Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 3: Optimization of round jets vortex generators

In the previous two parts of this study [G. Godard, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (3) (2006) 181–191; G. Godard, J.M. Foucaut, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 2: Optimization of slotted jets vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (5) (2006) 394–400], two different types of vortex generators were characterized and optimized in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer. The model used was a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes the results of a test campaign performed in the same facility to optimize round jets devices with continuous blowing. The optimization was done as previously with hot film shear stress probes. The results show that the optimized jet devices give performances comparable to standard passive vortex generators in terms of skin friction. They also allow a quantitative comparison between three different types of vortex generators: passive devices, slotted and round jets. This comparison is performed in both co- and counter-rotating configurations.     

Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 2: Optimization of slotted jets vortex generators

In the first part of this contribution [G. Godard, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (3) (2006) 181–191], an optimization of passive vortex generators was performed in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer. The model used was a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes the next step of the study: a test campaign was performed in the same facility to optimize slotted jets devices with both continuous and pulsed blowing. The optimization was done using hot film shear stress probes. The results show quantitatively the improvement brought by the slotted jets devices in terms of skin friction increase. They also show that the tested devices are less effective than equivalent passive devices.     

壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

吹吸扰动对壁湍流边界层摩擦阻力的影响

对风洞中平板湍流边界层施加局部周期性吹吸扰动,并用IFA-300热线风速仪测量了其近壁区域不同法向位置瞬时速度的时间序列信号.利用湍流边界层对数律平均速度剖面,计算湍流的壁面摩擦阻力.对平板湍流脉动速度信号用子波分析进行多尺度分解,通过条件采样以及相位平均的方法获得不同尺度下的相干结构波形和能量分布,来研究吹吸扰动对平板湍流边界层的摩擦阻力的影响.结果表明,扰动使得窄缝附近流动阻力增加,而下游区域流动阻力减小.      

基于合成射流的二维后台阶分离流主动控制

作为一种新的流动控制激励器,合成射流技术在流动分离控制、降低压力脉动和抑制噪声等方面具有广阔的应用前景。实验利用合成射流主动控制技术对二维后台阶湍流分离再附流动控制进行了研究,应用表面测压、粒子图像测速(PIV)和热线等多种实验测试技术对后台阶表面压力分布、流场结构以及剪切层特性进行了测试。结果表明,在台阶前缘施加合成射流可有效减小回流区范围和降低再附长度,当合成射流的动量系数为0.301×10^-3时,可使再附点长度减小25%。合成射流控制使得沿台阶下游的湍动能和雷诺应力增强,提高了台阶下游流场的混合效率。热线动态结果表明频率是后台阶分离流动控制的关键参数,当频率为260 Hz、激励频率与剪切层涡脱落频率之比为1.32、激励频率等同于旋涡脱落频率时,合成射流控制效果最好,仅需消耗较小的能量即可实现流动控制的目的。     

合成射流微扰动对后台阶湍流分离流动控制的实验研究

后台阶流动是流体力学中一个经典的研究课题,代表着工程中一类横截面突扩的钝体绕流问题。后台阶流动分离会导致一些不利的影响,如高速旋涡的形成、流动损失、压力脉动以及气动噪声等。基于阵列式合成射流激励器对二维矩形后台阶湍流分离再附流动控制进行了研究,综合应用表面测压、七孔探针、粒子图像测速仪(PIV)和热线等多种实验手段,获取了后台阶的表面压力分布和非定常流场结构。结果表明:利用在台阶前缘形成的合成射流微扰动可使无量纲再附点长度降低25%,合成射流控制使得沿台阶下游的湍动能和雷诺应力增强,提高了台阶下游流场的混合效率。热线结果表明,频率是后台阶分离流动控制的重要参数,当频率为260 Hz,扰动频率与剪切层涡脱落频率之比为1.32时,合成射流控制可使位于1/2倍频的剪切层能量增强,仅需消耗较小的能量即可实现流动控制的目的。     

基于狭缝合成射流的湍流边界层流动控制实验研究

湍流边界层主动流动控制减阻是当下一个热门的研究领域。为了探究狭缝合成射流对平板湍流边界 层流动控制的减阻效果,分别在有无合成射流干扰的条件下利用恒温式热线风速仪测量湍流边界层的流向速 度,根据测量结果得到时均速度型、脉动速度型、偏斜因子、平坦因子,并进行对比分析;选取不同频率和强度组 合的典型合成射流激励条件,研究激励条件带来的减阻效果沿流向的变化。结果表明:受控湍流边界层减阻效 果、施加的合成射流特性和当地站位到狭缝的距离均有关;合成射流在靠近狭缝位置引起湍流边界层表面摩擦 阻力增加;远离狭缝,合成射流产生减阻效果,随流向距离增加,减阻效果先增强后减弱;高频合成射流比低频 合成射流减阻效果更强;脉动速度的功率谱密度和自相关性分析表明合成射流的作用效果沿流向逐渐减弱。     

基于PIV技术的单圆孔脉冲射流流场特征

对稳态射流及脉冲射流冲击靶板时的流场特性结构进行了探索和分析。采用高频粒子图像测速技术,在射流管口到冲击靶板间距为6倍管径的条件下,对稳态射流进口雷诺数为6 000的稳态射流及脉冲频率为20 Hz的脉冲射流进行了实验测量,得到了射流核心区、壁面射流区及滞止区内的速度分布。研究发现:①由于射流剪切作用的影响,脉冲射流核心区的最大轴向脉动速度为稳态射流的3倍。②滞止区内,由于射流的剪切作用和壁面的滞止作用,导致了脉冲射流轴向速度梯度最大为稳态射流的2倍,同时,滞止区内的最大脉动速度是稳态射流脉动速度的3倍。③脉冲射流对壁面的卷吸以及旋涡的产生和传播过程,破坏了壁面射流区稳定的速度边界层。相比稳态射流,脉冲射流的流场增加了湍流相干结构的含能并产生周期性的大尺度卷吸涡。     

Evolution of wall flow structure and measurement of shear stress issuing from supersonic jet with extended shelf

This paper reports an experimental study on the supersonic jet surface flow structure visualization and shear stress field measurement issuing from a rectangular nozzle with extended shelf. The evolution of the near-field surface flow structures with an increased Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR) is successfully captured by the surface oil flow, infrared detection technology, and the Shear-Sensitive Liquid Crystal Coating (SSLCC) technique. Results reveal that under smaller NPR, the wall flow structure is similar to that of a jet without the extended shelf i.e., clean jets, and this is caused by insufficient effect on the boundary layer. However, at higher amplitudes of NPR, there exists a significant effect of the boundary layer, as a near triangular separation forms on the trailing edge of the Mach stem due to the adverse pressure gradient, which is visualized for the very first time in this paper. Furthermore, the vector field of shear stress is measured quantitatively by SSLCC technique. Results shows that the magnitude of shear stress heightened with NPR increasing, and the directions of shear stress changes across the shock wave and expansion fans. In addition, surface streamlines measured by SSLCC is significantly consistent with the streamlines visualized using the oil flow technique.     

Characteristics of reattached boundary layer in shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction

The reattached boundary layer in the interaction of an oblique shock wave with a flatplate turbulent boundary layer at Mach number 2.25 is studied by means of Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS). The numerical results are carefully compared with available experimental and DNS data in terms of turbulence statistics, wall pressure and skin friction. The coherent vortex structures are significantly enhanced due to the shock interaction, and the reattached boundary layer is characterized by large-scale...     

A study on turbulence transportation and modification of Spalart–Allmaras model for shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow

It is of great significance to improve the accuracy of turbulence models in shock-wave/ boundary layer interaction flow. The relationship between the pressure gradient, as well as the shear layer, and the development of turbulent kinetic energy in impinging shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow at Mach 2.25 is analyzed based on the data of direct numerical simulation(DNS). It is found that the turbulent kinetic energy is amplified by strong shear in the separation zone and the adverse pressure gradient near the separation point. The pressure gradient was non-dimensionalised with local density, velocity, and viscosity. Spalart–Allmaras(S–A) model is modified by introducing the non-dimensional pressure gradient into the production term of the eddy viscosity transportation equation. Simulation results show that the production and dissipation of eddy viscosity are strongly enhanced by the modification of S–A model. Compared with DNS and experimental data, the wall pressure and the wall skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity profile of the modified S–A model are obviously improved. Thus it can be concluded that the modification of S–A model with the pressure gradient can improve the predictive accuracy for simulating the shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction.     

利用PIV技术对非光滑表面湍流边界层的实验研究

利用在线式 Ｐ Ｉ Ｖ 系统在低速风洞中对两种非光滑表面：阵列涡发生器表面和波纹壁面的湍流边界层进行了实验测量。观察到了壁面几何形状的改变对非光滑表面湍流边界层拟序结构的产生和发展的影响：阵列涡发生器表面（１０ｍ ／ｓ）湍流边界层内有明显的双剪切带状结构,外剪切带状结构接近边界层的外边界,小尺度的涡在内剪切带状结构的附近产生;波纹壁面（２０ｍ ／ｓ）湍流边界层内涡的尺度比较小。并在相同的壁面几何形状条件下,在不同的流动工况下,研究了非光滑表面对湍流边界层拟序结构的影响。实验结果表明,壁面几何形状的改变对外层的大尺度横向涡的产生和发展有明显的影响;而这种影响效果在不同的流动工况下相差很大。     

Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators

The control of boundary layer separation on the suction side of an airfoil at high angle of attack has been renewed by the possibilities of active control. Nevertheless, such an active control needs a deep understanding of the flow to manipulate and of the actuating flow, both being 3D and unsteady. For that purpose, a model experiment has been designed in the frame of a coordinated European project called AEROMEMS, with a simpler (2D) geometry and with a dilatation of the scales in order to be able to characterize the actuation flow. This model is a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes preliminary tests done to optimize standard passive devices before testing active systems. The optimization was done with hot film shear stress probes, the characterization with hot wire anemometry and PIV. The results show quantitatively the improvement brought by the passive devices in terms of skin friction. They also show the mechanism which is at the origin of this improvement. The next step of the project is to replace passive devices by synthetic jets.     

激波/湍流边界层干扰物面剪切应力统计特性

为了揭示激波/湍流边界层干扰区内物面剪切应力统计特性的演化规律，采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、12°激波角的入射激波与平板湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了研究。通过与风洞试验数据的比较分析，验证了计算结果的可靠性。系统地探究了干扰区内物面剪切应力的典型特征，如预乘谱、概率密度分布和相干结构等。研究结果表明，分离激波的低频振荡运动对流向及展向分量的预乘谱均没有实质影响，其脉动仍以高频特征为主，低频能量变化较小。干扰区内流向剪切应力概率密度函数分布变化剧烈，分离泡内对数正态分布规律不再适用，而展向剪切应力在干扰区内与正态分布较为接近。相较于上游湍流边界层，分离泡内物面剪切应力矢量夹角与幅值的联合概率密度变化显著，峰值概率降低，峰值范围增大。此外，流向剪切应力脉动场的本征正交分解分析指出，主能量模态与分离激波的低频振荡以及下游再附边界层内的Görtler-like流向涡结构密切相关。     

低雷诺数下横流-射流中剪切涡的试验研究

为深入分析横流-射流(JICF)的流动特性及其中的复杂涡系结构,从流动机理上研究燃机叶片气膜冷却,揭示高温燃气流与冷却流的掺混机理,本文对横向流中单孔射流所形成的剪切涡开展了试验研究。主要研究了速度比、雷诺数及射流角对JICF所形成剪切涡的影响。结果表明:速度比、雷诺数以及射流角会改变主流与射流之间的掺混程度,从而改变射流轨迹的曲率、高度及垂向渗透能力,最终改变剪切涡的特性;迎风涡与背风涡分别是由射流边界层涡与主流边界层涡形成的,当主流边界层涡强度大于射流边界层涡时,背风涡是流场的主导结构,反之,迎风涡将成为流场的主要涡系结构。     

周期性湍流射流冲击下的传热与流场特征

实验研究了周期性变化的湍流射流冲击平板时的传热和流场特性,对实验现象和射流冲击强化传热机理进行了探索和分析。利用一个特殊的质量流量控制装置产生周期性的冲击射流,采用典型的正弦和矩形变化的射流,在不同频率下进行实验。研究表明,两种周期性射流冲击传热性能有很大差异,矩形冲击射流的传热性能优于正弦冲击射流,提高频率有助于射流冲击传热的强化。用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对流场进行锁相实验测量,研究表明,在较高频率下,阶跃变化的矩形射流冲击时整个变化周期内平板表面处于强烈的冲击和涡流不断的产生和传播状态,从而能有效地强化对流换热过程。平缓连续变化的正弦射流的锁相平均速度场低于矩形射流,卷吸和冲击作用、涡流的形成和传播过程均没有矩形射流冲击下那么强烈,从而导致换热强化效果相对较弱。     

合成射流控制高速扩压叶栅二次流的数值模拟

数值研究了合成射流控制高速扩压叶栅角区分离,并揭示其推迟分离、降低损失的作用机理。研究发现:合成射流可以显著改善叶栅内流场的时空结构,叶栅出口时均总压损失系数最大降低19.8%,静压系数也提高了近8.8%。合成射流通过周期性地吹/吸气有效控制角区分离,吹气阶段的高动量射流流体增大了吸力面附面层及角区流体的能量,吸气阶段则借助于附面层抽吸作用有效减少了高熵、低能流体的堆积,从而增强了角区流体抵抗流向逆压力梯度的能力、并推迟流动分离,且吸气阶段的流动控制效果明显更好。射流角度和射流动量是影响合成射流作用效果的重要参数,近切向的合成射流有利于向附面层注入动量,增大射流动量也有助于增强流动控制效果。析因设计研究表明,射流角度的影响效应更为显著,但与射流动量之间并不存在交互作用。      

斜出口合成射流组流场特性PIV实验研究

提出了斜出口合成射流组的概念,应用PIV相位锁定技术对典型单缝、双缝和三缝斜出口合成射流组非定常流场结构进行了测试,并对出口间距比参数变化对斜出口合成射流组沿壁面的动量输运影响特性进行了探讨。结果表明：三缝斜出口合成射流组具有更强的沿壁面动量输运特性,具有更高的合成射流激励器能量利用效率。相邻射流出口间距比是影响斜出口合成射流组动量输运的重要参数,研究结果指出当间距比S/H＝3．0时,斜出口合成射流组具有较强的沿壁面动量输运特性。     

SST湍流模型在高超声速绕流中的改进

为模拟高超声速湍流问题,对剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型系数进行了修正。数值格式采用改进的总变差递减(TVD)格式,并对湍流模型的负值强制项进行了隐式处理。在此基础上计算了绕平板以及具有分离、再附、激波/边界层干扰等复杂流动结构的压缩拐角的高超声速流动。计算结果与试验数据及半经验公式的对比表明:SST湍流模型引入的雷诺剪切应力与湍动能之比为常数(Bradshaw数)在高超声速绕流中并不成立。Bradshaw数修正后的SST湍流模型与原模型相比,所计算的壁面压力、摩擦阻力和壁面热流分布更接近试验结果。     

流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响

采用大涡模拟方法、结构化网格建立了低压高负荷透平Pak B叶栅的非稳态数值分析模型,研究了不同流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响.控制前随着雷诺数的减小和气流攻角的增大,叶栅流动分离区域变大,在气流攻角为5°下发生分离未在尾缘前再附的情况.合成射流控制后,不同流动参数下的流动分离都得到了有效的控制,并且在射流偏角为30°时,合成射流控制效果最好.合成射流使叶栅吸力面的流动分离位置推迟,再附位置前移,分离泡尺寸减小,叶栅吸力面的逆压梯度段缩短,吸力面边界层表面的剪切层在向下游迁移的过程中,没有发生充分的抬升,避免了大尺度涡旋的形成,并且很快地黏附于壁面,进而有效地控制了流动分离.