On Optimizing Array Reception of Multipath

This paper reviews system configuration requirements and analyzes detectability performance characteristics for maximum likelihood array reception of multipath. Performance is analyzed to determine the effects of channel multipath structure (multipath delay and signal power division among the paths), space-time correlation properties of the incident processes, and the array spacing. It is shown by a series of case studies, that for single element coupling, as well as array coupling, an increased multipath delay factor results in decreased system detectability for fixed signal and noise intensity levels. The performance capacity is degraded as the available signal power tends to distribute more uniformly between the paths. These effects are attributed to the loss of effective signal energy concentration, resulting in a lower effective pre-detection signal-to-noise ratio. An investigation of the effects upon system performance, due to array element spacing, shows that performance is enhanced by increasing the spacing relative to the multipath delay factor and the reciprocal signal bandwidth. The former is the result of a more directive detectability (beam) pattern arising from the increased spacing. In effect, with increased spacing, the main lobe of the pattern is narrowed, while the side lobes are optimally suppressed by the required noise related array element link, frequency filters (weights).     

Spatial Correlation of Reverberation Noise in Active Sonar

A linear array of hydrophones is considered for detecting a signal echo from a stationary target in the presence of reverberation. The structure of the optimum (likelihood ratio) detector is compared with that of a beamformer-matched filter detector. The conditions causing an increase in the spatial noise correlation between two hydrophones are the conditions under which the optimum spatial detector performs significantly better than the beamforming detector. A study of the space-time correlation function of reverberation shows that 1) a decrease in scatterer angular spread (or a narrowing of the receiver directivity pattern) tends to increase the spatial correlation, 2) if the scatterer Doppler spread is much less than the signal carrier frequency and if the angular spread is uniform, it is still possible to get a high correlation if the intersensor distance is much smaller than the carrier wavelength. These conditions indicate situations where optimum techniques may be worthwhile.     

Accuracy of angle estimation with monopulse processing using twobeams

Expressions are provided for the accuracy of monopulse angle estimation using two beams. It is shown that, if the signal angle is halfway between the angles of the beams, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for monopulse processing is almost as small as the CRLB obtained if the entire array of sensors is used. The monopulse CRLB is considerably poorer if the angle of the signal is equal to that of one of the two beams. The expressions in this correspondence are for a uniformly weighted linear array of M equally spaced sensors, for which N⩾M beams are formed     

The Effects of Gaussian Interference on Communication Systemswith Adaptive Arrays

The performance of a bandlimited binary phase-shift-keyed (BPSK) communication system is examined when the received BPSK signal is corrupted by both thermal noise and a directional Gaussian noise interfering signal. The system uses an LMS adaptive array to suppress this interference. The effects of signal power levels, arrival angles, bandwidths, and the array bandwidth are examined. The performance of a system that uses tapped delay lines for the array weights is also examined. It is shown that the performance of a system with tapped delay lines is not affected by the interference bandwidth for a single interferer.     

Limitations of Series-Fed Arrays in Broadband Communications

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the signal distortion which results when long, series-fed arrays are used for communication. It is shown that under certain conditions the antenna array can be considered a linear filter, the response of which is a function of frequency as well as spatial coordinates. The distortion accompanying the transmission as measured by the least mean-square difference between the transmitted and the received signals is derived. This expression is evaluated for the case of a uniformly excited array and a rectangular band-pass signal spectrum. In the absence of noise the transmitted signal can be completely recovered in the receiver by employing the proper linear filter. In the presence of noise the signal cannot, of course, be completely recovered. However, a technique for minimizing the distortion, in this case using a pre-filter and a post-filter, is investigated.     

On distributed detection with correlated sensors: two examples

The authors study the effect of correlated noise on the performance of a distributed detection system. They consider a suboptimal scheme by assuming that the local sensors have the same operating point, and that the distribution of the sensor observation is symmetric. This implies that the joint distribution of the sensor decisions, and therefore the fusion rule, are symmetric functions of the sensor decisions. The detection of a known signal in additive Gaussian noise and in Laplacian noise are considered. In both cases, system performance deteriorates when the correlation between the sensor noises is positive and increasing, whereas the performance improves considerably when the correlation is negative and increasing in magnitude     

稳健的宽带信号接收波束形成方法

对于宽带信号接收波束形成,为了降低阵列中各传感器接收通道时延和相位不一致性对性能的影响,提出了一种稳健的宽带信号接收波束形成方法。首先根据接收波束指向对阵列中各传感器信号的空间时延差进行补偿,然后利用短时傅立叶变换对阵列中各传感器信号进行子频带划分,并对各子频带所有传感器信号的时延和相位进行调整并相干合成,最后将相干合成后的子频带信号综合为宽带时域波束。针对宽带线性调频信号的计算机仿真实验表明,相比于传统的波束形成方法,所提方法能够显著提高宽带信号的合成效率。     

Sonar Array Detection of Gaussian Signals in Gaussian Noise of Unknown Power

A statistical test is postulated for detecting, with an M-element hydrophone array, a Gaussian signal in spatially independent Gaussian noise of unknown power. The test is an extension of the uniformly-most-powerful (UMP) unbiased test for a two-element array. The output signal-to-noise ratio of the test is calculated and, for a large number of independent space-time samples, is shown to be no better than a mean-level detector (MLD). Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) for the MLD are computed and compared to the ROC curves for the optimum (Bayes) parametric detector. The input signal-to-noise power ratios required to provide a detection probability of 0.5 differ by less than 0.2 dB for a fifty-element array with wide variation in false-alarm probability and time-bandwidth product. This result suggests that both the extended bivariate UMP unbiased test and the MLD perform close to the unknown UMP unbiased test for independence of a multivariate Gaussian distribution.     

Analysis of an adaptive algorithm for unbiased multipath time delay estimation

The multipath equalization time delay estimator (METDE) provides an adaptive approach for estimating the difference in arrival times of a signal received at spatially separated sensors as well as the multipath channel characteristics. However, the parameter estimates of the METDE are biased in the presence of noise. The METDE algorithm is improved for unbiased parameter estimation via minimizing a modified cost function. Convergence behaviors and variances of the system variables of the amended method are derived. Computer simulations are included to corroborate the theoretical analysis and to evaluate the adaptive multipath delay estimation performance of the proposed algorithm.     

The Effect of Interfering Signals on the Performance of Angle of Arrival Estimates

The performance of angle of arrival estimates using an array in the presence of interfering signals is evaluated using the Cramer-Rao bound. To do this, a model for interference is developed which presents the interference as narrowband, temporally white, but spatially correlated, noise. The bound is evaluated and it is shown to depend upon the ambiguity function of the array and spatial correlation matrix of the noise plus interference. Motivation of the model in the context of air traffic control and sonar surveillance is presented.     

Postfiltering in Digital Beamformers

Assuming a sinusoidal signal superimposed on a narrow-band Gaussian noise as the input to a receiving array, the output power and signal-to-noise ratio of a digital beamformer with postfiltering were formulated so that subsequent calculations could be made without an analysis in the frequency domain. The formulation utilized the quantizer functions previously given by the author and certain spectral power distribution factors originally attributed to Davenport but more rigorously derived and discussed in the present work. A numerical study based on this formulation for a DIMUS array in a correlated noise field reveals that except for certain rare circumstances, postfiltering generally improves the output SNR or array gain. It is demonstrated that the amount of postfiltering gain not only varies with array input SNR but also depends strongly upon the spacing-to-wavelength ratio, and its meaningful interpretation can only be made in conjunction with both the clipping and noise correlation losses. In particular, balancing postfiltering gain against the two losses suggests that receiving arrays with element spacings smaller than one-half of the operating wavelength may be used to the advantage of system design under certain conditions.     

Estimating the Angles of Arrival of Multiple Plane Waves

The problem of estimating the angles of arrival of M plane waves incident simultaneously on a line array with L + 1 (L?M) sensors utilizing the special eigenstructure of the covariance matrix C of the signal plus noise at the output of the array is addressed. A polynomial D(z) with special properties is constructed from the eigenvectors of C, the zeros of which give estimates of the angle of arrival. Although the procedure turns out to be essentially the same as that developed by Reddi, the development presented here provides insight into the estimation problem.     

航天器DOR信号本地相关处理的建模与仿真

详述了DOR（差分单向测距）信号的本地相关处理方法。首先根据轨道预报确定先验时延模型值,利用高精度频率估算方法估计航天器DOR信号的星上发射频率,然后通过时延模型值与频率估计值构造DOR本地模型信号,再将此模型信号分别与测站接收的DOR实测信号进行互相关运算,提取相关相位,解算高精度时延观测量。推导了DOR信号本地相关处理的数学模型,通过信号仿真验证了该方法的有效性,在仅考虑系统噪声影响与轨道预报误差的条件下,仿真时延测量精度达到0.1 ns,为深空航天器精密轨道测量提供了一种可借鉴的技术方法。     

轴流风扇宽频噪声声功率实验研究

航空发动机降噪研究迫切需要一种叶轮机械管道内宽频噪声测量方法来指导降噪设计。为了研究管道内宽频噪声,利用沿管道内壁面布置的环形麦克风阵列对单级轴流风扇进行了噪声测量,通过测量信号与参考信号互相关以及奇异值分解(SVD)方法成功地得到管道内宽频噪声结果。结果表明:该方法不仅可以计算出管道内主要单音,而且可以计算宽广频率范围内的宽频噪声;并能有效分辨出管道内向前和向后传播的声功率。宽频噪声结果证实该方法可以应用到高背景噪声和硬壁反射下的管道内声场研究。     

噪声调制连续波雷达信号波形射频隐身特性

雷达信号波形的射频(RF)隐身性能是雷达系统能否适应现代战场环境的重要因素,雷达射频隐身信号波形设计是现代雷达系统设计中的重要课题.首先,在介绍随机噪声信号雷达原理的基础上,基于Schleher截获因子阐述了噪声调制连续波雷达信号波形的射频隐身特性.然后,分析了高斯噪声相位和频率调制连续波雷达输出自相关函数和高斯噪声相...     

Spectrum Distortion Due to Frequency Instabilities in a Two-Way Coherent Doppler Radar

The power spectral density of the intermediate frequency signal in a coherent Doppler navigation radar is derived. The effects of antenna parameters, periodic frequency instabilities, signal two-way transit time, and transmitter frequency modulation noise are considered Several examples based on the measured frequency modulation noise of a solid-state source transmitter are presented. The results indicate the degree of loss in signal-to-noise ratio, and spectrum broadening due to an increase in signal transit time and/or frequency modulation noise.     

Now You See It, Now You Don't

The signal enhancement properties of a single-loop delayline integrator (DLI) are derived for operation in the presence of correlated noise. The signal is assumed periodic with a period equal to the delay of the DLI and present only for a finite time interval. The noise is assumed additive, zero mean, statistically independent from the signal, and present for an infinite time. The noise also is assumed covariance stationary with a specified auto correlation function. Enhancement is defined as the ratio of the increase in average signal power to the increase in average noise power due to integration. The results are general in that the enhancement is derived in terms of the autocorrelation coefficients of the input noise. Plots of enhancement versus number of signal observations and feedback gain are shown for uncorrelated and exponentially correlated noise. The plots show graphically the optimum choices of feedback gain and number of signal observations for a specified auto correlation function and signal observation time. When strongly correlated noise, characteristic of 10-GHz backscatter from salt flats at low incidence angles, rather than uncorrelated noise is assumed present at the input of the DLI, an example, using DLI parameters typical of modern airborne radars, shows a degradation in the maximum achievable enhancement of 9 dB.     

Bounds on Time-Delay Estimation for Monochromatic Signals

Time-delay estimation (TDE) of monochromatic signals,observed by spatially separated sensors, is widely used for sourcelocalization in radar/sonar applications. We use lower bounds tostudy the accuracy of TDE as a function of signal to noise ratio(SNR), frequency, and sensor separation. We show that the Cramer-Rao bound, which is frequently used as a standard ofreference, yields optimistic predictions in many cases.     

常规闭口风洞相阵列气动声学试验

传统气动声学研究观点认为,精确的声学测量要求风洞背景噪声和洞壁反射足够低,传声器测量结果有足够高的信噪比,这是大多数风洞无法达到的要求。近些年,基于声纳和雷达技术发展起来的麦克风相阵列技术可以通过增加阵列的传声器数目从而大幅提高声学测量的信噪比,具有噪声源研究和定位能力,并被成功地应用于非声学固壁风洞噪声源测量和噪声物理机制研究。作者基于相阵列波束生成频域算法研制出常规闭口风洞相阵列系统及相关技术,在FD-09风洞尝试进行了相阵列校准试验和某民机噪声测量试验。结果表明：相阵列技术能够准确捕捉到真实的校准声源,并从技术上验证了相阵列系统在常规闭口风洞测量气动噪声是有效的。     

基于旋转轴向阵列的风扇宽频噪声实验

航空发动机降噪研究迫切需要一种叶轮机械管道内宽频噪声测量方法来指导降噪设计。本文通过对阵列测量的声压信号进行互相关分析,得到管道内顺流和逆流传播的模态声功率结果。安装在风扇实验台进口段的传声器阵列由2排周向间隔180°的轴向阵列组成,每排阵列有14个等间距的传声器。阵列安装在可周向旋转的测量段上,实验中测量段每隔6°旋转一次,共获得840个测点位置的声场信号。结果表明入射波与反射波最大可相差10dB。模态分解结果表明,转静干涉模态是转子通过频率及其谐频处的主导模态。利用不同参考信号计算出的声场结果相同,说明该实验测试方法对参考信号位置没有特殊要求,进一步说明该方法有很好的适用性。