日地Halo轨道的多约束转移轨道分层微分修正设计

针对日-地系统L1点（简称SEL1点）Halo轨道转移轨道设计中存在的多约束与初值敏感性问题,提出一种基于分层微分修正与初值多项式的设计方法。首先定义平动点转移轨道设计过程中存在的约束条件,然后根据不同的终端约束条件,重点给出了同时考虑轨道高度、轨道倾角、升交点赤经与航迹角等多约束条件下的分层微分修正方法。通过分析约束变量与控制变量之间的关系,得到能够解决微分修正初值问题的初值表达式。最后在多约束条件下设计了从轨道高度为200km的地球停泊轨道到SEL1点Halo轨道的转移轨道。仿真结果表明,分层微分修正方法能够处理多约束问题,且初值表达式可以为微分修正提供良好的初始条件,从而保证算法收敛,方法具有较好的实用性。     

多目标进化算法在航天器转移轨道中途修正中的应用

理论上只要根据初始轨道转移点和目标轨道进入点的信息,计算并产生转移所需速度增量,就可以完成航天器的轨道转移.但是由于误差的影响,需要在转移轨道飞行中进行中途修正,修正时刻的选择决定了入轨精度和燃料消耗.本文选择二次修正策略,设计了一种多目标进化算法,以Pareto秩和小生境参数共享函数计算个体适应度,采用共享函数选择法、自适应变异法进行遗传操作.同时构造外部种群储存Pareto最优解,并引入最优解集边界值以加快算法收敛至非劣解集前端的速度.通过仿真验证,该算法能够较完整地得到中途修正时机问题的Pareto最优解集,且分布均匀,满足工程实际的需要.     

不同月球借力约束下的地月Halo轨道转移轨道设计

针对地月系L2点不同任务需求下的低耗能转移轨道设计问题,基于不变流形理论与混合优化技术,深入研究了不同月球借力约束与不同幅值Halo轨道的入轨点（简称HOI点）对转移轨道飞行时间与燃料消耗的影响,给出了HOI点选择策略。首先结合任务要求并考虑月球引力影响,在月球借力点施加不同约束条件,通过微分修正算法调整Halo轨道的稳定流形,设计月球到Halo轨道的转移轨道。采用遗传算法与微分修正算法相结合的混合优化策略,在同时考虑地球停泊轨道高度、倾角、升交点赤经与航迹角等多约束条件下,对燃料最优的地月转移轨道进行研究。最后,分析月球借力高度、借力方位角和不同HOI点对平动点转移轨道飞行时间与燃耗变化量的影响,对于考虑月球借力的地月平动点转移轨道设计与应用具有重要的参考价值。     

求解中途飞越燃料最优转移轨道的同伦方法

提出一种新的同伦方法,用于求解深空探测中对其他天体进行中途飞越的小推力燃料最优转移轨道,克服由于其存在内点约束及不连续Bang-Bang控制所导致的数值优化方法的求解困难。该同伦方法将同伦参数同时嵌入到性能指标和内点约束方程中,将容易求解的无内点约束且控制量连续变化的最优控制问题作为初始问题,求解一系列同伦参数递增所对应的同伦迭代子问题,直到得到原问题的解。该方法能够有效地解决中途飞越所导致的优化变量增加、求解难度增大等难题,能够快速、稳定地求解考虑中途飞越的小推力燃料最优转移轨道。最后,以地球到火星交会并中途飞越小行星和地球到木星交会并中途飞越火星两个任务为例进行数值仿真验证该同伦方法在求解中途飞越的燃料最优问题中的有效性和优越性。     

基于脉冲初值的小推力转移轨道优化研究

针对小推力转移轨道优化过程往往忽略初值多样性的现状,研究了基于不同脉冲初值的小推力转移轨道优化问题。基于直接法的离散思想建立了小推力转移轨道优化模型,提出了基于粒子群和序列二次规划的组合优化算法,以地球1∶1共振近地小行星2016HO3交会任务为例,将3种典型的脉冲轨道作为初值设计了燃料最优小推力转移轨道。仿真结果表明:3种初值轨道优化得到了2个小推力转移发射窗口,两者燃料消耗差距不超过6%。不同的初值对小推力轨道的整体性能指标影响较小,但开关机时刻和推力方向的变化会产生较大差异,从而得到不同的最优控制曲线。     

基于退火遗传算法的小推力轨道优化问题研究

利用退火遗传算法解决小推力轨道优化问题。首先利用传统混合法将轨道优化问题归结为受非线性方程约束的参数优化问题。通过结合退火和随机惩罚函数对约束条件进行处理后，用遗传算法求解这个参数优化问题。最后再采用局部优化算法提高解的精度。这种算法既保持了传统混合法精度高、解轨线光滑的优点，又克服了传统轨道优化方法收敛性差、初始猜测困难、容易陷入局部极小解的缺点。在本文的最后，利用文中提出的轨道优化算法求解“喷-停-喷”型定常推力幅值地球-木星轨道转移问题。算例证明此算法可以有效地求解小推力轨道转移问题，尤其适用于传统轨道优化方法难以求解的复杂轨道优化问题。     

基于参数优化的脉冲轨道设计

基于参数优化设计了一种可处理各类脉冲轨道优化的一般方法,并给出了两种确定最优脉冲数的方法。以脉冲矢量与脉冲施加时刻为未知参数,将脉冲轨道优化设计转为非线性参数优化,用合适的非线性规划算法求解。主矢量理论对所得解最优性的验证表明该方法可行。     

基于遗传算法的极短弧段天基轨道确定方法

天基光学观测系统采用恒星跟踪模式监视空间目标时获取的观测弧段极短,在极短弧段观测条件下,经典的轨道确定方法会由于求解方程的本征病态无法得到合理解。针对该问题,文章采用遗传算法对空间目标极短弧段轨道确定问题进行优化求解,建立了基于遗传算法的空间目标初始轨道参数求解的运算模型,并利用空间目标的分布特性进行分区域计算,从而有针对性地缩小搜索范围,提高了计算效率并避免解收敛到局部最优值。仿真试验表明:该方法能够利用天基极短弧段观测数据正确估计空间目标初始轨道参数,定轨精度优于Gauss法与采用观测斜矩作为优化变量的方法。此方法为精密定轨提供有效初值,提高多个短弧段之间的关联性,由此可为天基光学观测平台的空间目标监视、跟踪以及编目任务提供参考。     

月球探测器转移轨道的中途修正

月球探测器的中途制导指的是在其转移轨道中途对轨道进行修正，使其按预定轨道飞行。本文研究的中途修正问题是确定所需的速度修正脉冲，使探测器不断接近标称轨道，并以预定状态到达月球，完成预定的飞行任务。本文首先建立中途修正的模型，其中月球和太阳的位置由DE405得到。然后，采用精确的数值积分方法找出满足预定条件(近地点高度、近月点高度及转移时间)的转移轨道。以该轨道作为标称轨道，分析中途修正所需要的速度修正脉冲与发射入轨时的初始误差(近地点速度误差、入轨高度误差、发射窗口误差等)和修正时刻的关系。最后分析两次中途修正的速度修正脉冲和修正时刻的关系，并得出适合的中途修正时刻。     

基于序优化理论的同步轨道入轨优化

基于序优化理论的多目标遗传(GA)算法,对小推力同步轨道卫星入轨控制方案设计与优化进行了研究.针对直接法中优化参数搜索范围大的缺点,提出了一种基于序优化理论的参数选定算法.给出了远地点变轨轨道控制优化方案,并利用序优化理论确定优化参数初始区间与约束关系.仿真结果表明:采用序优化算法可明显加快收敛速度,提高计算效率.对相同的GA参数设置,用序优化算法有可能得到比原来性能更好的子代,获得更理想的目标函数值.     

采用Gauss伪谱法的小推力日-火Halo轨道转移优化设计

针对日-地Halo轨道到日-火Halo轨道的小推力轨道转移问题,给出一种基于不变流形理论和Gauss伪谱法的优化设计方法。首先,在日心惯性坐标系中建立小推力轨道优化模型,并基于不变流形理论给出轨道转移中流形出口和入口的选择原则,应用该原则在日-地系统中选择流形出口,在日-火系统中选择流形入口,并将其作为轨道转移的初末状态;然后基于Gauss伪谱法将最优控制问题离散化为非线性规划(NLP)问题,并采用基于逆多项式的形状算法给出了NLP初值的计算方法;最后对该轨道转移问题进行了数学仿真。仿真结果表明：Gauss伪谱法可有效用于小推力日-火Halo轨道转移的优化,且采用逆多项式形状算法得到的初值具有初始误差小,使得NLP收敛速度快的特点。     

小行星探测最优两脉冲交会轨道设计与分析

小行星探测已经成为新世纪深空探测的一个新热点和未来世界航天发展的一个新方向。转移轨道的设计和探测目标可接近性的分析是小行星探测的关键技术之一。现利用了任意两个非共面非共轴椭圆轨道之间的最优两脉冲转移方法，对我国提出的探测Ivar小行星的交会转移轨道进行了设计与分析，给出了全局最优两脉冲交会轨道的设计参数，并利用此方法对近地小行星的可接近性进行了分析和排序，给出了可接近性较好的40颗近地小行星的转移轨道设计参数。这些研究结果对于近地小行星探测任务的目标选择和发射机会的预测都有重要的参考价值。     

Constant-thrust glideslope guidance algorithm for time-fixed rendezvous in real halo orbit

This paper presents a fixed-time glideslope guidance algorithm that is capable of guiding the spacecraft approaching a target vehicle on a quasi-periodic halo orbit in real Earth–Moon system. To guarantee the flight time is fixed, a novel strategy for designing the parameters of the algorithm is given. Based on the numerical solution of the linearized relative dynamics of the Restricted Three-Body Problem (expressed in inertial coordinates with a time-variant nature), the proposed algorithm breaks down the whole rendezvous trajectory into several arcs. For each arc, a two-impulse transfer is employed to obtain the velocity increment (delta-v) at the joint between arcs. Here we respect the fact that instantaneous delta-v cannot be implemented by any real engine, since the thrust magnitude is always finite. To diminish its effect on the control, a thrust duration as well as a thrust direction are translated from the delta-v in the context of a constant thrust engine (the most robust type in real applications). Furthermore, the ignition and cutoff delays of the thruster are considered as well. With this high-fidelity thrust model, the relative state is then propagated to the next arc by numerical integration using a complete Solar System model. In the end, final corrective control is applied to insure the rendezvous velocity accuracy. To fully validate the proposed guidance algorithm, Monte Carlo simulation is done by incorporating the navigational error and the thrust direction error. Results show that our algorithm can effectively maintain control over the time-fixed rendezvous transfer, with satisfactory final position and velocity accuracies for the near-range guided phase.     

Optimal aeroassisted return from high earth orbit with plane change

This paper gives a complete analysis of the problem of aeroassisted return from a high Earth orbit to a low Earth orbit with plane change. A discussion of pure propulsive maneuver leads to the necessary change for improvement of the fuel consumption by inserting in the middle of the trajectory an atmospheric phase to obtain all or part of the required plane change. The variational problem is reduced to a parametric optimization problem by using the known results in optimal impulsive transfer and solving the atmospheric turning problem for storage and use in the optimization process. The coupling effect between space maneuver and atmospheric maneuver is discussed. Depending on the values of the plane change i, the ratios of the radii, $\text{n =}\text{r}{}_1\text{r}{}_2$ between the orbits and $\text{a =}\text{r}{}_2\text{R}$ between the low orbit and the atmosphere, and the maximum lift-to-drag ratio E1 of the vehicle, the optimal maneuver can be pure propulsive or aeroassisted. For aeroassisted maneuver, the optimal mode can be parabolic, which requires only drag capability of the vehicle, or elliptic. In the elliptic mode, it can be by one-impulse for deorbit and one or two-impulse in postatmospheric flight, or by two-impulse for deorbit with only one impulse for final circularization. It is shown that whenever an impulse is applied, a plane change is made. The necessary conditions for the optimal split of the plane changes are derived and mechanized in a program routine for obtaining the solution.     

地-月系平动点及Halo轨道的应用研究

地-月系统的平动点L1点及L2点的Halo轨道在探月工程中有重要的应用价值，可分别用于地月连续通信覆盖和月球背面的探测。由于在地-月系统中太阳的引力不可忽略，特别是在长时间作用以后，其动力学行为与摄动力较小的日-地系统有明显的不同。本文分析了如何利用太阳引力进入地-月系统的L1点及L2点的Halo轨道、以及由Halo轨道进入近月轨道的问题，两者综合起来构成了一条完整的地月低能转移轨道。研究结果对探月轨道设计有一定的参考价值。     

Low-energy Earth–Moon transfers involving manifolds through isomorphic mapping

Analysis and design of low-energy transfers to the Moon has been a subject of great interest for decades. Exterior and interior transfers, based on the transit through the regions where the collinear libration points are located, have been studied for a long time and some space missions have already taken advantage of the results of these studies. This paper is concerned with a geometrical approach for low-energy Earth-to-Moon mission analysis, based on isomorphic mapping. The isomorphic mapping of trajectories allows a visual, intuitive representation of periodic orbits and of the related invariant manifolds, which correspond to tubes that emanate from the curve associated with the periodic orbit. Two types of Earth-to-Moon missions are considered. The first mission is composed of the following arcs: (i) transfer trajectory from a circular low Earth orbit to the stable invariant manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁ (corresponding to a specified energy level) and (ii) transfer trajectory along the unstable manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁, with final injection in a periodic orbit around the Moon. The second mission is composed of the following arcs: (i) transfer trajectory from a circular low Earth orbit to the stable invariant manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁ (corresponding to a specified energy level) and (ii) transfer trajectory along the unstable manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁, with final injection in a capture (non-periodic) orbit around the Moon. In both cases three velocity impulses are needed to perform the transfer: the first at an unknown initial point along the low Earth orbit, the second at injection on the stable manifold, the third at injection in the final (periodic or capture) orbit. The final goal is in finding the optimization parameters, which are represented by the locations, directions, and magnitudes of the velocity impulses such that the overall delta-v of the transfer is minimized. This work proves how isomorphic mapping (in two distinct forms) can be profitably employed to optimize such transfers, by determining in a geometrical fashion the desired optimization parameters that minimize the delta-v budget required to perform the transfer.     

A preliminary study of pulse-laser powered orbital launcher

An air-breathing pulse-laser powered orbital launcher has been proposed as an alternative to conventional chemical launch systems. The aim of the present study is to assess its feasibility through the estimation of its achievable payload mass per unit beam power and launch cost. A transfer trajectory from the ground to a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) is proposed, and the launch trajectory to its geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) is computed using the realistic performance modeled in the pulsejet, ramjet, and rocket flight modes of the launcher. Results show that the launcher can transfer 0.084 kg of payload per 1 MW beam power to a geosynchronous earth orbit. The cost becomes a quarter of existing systems if one can divide a single launch into 24,000 multiple launches.     

General solution for the optimal trajectory of an AFE-type spacecraft

The aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE) refers to an experimental spacecraft to be launched and then recovered by the Space Shuttle. It simulates a transfer from a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) to a low Earth orbit (LEO). In this paper, with reference to an AFE-type spacecraft, an actual GEO-to-LEO transfer is considered under the following assumptions: the GEO and LEO orbital planes are identical; both the initial and final orbits are circular; the initial phase angle is given, while the final phase angle is free. The aeroassisted orbital transfer trajectory involves three branches: a preatmospheric branch, GEO-to-entry; an atmospheric branch, entry-to-exit; a post-atmospheric branch, exit-to-LEO. The optimal trajectory is determined by minimizing the total characteristic velocity. The optimization is performed with respect to the velocity impulses at GEO, LEO, and the time history of the angle of bank during the atmospheric pass. It is assumed that the entry path inclination is free and that the angle of attack is constant, = 17.0 deg. The sequential gradient-restoration algorithm is used to compute the optimal trajectory and it is shown that the best atmospheric pass is to be performed with constant angle of bank. The resulting optimal trajectory constitutes an ideal nominal trajectory for the generation of guidance trajectories for two reasons: the fact that the low value of the characteristic velocity is accompanied by relatively low values of the peak heating rate and the peak dynamic pressure; and the simplicity of the control distribution, requiring constant angle of bank.     

嫦娥五号探测器多圈调相地月转移应急轨道设计与分析

针对嫦娥五号任务上升段末期火箭二级发动机可能出现的提前关机故障造成入轨半长轴偏差较大和中途修正速度增量超限问题,提出了多圈调相地月转移轨道应急控制策略.首先,分析了不同入轨半长轴偏差、中途修正时刻与中途修正速度增量消耗之间的关系;其次,针对半长轴偏差较大问题,基于微分改正算法与B平面参数,设计了解析窗口搜索与多圈调相地...