绳系空间太阳能电站动力学响应分析

利用绝对节点坐标方法研究绳系空间太阳能电站在轨飞行的太阳能电池板动力响应。通过勒让德变换引入广义动量,在约束哈密尔顿体系下建立轨道、姿态和弹性振动耦合的动力学方程。基于祖冲之类方法的思想,结合辛龙格-库塔方法对微分-代数方程进行数值求解。数值算例说明本文建模方法和数值算法都是有效的,能很好地保持系统约束和能量。最后分析了绳长、平台系统的质量、轨道高度对于梁中点挠度和轴向平均应变的影响。     

高层大气模型对空间站轨道漂移和寿命的影响分析

本文以轨道摄动分析方法一阶理论为基础，其中大气阻力摄动采用数值积分方法，给出一种可利用各种大气模型进行轨道摄动分析的计算方法，并利用三种高层大气模型（ＣＩＲＡ—７２，ＣＩＲＡ—８６和ＤＴＭ）和三个太阳活动水平（Ｆ１０．７＝１００，１５０和２００）分析比较了大气阻力振动对高度为４００ｋｍ的空间站轨道漂移和寿命的影响，以及估算修正轨道漂移所需的能量。给出的定量分析结果将为空间站或航天飞行器的轨道设计和能量估算提供依据。     

Geostationary station keeping control of a space elevator during initial cable deployment

This paper presents a basic concept to derive an orbital control strategy to achieve the full deployment and the geostationary station keeping of a space elevator during its initial cable deployment. The space elevator model is composed of a main spacecraft, a sinker mass and a massive cable connecting them. The cable elasticity, flexibility and taper of the cross-sectional area are omitted for simplification. A reference trajectory is designed so that the space elevator and its center of mass ascend vertically along the geostationary position with keeping the geostationary orbital rate. From the reference trajectory analyses, an orbital control that leads the space elevator orbit to the reference one is derived. However it is found that the reference trajectory is unstable throughout the deployment and a linear feedback control is introduced for stabilization. It is also clarified that the libration destabilizes the orbital control because the orbital acceleration caused by the libration always acts in the opposite direction to the orbital control. Therefore, a libration control is also introduced to stabilize the coupled orbital and librational motions. Numerical simulation result clearly shows that these controls facilitate the full deployment and the geostationary station keeping of the space elevator within the feasible thrust force and amount of propellant.     

与流体回路耦合的空间辐射器流动/传热分析

流体回路作为一种主动热控技术,在载人航天器及空间站上发挥着重要的作用。作为航天器的对外散热界面,辐射器与流体回路之间往往存在直接热耦合关系。在进行简单理论分析的基础上,针对载人飞船的圆筒形辐射器,实现了流体回路与辐射器流动/传热及外热流计算的集成分析,反映了典型工况条件下辐射器的温度水平及外热流对流体回路流量分配和控温过程的影响。     

绳系卫星系统的运动与控制

绳系卫星系统的运动与控制分析,是绳系卫星应用的基础。本文的数学模型考虑了作用在子星、主星及系绳上的空气阻力以及在伸展与收回阶段主星与系绳之间的质量传递,给出了相应的具体的计算式。应用该数学模型,本文对现有的几种主要控制法,进行了模拟计算,作出评审意见。     

Attitude controller design for orbital target tracking of geostationary satellite under avoidance constraint

A coordinated attitude control problem is addressed for which a geostationary satellite should maintain communication with a ground station while simultaneously tracking space objects. The coordinated attitude control discussed in this study is related to the attitude maneuvers of a tracking satellite and to the orbital motion of targets placed in orbits of lower altitudes. Modified Rodrigues parameters are employed to avoid singularities even in the presence of large attitude maneuvers. The initial attitude error is calculated based upon an arbitrary initial configuration for the target tracking, so that a sequential tracking from one to another target can be achieved easily. Additionally, avoidance maneuvers aimed at protecting sensitive onboard sensors from the Sun and the Moon are designed using the so-called navigation function. When the avoidance areas are on the transient path due to the coordinated attitude maneuver command, the maneuver is performed with no violation against the given constraint areas by adopting the navigation function.     

空间站智能自主控制

首先分析了空间站及其运动控制系统的任务及特点，指出开展空间站智能自主控制研究是系统任务复杂性及不确定性的必然要求，已经迫在眉睫。然后介绍了一种新的智能控制方法——即基于全系数特征模型描述的智能控制方法，这是实现空间站智能自主控制的重要理论基础。最后提出空间站智能自主控制系统的结构组成。     

Periodic motions of a satellite-gyrostat relative to its center of mass under the action of gravitational torque

We investigated periodic motions of the axis of symmetry of a model satellite of the Earth, which are similar to the motions of the longitudinal axes of the Mir orbital station in 1999–2001 and the Foton-M3 satellite in 2007. The motions of these spacecraft represented weakly disturbed regular Euler precession with the angular momentum vector of motion relative to the center of mass close to the orbital plane. The direction of this vector during the motion was not practically changed. The model satellite represents an axisymmetric gyrostat with gyrostatic moment directed along the axis of symmetry. The satellite moves in a circular orbit and undergoes the action of the gravitational torque. The motion of the axis of symmetry of this satellite relative to the absolute space is described by fourth-order differential equations with periodic coefficients. The periodic solutions to this system with special symmetry properties are constructed using analytical and numerical methods.     

Equilibrium positions of a weight on a cable fixed to a dumbbell-shaped space station moving along a circular geocentric orbit

The motion of a space object in the gravitational field of the Earth is considered. The object consists of an extended space station and a weight, which is free to move along the cable fixed to the ends of the station. It is assumed that the station is composed of two masses coupled by a weightless rod, while the cable is weightless and non-stretched. The equations of motion of such a system are derived for the case when the motion proceeds in a single plane, while the center of mass of the system moves along a circular geocentric orbit. The conditions of the cable tension (conditions of being on tie) are derived. The phase portrait of the weight motion along the cable is constructed when the station is oriented to the attracting center or is perpendicular to this position. The possibility to leave the tie in this case is analyzed. Equilibrium configurations of the system are found, i.e., such motions of the object under consideration at which the weight does not change its position relative to the station. Lyapunov stability of such configurations is analyzed for two situations: when the station is composed of equal masses and when masses at the ends of the station are different. In particular, for the case of different masses it is established that there exist such positions of equilibrium at which the dumbbell is located at an angle to the direction to the attracting center. In some cases these positions can be stabilized (if the weight is fixed on the cable).     

Vibration control of a flexible space manipulator during on orbit operations

Space manipulators are complex systems, composed by robotic arms accommodated on an orbiting platform. They can be used to perform a variety of tasks: launch of satellites, retrieval of spacecraft for inspection, maintenance and repair, movement of cargo and so on. All these missions require extreme precision. However, in order to respect the mass at launch requirements, manipulators arms are usually very light and flexible, and their motion involves significant structural vibrations, especially after a grasping maneuver. In order to fulfill the maneuvers of space robotic systems it is hence necessary to properly model the forces acting on the space robot, from the main terms, such as the orbital motion, to the second order perturbations, like the gravity gradient and the orbital perturbations; also flexible excitation of the links and of the joints can be of great importance in the manipulators dynamics. The case is furthermore complicated by the fact that the manipulator, together with its supporting spacecraft, is an unconstrained body. Therefore the motion of any of its parts affects the entire system configuration. The governing equations of the dynamics of such robotic systems are highly nonlinear and fully coupled. The present paper aims at designing and studying active damping strategies and relevant devices that could be used to reduce the structural vibrations of a space manipulator with flexible links during its on orbit operations. In particular an optimized adaptive vibration control via piezoelectric devices is proposed. The number of piezoelectric devices, their placement and operational mode should be correctly chosen in order to obtain maximum performance in terms of elastic oscillations reduction and power consumption. Even though an optimal placement cannot have a universal validity, since it depends on the type of maneuver and on the overall inertial and geometrical characteristics, an approach to solve the problem is proposed.     

Uncontrollable Rotational Motion of the Mir Orbital Station

The results of determining the rotational motion of the Mir orbital station are presented for four long segments of its unmanned uncontrolled flight in 1999–2000. The determination was carried out using the data of onboard measurements of the Earth's magnetic field intensity. These data, taken for a time interval of several hours, were jointly processed by the least squares method with the help of integration of the equations of station motion relative to its center of mass. As a result of this processing, the initial conditions of motion and the parameters of the mathematical model used were evaluated. The technique of processing is verified using the telemetry data on angular velocity of the station and its attitude parameters. Two types of motion were applied on the investigated segments. One of them (three segments) presents a rotation around the axis of the minimum moment of inertia. This axis executes small oscillations with respect to a normal to the orbit plane. Such a motion was used for the first time on domestic manned orbital complexes. The second type of motion begins with a biaxial rotation which, in a few weeks, goes over into a motion very similar to the rotation around the normal to the orbit plane, but around the axis of the maximum moment of inertia.     

空间站对日定向装置半物理试验台关键技术

为有效模拟空间站对日定向装置驱动性能受柔性太阳翼的扰动，验证对日定向装置驱动控制性能，采用半物理试验技术对对日定向装置进行地面试验考核。设计超高刚度及运动误差无附加力自适应的半物理试验台，对支撑连接机构和加载单元进行有限元分析与刚度测试；建立大尺度柔性太阳翼的动力学模型，并采用Wilson θ法进行动力学模型的实时数值求解；运用跟踪微分法对对日定向装置低速运行下的角速度和角加速度进行估计；最后通过对半物理试验台的响应精度、加载有效性进行仿真和试验考核，结果表明试验台加载力矩幅值为 0~ 85 Nm、频率为0.01~3 Hz时，绝对精度优于0.85 Nm，相对精度优于1%，从而验证了半物理试验台对太阳翼扰动载荷模拟的真实有效性，可实现对日定向装置的性能测试。     

基于气动辅助变轨的变气动外形飞行器概念研究--最优控制律问题

从一个天地往返飞行器的上升轨道和再入返回轨道的优化，以及适用不同飞行任务的变轨要求的气动外形问题，提出一项基于气动力辅助变轨的变气动外形飞行器的新概念研究。对于一个固定气动外形飞行器要同时满足上升轨道有效载荷最大和再入轨道热流峰值、过载峰值及机动性能约束下的成本最低往往是困难的。若同时满足不同飞行任务：飞往太空站的运输任务，空间拦截和交会机动巡航任务及星际探测任务，则更为困难，实际上是不可能的。文章研究基于气动力辅助变轨，在热流约束下，气动外形参数变化对最优控制的影响。其结论为：热流约束下的最优控制解，包括考虑推力协同变轨，除了在非约束弧的滚转角不直接受气动外形影响外，其余的控制律，升力系数和滚转角都是气动外形参数和攻角的函数。因而变气动外形可作为一项新技术，即通过气动外形参数变化和相应的变轨策略而获得性能和成本都最佳的用途很广的一种新型飞行器。     

Unmodeled perturbation effect on the orbit determination accuracy

The dependence of the estimates of an orbital parameter from unmodeled perturbations is considered that affect a space object but are not taken into account in the mathematical model of motion used in the paper. The expressions for Ensured characteristics of the accuracy in the estimate of the given parameter is obtained under the condition that there are known restrictions on mathematical expectations and the correlation function of these perturbations. The calculated results for the specific problem are given.     

A Proposal for Constructing a Group of Space Objects for Solving Transport and Energy Problems

We propose to develop a scheme for a group of space objects which includes a set of orbital tethers and exchange masses. These objects are injected into circumterrestrial orbits. A variety of problems can be solved with the help of this space system, namely, transport problems and problems of converting the electric power generated onboard spacecraft into mechanical energy of motion of the space objects. In the future, natural celestial bodies (in particular, the Moon) can be considered as elements of the system. This opens up the possibility of using the energy of motion of the Moon both for solving transport problems and for generating electric power onboard spacecraft.     

Some Features of Vibrational Perturbations onboard the MirOrbital Station

A number of scientific and technical experiments were carried out and are still being carried out onboard the Mirorbital station in various fields: physics of fluids, space materials study, astrophysics, biotechnology, and so on. The quality and reliability of space experiments are essentially dependent on a knowledge of real microgravitational situation onboard a satellite, which essentially depends on vibrational perturbations. A lot of vibration processes studies have been done up to now on the Mirstation in the following lines of research: control of dynamic and exploitation regimes when carrying out biotechnological and technological experiments; determination of the contribution of different onboard systems and mechanisms to the total vibration perturbations power; and investigation of distributions of microacceleration levels and dynamics of vibration processes in different modules and segments of the orbital station. This paper presents the results of the analysis of vibration perturbations produced by some standard onboard Mirstation systems in a configuration when the KVANT-2 and KRISTALL modules were arranged along the yaw axis of the mainframe. It is shown that due to strong requirements for tolerable levels of the microaccelerations onboard the International Space Station (ISS), the investigations of microgravitational situation, as an integral part of the technological environment, now have a high priority.     

Research into the effects of astronaut motion on the spacecraft: a review

The paper reviews the research that has been undertaken to understand and quantify the disturbance effects of the astronaut's motion inside and outside the spacecraft on the vehicle's attitude and acceleratory environment. In early investigations, the dynamic interaction of astronauts, modeled as point masses, and the spacecraft, modelled as a rigid body, was analyzed. Through ground-based experiments and the modeling of astronaut-induced forces and moments as stochastic processes, it became possible to estimate the magnitude and energy content of the loads produced by the astronaut. The first experiment in space to measure the astronaut-induced disturbances was conducted on the Skylab orbital station. Loads generated while performing routine operations were measured on board the Space Shuttle in 1994 and on the space station Mir in 1996–1997.     

基于J2项摄动的MMS任务编队优化设计

Magnetospheric MultiScale（MMS）任务利用椭圆轨道远地点附近的正四面体航天器编队，协同完成对地球磁层结构和动力学特性的测量和分析。采用基于轨道根数的相对运动模型，分析了主航天器轨道根数对J2项影响下四面体平均性能指标——质量因子均值和平均边长均值的影响规律，并由此提出一种编队轨道优化设计方案，将其应用于第1阶段MMS任务的四面体构形设计中。该方案的设计变量包括主航天器的6个轨道根数和3个从航天器的15个相对轨道根数（除相对半长轴外），目标函数既考虑到四面体编队的平均性能，又兼顾了3个从航天器相对运动的受摄影响。仿真算例显示，在不施加主动控制的条件下，利用该方案设计远地点附近平均性能保持最优的四面体编队是可行的。     

空间站和GNSS共视的差别及精度对比分析

为了对比空间站和导航卫星共视的性能差异,深入分析影响共视性能的主要误差源特征,推进共视技术进一步发展,以对共视时间比对基本原理的分析为基础,从系统设计和关键误差源影响两个方面对比分析空间站和导航卫星共视的差异。理论研究结果表明,不同于导航卫星共视,轨道误差是影响空间站共视精度进一步提升的主要因素;此外,空间站共视还需考虑地球引力时延等精细误差的影响。最后,设计并实施了仿真实验和实测实验,通过实验数据进一步对比两者的性能差异。实验结果表明空间站和导航卫星共视各有利弊,虽然空间站共视的服务区域和连续性逊于导航卫星共视,但可以实现的共视精度至少比导航卫星高一个数量级。     

Tether-platform coupled control

From the control point of view, tethered systems pose several challenges, the major one pertaining to the regulation of the unstable system dynamics during the retrieval phase. On the other hand, the system configuration permits design of controllers using length rate, tension and offset schemes, which are not feasible with other satellites. Here “offset” refers to the time dependent variation of the tether attachment point at the platform end. The present paper studies several applications of the offset scheme in controlling the tethered systems. To that end, planar equations of motion of a space platform based Tethered Satellite System (TSS) are derived by the Lagrangian procedure. This is followed by representative results aimed at the offset control of platform pitch, tether attitude and vibration motions. The offset scheme is used for simultaneous control of platform and tether pitch motion. Finally the attention is directed towards simultaneous regulation of the platform pitch and longitudinal tether vibration. The numerical results clearly show considerable promise for the offset control scheme in regulating tether, platform and combined tether-platform dynamics.