.     

弹载捷联星敏感器强光规避策略及算法

星敏感器光学系统及成像阵列易受太阳和月亮强光干扰.针对弹载捷联星敏感器提出一种规避强光的解析几何方法.通过天文公式解算出观星时刻太阳、月亮矢量,将其转换到当地地理坐标系下;将太阳、月亮方位、地心指向和星敏感器圆视场的几何分布关系划分为3种类型,并结合星敏感器遮光罩太阳月亮规避角参数,分别建立矢量公式求解星敏感器光轴的指令指向;利用STK仿真软件进行算法验证,选择任意时间段并设定星敏感器光轴指向,经本算法解算的光轴指令指向均可成功规避太阳月亮和地平.该算法可实现星敏感器光学系统的自主保护、观星窗口的选择,可以通过姿态机动实现太阳和月亮的规避和有效星光观测.     

Magnetotail current contribution to the Dst Index Using the MT Index and the WINDMI model

In this paper, we have improved the capabilities of a low dimensional nonlinear dynamical model called WINDMI to determine the state of the global magnetosphere by employing the magnetotail (MT) index as a measurement constraint during large geomagnetic storms. The MT index is derived from particle precipitation measurements made by the NOAA/POES satellites. This index indicates the location of the nightside ion isotropic boundary, which is then used as a proxy for the strength of the magnetotail current in the magnetosphere. In Asikainen et al. (2010), the contribution of the tail current to the Dst index is estimated from an empirical relationship based on the MT index. Here the WINDMI model is used as a substitute to arrive at the tail current and ring current contribution to the Dst index, for comparison purposes. We run the WINDMI model on 7 large geomagnetic storms, while optimizing the model state variables against the Dst index, the MT index, and the AL index simultaneously. Our results show that the contribution from the geotail current produced by the WINDMI model and the MT index are strongly correlated, except during some periods when storm time substorms are observed. The inclusion of the MT index as an optimization constraint in turn increases our confidence that the ring current contribution to the Dst index calculated by the WINDMI model is correct during large geomagnetic storms.     

纵列式直升机配平计算及稳定性、操纵性分析

为了进行纵列式直升机定直平飞状态的配平计算,建立了两种非线性飞行动力学模型(涡流理论模型和动量理论模型).提出了基于线性小扰动理论和五点中心差分算法的稳定性、操纵性导数计算方法;采用状态空间表达式形式的动力学方程,计算了纵列式直升机非耦合运动状态下的稳定根;以动量理论模型为基础,以MATLAB软件为计算平台,进行了纵列式直升机稳定性与操纵性的分析.最终计算结果与参考数据吻合较好,为纵列式直升机飞行品质研究奠定了基础.