面向航天器在轨加注的地面模拟技术

文章结合近年来航天器在轨加注的相关研究,着重对其地面模拟试验技术进行了探讨。首先对国外相关地面模拟技术进行了综述,其次对一种新型地面模拟系统进行了详细介绍。该系统由气浮平台、航天器模拟器、光学测量系统、地面控制系统、自主对接和流体加注机构等组成,不仅能演示航天器在轨加注任务的全过程,而且能完整演示自主对接与分离、流体传输与控制、导引测量与推进等在轨加注关键技术。     

“多对多”模式下GEO卫星在轨加注任务规划

随着在轨服务技术的发展和对航天器发射运营成本的控制，航天器在轨服务模式将由“一对一”服务逐步发展为“一对多”“多对多”的服务模式。在具有多个服务目标的模式下，针对服务航天器的任务分配与规划将变得尤为关键。因此，本文研究了多服务航天器为多个地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星进行在轨加注的任务规划问题。首先，考虑服务航天器容量约束、服务路径约束等多类约束条件，以最小化燃料消耗为优化指标，以每个服务航天器的服务顺序为决策变量，建立“多对多”在轨加注任务规划模型。其次，针对遗传算法局部搜索能力差、易陷入局部最优的缺陷，设计了一种将大邻域搜索算法和遗传算法相结合的混合启发式算法(LNS-GA)，用以求解该任务规划问题。该算法利用大邻域搜索算法中的“破坏”和“修复”思想，对遗传算法每一代种群中的精英个体进行进一步的迭代搜索，从而增强算法的局部搜索能力。最后，通过设定的仿真场景与单一遗传算法进行仿真对比，验证了本文所提出算法的有效性和优越性。     

他山之石 可以攻玉——国外卫星在轨操作系统发展分析

卫星在轨操作任务主要包括在轨燃料加注、在轨模块更换、在轨发射、在轨空间碎片清除等。值得指出的是,在轨操作可以针对己方航天器进行,也可以针对敌方航天器进行。能够通过在轨加注延长航天器寿命,也可以利用交会对接和空间机械手技术将敌方航天器拖离目标轨道,具有巨大的商业和军用潜力。     

空间站的在轨技术(二)——在轨补给

空间的在轨补给技术是航天器主要的在轨服务模式之一。它是延长航天器的有效工作寿命、提高航天器经济效益的主要技术手段。本文在大量掌握材料的基础上,分析了在轨补给技术的现状;概括了空间在轨加注的技术要求;对比了三种典型的在轨加注方案:直接加注,更换贮箱,整体更换推进舵;最后以双组元推进剂加注系统为例,简介系统的结构和工作原理。     

“天宫一号”目标飞行器系统级自主安全设计

为确保载人飞行器在长期飞行中的设备安全以及短期飞行中航天员的安全,需要从系统层面进行自主安全设计,使航天器在出现地面无法快速反应的故障时能够启动安全模式进行自我保护。文章以能源安全设计为主对“天宫一号”目标飞行器系统级自主安全设计进行了论述,总结了设计经验,对后续型号的设计提出了建议。     

国外卫星在轨操作系统发展分析

卫星在轨操作任务主要包括：在轨燃料加注、在轨模块更换、在轨发射、在轨空间碎片清除等。值得指出的是,在轨操作可以针对己方航天器进行,也可以针对敌方航天器进行。     

载人航天器舱内辐射剂量监测技术综述

文章介绍了美国、苏联/俄罗斯载人航天器舱内辐射剂量监测技术及部分监测结果,分析了我国“神舟3号”和“神舟4号”飞船返回舱内的辐射剂量探测技术及结果,并在此基础上就我国载人航天器的辐射剂量探测方法提出若干建议。     

“神舟四号”飞行试验圆满成功

20 0 2年 12月 30日凌晨升空的“神舟四号”无人飞船 ,在完成预定的空间科学和技术试验任务后 ,于2 0 0 3年 1月 5日安全返回。“神舟四号”于 2 0 0 2年 10月底到达酒泉卫星发射中心 ,进入发射前的准备阶段。经总装恢复、整船电测、船箭对接、飞船加注和垂直转运等 ,于 12月 3     

推进剂加注设备的现状与"三化"研究

在对推进剂加注设备进行系统分析的基础上,提出加注设备在“三化”方面存在的问题,研究了开展“三化”研究工作的意义和指导原则,确定了“三化”研究方案及实施步骤,并给出加注设备“三化”工作的建议。     

美国航空航天局机器人在轨加注任务简析

<正>美国航空航天局(NASA)2018年6月20日报道,其机器人在轨加注任务(RRM)在肯尼迪航天中心完成了第三阶段一系列关键试验,为后续在"国际空间站"演示验证、应用相关技术奠定了基础。广义上的在轨加注,是指通过直接传输或模块更换等方式的在轨操作,使目标航天器具有正常的推进系统功能。美国一直致力开发机器人在轨燃料加注技术与能力,该项技术成熟后,有望增强航天器在轨机动能力,延长其寿命,并为后续"重     

低功率水电弧加热发动机的初步研究

本文研究了以水为推进剂的电弧加热发动机。其中电弧加热发动机的流量为15mg/s、电流为8A,此时平均电压为80.5V、功率约为640W、平均推力为0.0975N,以此计算得到比冲为650s左右、效率为55%～60%。成功地验证了水做为电弧加热发动机的推进剂、产生推力的能力。     

Optimal Control of a Programmed Turn of a Spacecraft

A problem of optimal turn of a spacecraft is considered. The time of turn is minimized, as well as the functional having a meaning of the propellant consumption. An analytical solution to the problem stated is derived. It is demonstrated that the solution optimal in this sense belongs to a class of two-impulse controls, under which a spacecraft executes the turn along the trajectory of its free motion. The solution obtained in this paper differs from earlier available solutions considerably. The estimations of the propellant consumption for a realization of the programmed turn are made.     

离子推力器羽流特性及其污染分析

介绍了与电推进系统有关的空间环境效应的形成原因及其对航天器性能、寿命等的影响。阐述了离子火箭发动机羽流内束离子、中性推进剂原子、交换电荷（CEX）离子和电子等主要成分与航天器相互作用的过程及机理。分析表明，离子推力器出口处的中性推进剂原子与高速束离子流碰撞后产生的CEX离子Xe^＋，以及带电离子轰击推力器组件特别是加速极所产生的金属CEX离子，是造成离子火箭发动机羽流污染的主要成分。在此基础上提出了若干防污染措施。     

叠氮复合固体推进剂技术研究

分析了航天器和导弹武器系统对固体推进剂提出的新的要求和实现这些要求的技术途径。介绍了国外研制低特征信号叠氮固体推进剂的主要原材料叠氮粘合剂、含能增塑剂、高能高密度氧化剂的发展概况和关键技术。分析认为，由以上材料组成的叠氮复合固体推进剂具有含能量高、密度大、发动机排气羽烟对微波、激光和可见光的透过率高等特征，因此这是一种很有前途的新型推进剂。     

Nitrous oxide as a rocket propellant

Nitrous oxide is introduced as a multi-purpose propellant for spacecraft. Potential space applications of this propellant are given. Based on comparison to conventional systems, a multi-mode nitrous oxide propulsion concept is expected to deliver higher performance. Main features of a self-pressurising, nitrous oxide storage system are described. A nitrous oxide catalytic decomposition technique is suggested for restartable spacecraft propulsion. Up-to-date experimental results are presented. A conclusion describes the long-term feasibility of novel nitrous oxide propulsion option concepts.     

Mission analysis and systems design of a near-term and far-term pole-sitter mission

This paper provides a detailed mission analysis and systems design of a near-term and far-term pole-sitter mission. The pole-sitter concept was previously introduced as a solution to the poor temporal resolution of polar observations from highly inclined, low Earth orbits and the poor high-latitude coverage from geostationary orbit. It considers a spacecraft that is continuously above either the north or south pole and, as such, can provide real-time, continuous and hemispherical coverage of the polar regions. Being on a non-Keplerian orbit, a continuous thrust is required to maintain the pole-sitter position. For this, two different propulsion strategies are proposed, which result in a near-term pole-sitter mission using solar electric propulsion (SEP) and a far-term pole-sitter mission where the SEP thruster is hybridized with a solar sail. For both propulsion strategies, minimum propellant pole-sitter orbits are designed. In order to maximize the spacecraft mass at the start of the operations phase of the mission, the transfer from Earth to the pole-sitter orbit is designed and optimized assuming either a Soyuz or an Ariane 5 launch. The maximized mass upon injection into the pole-sitter orbit is subsequently used in a detailed mass budget analysis that will allow for a trade-off between mission lifetime and payload mass capacity. Also, candidate payloads for a range of applications are investigated. Finally, transfers between north and south pole-sitter orbits are considered to overcome the limitations in observations due to the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis that causes the poles to be alternately situated in darkness. It will be shown that in some cases these transfers allow for propellant savings, enabling a further extension of the pole-sitter mission.     

国外航天器推进剂在轨吹除技术跟踪研究

受大气阻力的影响,空间站长期在轨的轨道维持需要消耗大量的推进剂,因此有必要进行推进剂补给。而补给结束后的管路内残留推进剂在轨吹除,是保障空间站任务安全的必要条件。文章对国外航天器液体真空排放的研究现状进行了跟踪,重点就液体温度、压力、饱和蒸气压、液体中气体含量以及喷口尺寸外形等因素对液体排放特性的影响进行了分析和评价。在国外跟踪调研的基础上,对我国开展空间站推进剂在轨吹除的研究提出了启示。     

Optimal control of reorientation of a spacecraft using free trajectory method

The problem of optimal control over spatial reorientation of a spacecraft is considered. The functional having a sense of propellant consumption is minimized. The analytical solution to the formulated problem is presented. It is shown that the optimal solution can be found in the class of two-impulse control at which the spacecraft’s turn is performed along a free motion trajectory. In order to improve the accuracy of spacecraft guidance into a specified angular position, methods of control are suggested that realize the method of free trajectories. The synthesized controls are invariant with respect to both external perturbations and parametric errors. The results of mathematical modeling are presented that demonstrate high efficiency of developed control algorithms. Propellant consumption for realizing a programmed turn is numerically estimated taking into account considerable gravitational and aerodynamic moments acting upon the spacecraft.     

空间热物理技术发展的探讨

文章以航天器和火箭发动机中的工程热物理问题为背景,探讨了航天器热控技术的现状和发展趋势,介绍了火箭发动机热设计、推进剂燃烧等问题的发展方向.     

Differential drag spacecraft rendezvous using an adaptive Lyapunov control strategy

This paper introduces a novel Lyapunov-based adaptive control strategy for spacecraft maneuvers using atmospheric differential drag. The control forces required for rendezvous maneuvers at low Earth orbits can be generated by varying the aerodynamic drag affecting each spacecraft. This can be accomplished, for example, by rotating dedicated sets of drag panels. Thus, the relative spacecraft motion can be controlled without using any propellant since the motion of the panels can be powered by solar energy. A novel adaptive Lyapunov controller is designed, and a critical value for the relative drag acceleration that ensures Lyapunov stability is found. The critical value is used to adapt the Lyapunov controller, enhancing its performance. The method is validated using simulations. The results show that the Adaptive Lyapunov technique outperforms previous control strategies for differential drag based spacecraft maneuvering.