面向制造的飞机钣金零件多态模型

 针对飞机钣金零件数字化制造过程中零件信息定义问题，对多态模型作进一步研究，建立了基于状态、特征、要素和数据4个层次的模型结构，分析了模型的内容和组元关系，结合实例给出了模型各个状态的定义顺序，说明了模型的实际应用。工艺设计、工艺装备设计等应用系统可以直接引用模型的状态信息，实现飞机钣金制造过程的数字量传递和智能化决策。     

Optimum Reset of Ship's Inertial Navigation System

Optimum linear filter and control theory is applied to the practical problem of supplementing an inertial navigation system with discrete reference information. The information takes the form of position obtained from Loran C or Decca, for example, and occasional azimuth fixes obtained from star sightings. In particular, optimum use of this information is discussed for the Ship's Inertial Navigation System (SINS) installations intended for missile carrying submarines and warships. A model representative of the SINS dynamics is formulated appropriate for application of optimum filter and control theory. Interpretation of the optimum control dictated in part by the augmented SINS model is discussed. Simulation studies that show the relative transient behavior and the stabilizing effect of the closed-loop filter and control processes are also presented.     

Star trackers for attitude determination

One problem comes to all spacecrafts using vector information. That is the problem of determining the attitude. This paper describes how the area of attitude determination instruments has evolved from simple pointing devices into the latest technology, which determines the attitude by utilizing a CCD camera and a powerful microcomputer. The instruments are called star trackers and they are capable of determining the attitude with an accuracy better than 1 arcsecond. The concept of the star tracker is explained. The obtainable accuracy is calculated, the numbers of stars to be included in the star catalogue are discussed and the acquisition of the initial attitude is explained. Finally the commercial market for star trackers is discussed     

弹载大视场星惯组合深度融合导航技术

为了降低弹载星惯组合（Stellar-INS）飞行中段对调姿观星的要求，提高星惯组合姿态精度，提出了大视场（LFOV）星惯组合深度融合导航方法。小视场（NFOV）星敏感器输出星矢量为主，大视场星敏感器可同时输出姿态和星矢量信息，分别推导了基于星敏感器输出姿态和星矢量信息的观测方程，分析了星矢量和姿态观测方法之间的关联性。建立了包含星惯安装误差、陀螺误差以及初始平台误差角的星惯组合全误差项模型，基于线性卡尔曼滤波给出了深度融合导航方法。开展了数学仿真验证，分析了不同调姿观星路径约束下，大/小视场星惯组合性能差异。结果表明，大视场星惯组合深度融合导航方法不仅可以降低调姿观星约束要求，还可以实现组合姿态性能提升。     

一种基于FPGA实现实时提取恒星星像坐标的方法

提出一种基于FPGA实现实时提取恒星星像坐标的方法。该方法在提取恒星星像坐标过程中,不必利用当前图像下一列坐标的灰度值和当前列下一行坐标的灰度值,而仅仅采用当前图像当前行的上一列坐标的灰度值以及当前列的上一行坐标的灰度值, A/D转换成数字量后,把星图图像保存到SRAM和提取恒星星像坐标两个过程并行。实验结果表明,采用该方法不仅能够准确提取恒星星像坐标,而且能够进一步提高坐标提取的实时性,满足星敏感器并行流水工作模式的要求。     

Recursive mode star identification algorithms

Star identification can be accomplished by several different available algorithms that identify the stars observed by a star tracker. However, efficiency and reliability remain key issues and the availability of new active pixel cameras requires new approaches. Two novel algorithms for recursive mode star identification are presented here. The first approach is derived by the spherical polygon search (SP-search) algorithm, it was used to access all the cataloged stars observed by the sensor field-of-view (FOV) and recursively add/remove candidate cataloged stars according to the predicted image motion induced by camera attitude dynamics. Star identification is then accomplished by a star pattern matching technique which identifies the observed stars in the reference catalog. The second method uses star neighborhood information and a catalog neighborhood pointer matrix to access the star catalog. In the recursive star identification process, and under the assumption of "slow" attitude dynamics, only the stars in the neighborhood of previously identified stars are considered for star identification in the succeeding frames. Numerical tests are performed to validate the absolute and relative efficiency of the proposed methods.     

SINS辅助的星敏感器在线标定方法

航天器在飞行过程中,星敏感器受到外界温度、地面标定精度等因素影响存在较大的安装误差,这将严重影响星敏感器的定姿精度。为提高星敏感器精度,对其安装误差进行严格的在轨实时标定与修正是确保星敏感器测量精度的关键。提出了一种SINS辅助的在线标定方法,将SINS/星敏感器输出的姿态信息进行配准,构建了组合导航系统的Kalman滤波模型。该方法只需航天器在飞行过程中做简单的机动,即可对星敏感器的安装误差角进行实时在线标定。仿真结果表明,采用该标定方法可使星敏感器和惯导的安装误差角的总体估计率达到95%以上,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

一种快速的星敏感器星跟踪方法研究

阐述了星敏感器中星跟踪方法的重要性,指出了目前国内外星跟踪方法的不足。针对这些不足,提出了一种全新的、快速的星跟踪方法。新的跟踪方法采用现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)实现了实时的星点定位;正是由于这种技术的采用,加快了星点位置信息的获取,摈弃了跟踪窗的跟踪方法,采用简单的匹配识别的跟踪方法;对于新星的识别,由于有初始姿态而采用匹配组的识别方法。最后给出了星跟踪过程的实验结果。     

An all-sky autonomous star map identification algorithm

The attitude of the spacecraft can be obtained with accuracy by using star sensors. Its key technology is how to identify stellar maps. Triangle algorithm is used most widely in the current star map identification algorithms. In the field of physical geography modelling, Delaunay triangulation cutting algorithm has been widely used because of its important characteristic; the result of this triangulation cutting method is unique from a random set of points. This triangulation algorithm is first applied to identify star map for its particular character. In final, the proposed method is applied to simulation; the results show that compared with the current star map identification algorithms, the algorithm presented in this paper has the advantage of real-time properties and robustness. It needs a smaller database of guidance stars and matches more rapidly.     

大动态干扰下基于光学图像的自主导航技术

针对高超声速飞行器在平流层内飞行过程中自主天文导航时,气动光学效应及运动模糊等大动态干扰严重影响观星和高精度导航的问题,提出一种基于正则化思想的高超星图半盲复原改进算法。该算法首先借助已有的高超星图模糊核提取算法获得先验模糊核,为复原提供便利条件。接着结合天文图像灰度及梯度的稀疏先验分布特性,设计了一种针对高超星图的正则化盲复原模型,并结合先验模糊核所提供的信息,构建了改进的半盲复原方法,能在先验模糊核精度较低或缺失时转化为盲复原方法,提高了算法的鲁棒性。将本算法与传统星图复原算法、其他最新正则化复原算法进行星图复原与导航效果比较,数值仿真结果显示本算法的复原效果更佳,峰值信噪比（PSNR）达到36.97,并且质心提取成功率达到99.23%,能够明显改善星图识别的成功率,从而大幅提升高超声速飞行器在平流层中的大动态干扰下的自主导航能力。     

考虑星敏感器安装误差的弹道导弹捷联星光/惯性复合制导

弹道导弹捷联星光/惯性制导是在惯性制导基础上辅以星光修正的一种复合制导方法，能够显著提高导弹制导精度。由于星敏感器捷联安装在弹体上，安装误差会影响恒星测量的精度，进而影响复合制导精度，为此提出一种在线辨识并修正星敏感器安装误差的复合制导方法。建立了星敏感器观测量与数学平台失准角、星敏感器安装误差的关系方程，在导弹主动段关机后测量3颗独立的恒星获得6个观测量，利用最小二乘法估计出失准角和星敏感器安装、误差。改进了星光/惯性复合制导的最佳修正系数确定方程，直接修正了星敏感器安装误差的影响。数值仿真结果表明：所提方法可以有效地估计平台失准角和星敏感器安装误差，提高了捷联星光/惯性复合制导的精度。     

基于QTM的导航星库划分方法

为了提高星敏感器观测星的检索速度,提出了一种基于球面四元三角网(Quaternary Triangular Mesh,QTM)的导航星库划分方法.该方法首先利用天球的内接正八面体把全天球划分成8个子天区,然后在每个子天区中进行与经纬度相关的剖分和编码,最后扫描恒星星表,把每颗导航星信息划归到相应的子天区内存储.利用此星库进行的局部天球星图识别仿真实验表明该星库具有很高的检索效率.     

基于帧间角距匹配的跟踪模式星图识别

为了提高星敏感器的跟踪匹配速率,提高星敏感器姿态更新率,本文提出了一种基于帧间角距匹配的跟踪模式星图识别方法.该方法充分利用上一时刻的角距匹配信息构建了一个实时跟踪星库,并把当前时刻的角距信息在实时跟踪星库中进行匹配识别,识别成功后利用识别时用到的信息对实时跟踪星库进行更新.仿真实验表明,该方法具有匹配时间短、匹配成功率高的优点.     

一种基于Sobel算子的星敏感器星图预处理方法

星敏感器在太空环境下工作时容易受到杂散光的干扰,对星图进行二值化后直接采用质心法难以从星图中提取恒星星像坐标.针对上述问题,提出了一种基于Sobel算子的星敏感器星图预处理方法,用于提取星像坐标.首先采用Sobel算子计算星图中所有像素的梯度,保留所有大于阈值的像素梯度作为新的星图,然后以新的星图作为样板通过质心法从原始星图中提取恒星星像.由于杂散光干扰信号在星图中表现为缓慢信号,这些信号计算的梯度很小,因此通过Sobel算子计算后新的星图只有恒星星像.该方法能够消除星图中的杂散光干扰信号,使星图中只保留恒星星像信息,提高恒星星像坐标提取精度,具有较好的鲁棒性.     

北斗／罗兰-C组合定位技术

“北斗一号”是我国的卫星导航系统,其有源定位模式使其很难得到广泛应用。为此,提出了一种北斗／罗兰-C组合定位方案以实现无源定位。该方案利用“北斗一号”两颗卫星和地面罗兰-C台站获得的距离差信息实现双曲线相交定位。仿真结果表明,该方案的精度可以满足一般定位要求,具有较强的实用性。     

Rapid Star Tracking Algorithm for Star Sensor

A rapid star tracking algorithm is proposed. In order to speed up the tracking, three techniques includng parallel star centroiding, sorting, and star catalogue partition are designed for three time-consuming portions in tracking algorithms. The parallel star centroiding is implemented with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) which avoid image storage and transmission. Update rate of star sensor is improved. Sorting star coordinates in star image plane, and then matching, which avoid matching between stars with a long distance in image plane. Star catalogue partition divides the celestial sphere into many small partitions. In star mapping, guide stars are searched in the partitions near the direction of star sensor's boresight is not in the whole celestial sphere and therefore reduced the total number of searched guide stars. The software and hardware performance of tracking algorithms are simulated. Tracking robustness and the tracking speed comparison are tested in the software simulation. In hardware tests, the tracking time in every step is obtained.     

单星修正惯导系统初始定位定向误差原理

本文对利用单星信息修正惯导系统初始定位定向误差的方法进行分析,从几何角度说明其基本工作原理。并指出应用这种方法的特定情况和所需条件。     

The Moon as Source for G/T Measurements

For large-aperture antennas, it is customary to utilize radio stars in order to determine the receiving gain to temperature ratio. In the case of small-aperture antennas, which not only have reduced gain but usually higher system noise temperature as well, the y factors obtained from the radio star measurements are so small that the measurement error is intolerable. The moon, on the other hand, provides a power flux density higher by at least one order of magnitude compared to the strongest radio star, and the resulting y factors are usable. G/T ratios determined from moon measurements agree well with expected values.     

发展单兵星敏导航装备的必要性及技术特点

星光导航不受电磁干扰、能提供绝对姿态信息，具有重大战略意义。目前的星敏主要是为空天基导航而发展的，将其应用于单兵导航是否必要、需克服哪些技术难点、能达到怎样的效果等，都是值得探索的问题。为此，首先论述了发展单兵星敏导航装备的必要性，包括：不受电磁干扰破坏，是其他单兵导航装备失效时的保底装备；定向精度高，能弥补单兵卫星导航装备无法定向的缺陷；已突破部分气象因素限制，具备了全天时导航条件等。然后探讨了单兵星敏导航与空天基星敏导航、卫星导航、天文大地测量等比较所具有的不同技术特点。提出了发展单兵星敏导航装备需解决的关键技术问题，包括：气象因素影响的消减、时间基准和电源的长期维持、系统探测性能与系统小型化的平衡等。研究结果可为发展单兵星敏导航技术、设计研制单兵星敏导航系统提供参考。     

一种基于星座匹配的全天自主星图识别算法

讨论了一种新的无须任何先验知识的星图识别算法。通过对导航星座数据库进行调整和最大限度地利用了已识别基元所提供的匹配信息,使得算法的计算量和存储容量与传统的三角形匹配算法相当。ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ 模拟表明,在星等误差０．５ 星等（３σ）,位置误差１０ 角秒（１σ） 时,算法的识别成功率接近１００％ 。