全内反射测速技术（TIRV）中界面隐失波基准光强I_0的确定

基于隐失波全内反射的测速技术TIRV（Total internal reflection velocimetry）是微纳流动中测量壁面附近几百纳米范围内速度的有效方法。隐失波的光强分布I（z）随离开壁面的高度z指数衰减。若荧光粒子位于光强分布中,其亮度也将符合此指数关系,通过测量粒子亮度可确定粒子的垂向位置z,而确定隐失波的基准光强I0是该技术的关键之一。基于粒子近壁Boltzmann浓度分布、粒子粒径不均匀性和隐失波光强公式,给出了粒子亮度概率密度分布的数值解。实验测量粒子统计亮度分布后,依据实验和理论分布相同原则可定量确定基准光强I0。采用100nm和250nm荧光粒子验证此方法并定量分析了粒径分散性对确定I0的影响。进一步采用100nm粒子进行近壁速度测量实验,结果验证了本方法的有效性。     

Aircraft flight parameter estimation using acoustical Lloyd'smirror effect

A model is developed for the acoustical Lloyd's mirror effect observed in the output time-frequency distribution of a microphone located near the ground during the transit of a jet aircraft. The feasibility of using this effect for flight parameter estimation is assessed by a simple Cramer-Rao lower bound analysis. The nonlinear least-squares method and the generalized Hough transform method are formulated for flight parameter estimation. The performances of both methods are evaluated and compared using real acoustic data     

基于特征的蒙皮镜像铣加工残区刀轨优化方法

镜像铣加工装备及其加工工艺是蒙皮零件加工的有效手段,其特殊工艺对加工刀轨提出了等步距、无交叉、无抬刀且无残留等特殊要求。针对蒙皮零件加工特征的复杂形状,在满足等步距、无抬刀、无交叉的条件下对加工残留区域进行刀轨优化是一个难题。为解决以上难题,本文提出了一种基于特征的蒙皮镜像铣加工残区刀轨优化方法。该方法基于特征将蒙皮零件的工艺信息与几何信息相关联,自动提取加工特征的加工面及其对应的刀轨,将刀轨分割成若干段子刀轨,并构建子加工区域,再利用布尔并运算得到最终可加工区域。然后对加工面区域与最终可加工区域求布尔差识别出加工残留区域,并根据加工残区位置自适应生成满足蒙皮镜像铣特殊要求的优化刀轨。以典型复杂蒙皮零件验证本文提出的方法,结果表明,基于特征的蒙皮镜像铣加工残区刀轨优化方法可自动识别加工残区,并生成满足蒙皮镜像铣特殊要求的加工残区优化刀轨,为提高蒙皮零件数控编程效率提供技术支撑。     

镜像铣削加工奇异区域刀具路径优化

在大型薄壁件镜像铣削加工中,由奇异点引起的旋转轴运动不连续会影响加工质量,降低加工效率。针对此问题,分析了镜像铣削加工奇异点存在的原因,提出了一种奇异区域内的刀具路径优化方法。首先,针对镜像铣削系统的铣削头和支撑头分别建立了其旋转轴运动学变换模型,推导旋转轴微分运动关系,据此分析奇异点存在的原因及其对加工质量和效率的影响,定义了机床行程内的奇异区域范围。分析结果表明在镜像铣削系统行程范围内,仅铣削头存在奇异区域,而支撑头不存在奇异区域。然后,在镜像铣削加工刀路约束条件下,基于刀路光顺性指标建立了刀路优化模型。通过在加工曲面参数域内对跨越铣削头奇异区域的刀路进行调整,使得优化后的刀路更加光顺,以提高加工精度和表面质量,减少奇异区域附近的加工时间。最后,通过镜像铣削加工实验验证所提方法的有效性。     

飞机蒙皮镜像铣加工稳定性分析

镜像铣技术是近年来提出的一种针对大尺寸薄壁件的加工方法,其加工环保、高效,具有逐步取代传统化铣加工的趋势。针对飞机蒙皮镜像铣加工过程中的颤振问题,首先,根据镜像铣加工特点,建立工艺系统颤振稳定性极限的预测模型;其次,通过有限元方法对蒙皮工件进行模态分析,分析蒙皮不同加工位置动力学特性变化导致的铣削稳定性变化,并通过实验测量获取工件动力学参数,对不同加工位置的稳定性做出预测;最后,开展加工实验,基于非接触测量方法,在线监测镜像铣加工区域的振动位移,通过时、频域信号对加工状态进行辨识,揭示了镜像铣加工过程的稳定性变化及失稳机制,验证了所提方法的准确性,在工程领域具有较高的实用价值。     

考虑喷注流强分布的纵向稳定性建模与分析

喷注器流强分布是除声学阻尼装置以外使液体火箭发动机稳定工作的重要措施,通过控制喷注流强分布使推进剂的燃烧尽量远离主要振型的波腹区,减少热声耦合振荡的能量源,从而达到抑制高频振荡的效果。因此,建立喷注流强分布与稳定性之间的综合分析模型,研究流强分布的不稳定性抑制特性具有重要实际意义。针对采用自击式喷嘴器、液滴蒸发作为燃烧速率控制过程的某自燃推进剂缩尺燃烧室高频纵向燃烧不稳定问题,近似采用蒸发速率峰值区代替集中燃烧释热区,引入燃烧室三维声学控制方程以考虑多喷嘴条件下燃烧响应空间分布,建立了针对喷注器流强分布条件下的高频纵向燃烧稳定性分析模型,并对喷注流强的稳定性抑制特性进行了分析,给出了不同分布流强下燃烧室一阶纵向信号的增长率变化规律。研究表明,喷注流强分布有利于燃烧室稳定,"驼峰区"喷注孔径的增大对改善高频纵向不稳定性更为显著,"驼峰区"流强增加30%,相应的增长率降低15%。     

A unifying approach in simulating the shot peening process using a 3D random representative volume finite element model

Using a modified 3D random representative volume (RV) finite element model,the effects of model dimensions (impact region and interval between impact and representative regions),model shapes (rectangular,square,and circular),and peening-induced thermal softening on resultant critical quantities (residual stress,Almen intensity,coverage,and arc height) after shot peening are systematically examined.A new quantity,i.e.,the interval between impact and representative regions,is introduced and its optimal value is first determined to eliminate any boundary effect on shot peening results.Then,model dimensions are respectively assessed for all model shapes to reflect the actual shot peening process,based on which shape-independent critical shot peening quantities are obtained.Further,it is found that thermal softening of the target material due to shot peening leads to variances of the surface residual stress and arc height,demonstrating the necessity of considering the thermal effect in a constitutive material model of shot peeing.Our study clarifies some of the finite element modeling aspects and lays the ground for accurate modeling of the SP process.     

Effect of longitudinal lift distribution on sonic boom of a canard-wing-stabilator-body configuration

After the last flight of the Concorde in 2003, sonic boom has been one of the obstacles to the return of a supersonic transport aircraft to service. To reduce the sonic boom intensity to an acceptable level, it is of great significance to study the effect of lift distribution on far-field sonic boom, since lift is one of the most important contributors to an intense sonic boom. Existing studies on the longitudinal lift distribution used low-fidelity methods, such as Whitham theory, and in turn,o...     

Inverse design of low boom configurations using proper orthogonal decomposition and augmented Burgers equation

Mitigation of sonic boom to an acceptable stage is a key point for the next generation of supersonic transports. Meanwhile, designing a supersonic aircraft with an ideal ground signature is always the focus of research on sonic boom reduction. This paper presents an inverse design approach to optimize the near-field signature of an aircraft, making it close to the shaped ideal ground signature after the propagation in the atmosphere. Using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD) method, a guessed input of augmented Burgers equation is inversely achieved. By multiple POD iterations, the guessed ground signatures successively approach the target ground signature until the convergence criteria is reached. Finally, the corresponding equivalent area distribution is calculated from the optimal near-field signature through the classical Whitham F-function theory. To validate this method, an optimization example of Lockheed Martin 1021 is demonstrated. The modified configuration has a fully shaped ground signature and achieves a drop of perceived loudness by 7.94 PLdB. This improvement is achieved via shaping the original near-field signature into wiggles and damping it by atmospheric attenuation. At last, a nonphysical ground signature is set as the target to test the robustness of this inverse design method and shows that this method is robust enough for various inputs.     

常开洞工业厂房风致内压试验研究

通过一系列不同条件下的单个常开洞单跨厂房刚性模型风洞测压试验,分析了风向角、开洞位置、开洞形状以及开洞大小对内压平均值与脉动值的影响,并与基于稳态理论与非定常理论的内压预测值进行了比较。研究发现,单个常开洞厂房内压的空间分布是均匀的,几乎处处相等,仅在开洞附近测点的风压系数值稍有差别;内压的脉动特性主要来源于来流湍流作用、旋涡脱落与尾流干扰以及赫姆霍兹共振等三个方面的影响;内压的均值与均方根值受开洞条件以及风向角等因素影响较大;稳态理论计算得到的内压系数均值与试验所得非常接近,但是均方根值的预测偏保守。非定常理论推导得到的内压响应方程在风速方向正对开洞时可以给出良好的预测,但由于受旋涡脱落、尾流干扰等影响,斜风向时运用该方法预测内压是不合适的。     

基于两层POD和BPNN的翼型反设计方法

翼型优化过程需要大量的 CFD 分析,计算量大、耗时长。本文发展基于本征正交分解（POD）和反向传播神经网络（BPNN）的翼型反设计方法,该方法的优化过程如下：首先,通过 Hicks-Henne 参数化,在设计空间中构造翼型外形的样本库,并利用 Xfoil/Fluent 对样本翼型的流场进行求解;然后,对翼面压力系数和几何外形分别建立 POD 模型,即两层 POD 模型,并得到对应的基模态系数;最后,使用 BPNN 建立从压力系数的基模态系数到几何外形的基模态系数的映射,实现在给定压力系数下对几何外形的快速预测。通过算例分析,结果表明：在亚/跨声速状态,基于 200 个样本训练所得的两层 POD+BPNN 模型可以实现对具有目标压力系数分布的翼型的预测,其精度满足翼型反设计要求。     

地面涡研究

 The formation mechanism and the flow characteristics of the ground vortices as well as the method of eliminating ground vortices are studied in this paper. It is noted that, when air is sucked into an aircraft engine, on the ground a momentum moment is exerted on a point sink flow by a lateral wind or a reversed jet from the tail pipe, resulting in the formation of eddy stream known as ground vortices. Through an analysis of numerous experimental data it is found that the ground vortices are composed of two vortices instead of a single and concentrated free vortex.The tangitial velocity distribution curves of the ground vortex can be expressed as two independent functions: one is a directly proportional function located at the core, and the other is an inversely proportional function around the outer surrounding. The pressure distribution is also composed of two parabolic functions.In addition, a method of eliminating the ground vortices is presented, and it is of important engineering significance to eliminate the ground vortices.     

大型运输机地面涡流场数值模拟

针对地面涡现象,建立了大型运输机装配涡扇发动机的三维模型,采用数值仿真方法模拟计算不同风速、风向、滑行速度条件下的地面涡流场。根据计算结果分析得到了地面涡流场分布特征及变化规律,提出了该型机运营过程中的注意事项。结果表明：针对该型机,地面涡进气主要造成进气旋流畸变,进气总压畸变水平较低,畸变指数保持在1.1%～1.7%之间。逆风风速大于5 m/s时地面涡消失,其强度随风速增加先增后减;随着风向变化,地面涡流场的涡系结构不断变化,处于下风侧的短舱更容易产生地面涡;滑行条件下地面涡强度变化较小,滑行速度达到3 m/s时已无涡吸入。实际使用中,地面静止开车时应着重观察旋流畸变较大的1号、4号发动机的工作状态;滑行时应着重观察地面涡吸入能力较强的2号、3号发动机的外物吸入情况。     

Rotation and Shape of High Altitude Reflectors Controlled from the Ground

Passive, inverted-dish shaped communications mirrors made of a thin wire mesh may be maintained in a stationary position above most of the atmosphere by the pressure of reflected radiation beamed at the mirror from the ground. We show that by beaming at the mirror an appropriate mixture of linearly and circularly polarized radiation, and by inducing small periodic variations of the plane of polarization, one can monitor and sufficiently control wire orientation in the mirror, which allows one to reduce mirror weight and/or set the mirror in rotation. Mirror rotation in turn can modify mirror shape, open up flaps, and allow synchronized messages to be sent to prechosen locations.     

地面对带后缘分离的翼型绕流影响的计算

本文提出了用在地面上分布奇点来模拟地面的方法。计算结果与精确解和镜像法结果很吻合。     

货物空投系统自动脱离锁成功脱离概率分析

定量研究了空投系统某型自动脱离锁在较大地面风速条件下的成功脱离概率。由系统力学特性分析确定影响脱离锁工作的主要因素;基于着陆阶段系统动力学分析,建立脱离锁成功脱离概率分析模型;采用均匀分布和正态分布两种随机模型分析成功脱离概率;引入安全脱离风速、安全设计开锁力等指标指导脱离锁设计。分析结果表明某型脱离锁成功脱离概率随设计开锁力增加而提高,在一定风速范围内随风速增加而降低。分析方法为空投系统脱离锁设计提供了理论依据,可用于空投行动的辅助决策,提供空投成功率。     

Intrinsic physical relationships between rotor modal shapes and instantaneous vibrational energy flow transmission characteristics: Theoretical and numerical analysis and application

The modal vibration of the rotor is the main cause of excessive vibration of the aero-engine overall structure. To attenuate the vibration of the rotor under different modal shapes from the perspective of energy control, the intrinsic physical relationships between rotor modal shapes and instantaneous vibrational energy flow transmission characteristics is derived from the general equation of motion base on the structural intensity method. A dual-rotor-support-casing coupling model subjected to the rotor unbalanced forces is established by the finite element method in this paper. The transmission, conversion and balance relationships of the vibrational energy flow for the rotors in the first-order bending modal shape, the conical whirling modal shape and the translational modal shape are analyzed, respectively. The results show that the vibrational energy flow transmitted to the structure can be converted into the strain energy, the kinetic energy and the energy dissipated by the damping of the structure. The vibrational energy flow transmission characteristics of rotors with different modal shapes are quite different. Especially for the first-order bending modal shape, the vibrational energy flow and the strain energy are transmitted and converted to each other in the middle part of the rotor shaft, resulting in large deformation at this part. To attenuate this harmful vibration, the influences of grooving on the shaft on the first-order bending vibration are studied from the perspective of transmission control of vibrational energy flow. This study can provide theoretical references and guidance for the vibration attenuation of the rotors in different modal shapes from a more essential perspective.     

旋翼地面效应的气动建模与特性

地面对旋翼气动特性影响明显，且导致旋翼流场更加复杂。为分析地面效应下的旋翼桨尖涡和流场变化特性，基于涡面和无滑移边界条件，求解第2类Fredholm方程获得地面涡面矢量分布，且将涡面矢量按涡扩散方程扩散到流体中，建立考虑黏性效应的地面气动模型，并耦合非定常面元/黏性涡粒子混合法以体现旋翼桨叶气动特性和旋翼尾迹的非定常效应，构建旋翼地面效应气动分析方法。通过计算Lynx尾桨地面效应下的性能和桨尖涡轨迹，并计算Maryland大学模型旋翼和NASA缩比旋翼地面效应下的垂向、径向速度分布，且与试验和CFD计算结果对比，验证了本文方法能较好捕捉地面效应下的旋翼尾迹变化特性和复杂速度场特性，且结果表明本文方法能较好模拟地面效应下旋翼桨尖涡的收缩、扩散、井喷、地面射流等物理现象。     

基于二维激光支持爆轰波模型的光船工作过程数值模拟

以Raizer建立的一维激光支持的爆轰波模型为基础,根据激光推进中焦点区内入射激光强度的分布情况,建立了二维激光支持的爆轰波模型。在相同的激光入射功率下,分别采用球面激光支持的爆轰波模型、球冠激光支持的爆轰波模型和二维激光支持的爆轰波模型与流场控制方程组进行耦合求解,探讨了焦点区内激光强度分布不同时的光船推进性能。结果表明,在吸收相同激光能量的条件下,三种模型所得推力曲线和冲量耦合系数在误差范围内均吻合,说明能量在焦点区的分布对光船推进性能的影响不大。     

旋翼近地飞行时尾迹及地面涡的N─S方程模拟

用有限体积法、三维Ｎ－Ｓ方程对旋翼近地飞行时的尾迹及地面涡进行了数值模拟。由分布在特定区域内的动量源项模拟旋翼对流场的作用,动量源项的强度由旋翼的几何尺寸、叶片剖面的空气动力特性及当地流场的性质迭代定出。进而,研究了旋翼近地飞行时,在不同前进比及不同离地高度情况下,尾迹与地面的干扰问题及地面涡的现象