Pattern recognition of star constellations for spacecraftapplications

A software system for a star imager for on-line satellite attitude determination is described. The system works with a single standard commercial CCD-camera with a high aperture lens and an onboard star catalogue. It is capable of both an initial course attitude determination without any prior knowledge of the satellite orientation and a high-accuracy attitude determination based on prediction and averaging of several identified star constellations. In the high accuracy mode the star imager aims at an accuracy better than 2 arc sec with a processing time of less than a few seconds. The star imager is developed for the Danish microsatellite Oersted     

Pattern recognition of star constellations for spacecraftapplications

A software system for a star imager for online satellite attitude determination is described. The system works with a single standard commercial CCD camera with a high aperture lens and an onboard star catalog. It is capable of both an initial coarse attitude determination without any prior knowledge of the satellite orientation and a high-accuracy attitude determination based on prediction and averaging of several identified star constellations. In the high-accuracy mode the star image aims at an accuracy better than 2 arc sec with a processing time of less than a few seconds. The star imager has been developed for the Danish Oersted satellite     

轨道预测辅助GPS载波跟踪技术用于低轨道卫星定位研究

针对低轨道卫星及其特定的运动环境,研究了星载GPS接收机载波跟踪问题。基于卫星轨道可模化、可预测的特性,提出了利用预测卫星轨道计算多普勒频移,并用于辅助载波环路跟踪的新方法。该方法有效地降低了低轨道卫星GPS信号跟踪中的动态,从而在跟踪过程中可以采取降低环路阶数、减小环路带宽、增加预检测积分时间这几种措施来提高环路跟踪弱信号的能力,有助于提高低轨道卫星的定位性能。     

On-board correction of systematic error of Earth sensors

Infrared Earth sensors are used in spacecraft for attitude sensing. Their accuracy is limited by systematic and random errors. Dominant sources of systematic errors are analyzed for a typical scanning infrared Earth sensor used in a remote-sensing satellite in a 900-km Sun-synchronous orbit. The errors considered arise from seasonable variation of infrared radiation; oblate shape of the Earth; ambient temperature of sensors; changes in spin/scan period; and misalignment of the axis of the sensors. Simple relations are derived using least-squares curve fitting for onboard correction of these errors. With these, it is possible to improve the accuracy of attitude determination by eight fold and achieve performance comparable to ground-based post-facto attitude computation     

Attitude control system design and on-orbit performance analysis of nano-satellite––‘‘Tian Tuo 1’’

‘‘Tian Tuo 1'(TT-1) nano-satellite is the first single-board nano-satellite that was successfully launched in China. The main objective of TT-1 is technology demonstration and scientific measurements. The satellite carries out the significant exploration of single-board architecture feasibility validation, and it is tailored to the low-cost philosophy by adopting numerous commercialoff-the-shelf(COTS) components. The satellite is featured with three-axis stabilization control capability. A pitch bias momentum wheel and three magnetic coils are adopted as control actuators.The sun sensors, magnetometers and a three-axis gyro are employed as the measurement sensors.The quaternion estimator(QUEST) and unscented Kalman filter(UKF) method are adopted for the nano-satellite attitude determination. On-orbit data received by ground station is conducted to analysis the performance of attitude determination and control system(ADCS). The results show that the design of ADCS for TT-1 is suitable, robust and feasible.     

一种偏置动量轮在轨维护的变带宽控制方法

针对长寿命运行卫星在轨维护中出现的备份偏置动量轮离散性差异较大,导致俯仰角收敛缓慢的问题,在姿态现象分析的基础上,根据卫星姿态动力学原理,建立偏置动量轮工作模式下的俯仰姿态的PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation,比例积分微分)控制模型,并进行系统开环与闭环传递函数公式推导。然后在伯德图(Bode Diagram)基础上,重点分析相位裕量的敏感参数,给出俯仰姿态控制回路的带宽调整方法,实现变带宽控制。卫星偏置动量轮在轨切换维护的结果表明,通过及时调整PID参数,减小回路带宽,可以有效改善相位裕量,保持卫星控制性能,实现俯仰姿态快速收敛,且俯仰角控制精度优于0.03°,取得较好的应用效果。     

卫星姿态控制的一种鲁棒控制方法

针对含有不确定性的Delta算子离散系统,研究了其鲁棒控制问题。鲁棒控制律的存在条件及设计由线性矩阵不等式描述,便于求解。将所得结果应用于卫星姿态控制系统的设计,以解决对模型进行线性化处理时产生的误差。针对所得控制律进行了仿真研究,结果证明了方法的有效性。     

三轴轮控航天器姿态大角度机动控制器设计

研究了飞轮作为执行机构的航天器姿态大角度机动问题。建立了飞轮控制的姿态动力学模型;基于Lya-punov稳定性定理,设计了闭环控制器并给出了参数自适应律的解析表达式;分析了有界噪声作用下该模型的控制效果。仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器具有较强的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力。     

Momentum wheel start-up method for HAUSAT-2 ultra-small satellite

This paper addresses a newly proposed start-up method of the HAUSAT-2 satellite momentum wheel. The HAUSAT-2 is a 25 kg class nanosatellite which is stabilized to an earth pointing attitude by 3-axis active control method. A momentum wheel performs two functions. It provides a pitch-axis momentum bias while measuring satellite pitch and roll attitude. Pitch control is accomplished in a conventional way by driving a momentum wheel in response to pitch attitude errors. Precession control and nutation damping are provided by operating the pitch-axis magnetic torquer. A momentum wheel is nominally spinning at a particular rate, and speed changes are made as needed. Spinning the momentum wheel redistributes the angular momentum to the spacecraft body. If the wheel is suddenly spun up to its nominal speed, the large momentum produced together with the existing momentum due to the nominal rotational motions will result in a high disturbance and unstable motion. This simulation study investigates the feasibility and performance of a proposed strategy for starting-up the wheel. A proposed strategy to start-up the wheel shows that its pitch momentum wheel can start-up successfully to its nominal speed from rest, and can be stabilized to nadir pointing within about three orbits.     

空间绳系机器人逼近目标协调控制方法

 为了节省空间绳系机器人的末端执行装置在逼近目标卫星过程中推力器所使用的燃料,本文提出一种利用推力器、反作用轮及空间系绳的协调控制方法。首先利用二次型最优控制器(LQR)算法计算出末端执行装置逼近目标所需的理想轨道控制力,然后利用模拟退火算法将所需轨道控制力优化分配到推力器及空间系绳,同时利用时间延迟算法通过反作用轮补偿空间系绳产生的姿态干扰力矩。仿真结果表明,利用该协调控制方法能显著节省末端执行装置上推力器的燃料消耗,有效抑制空间系绳协调控制力产生的姿态干扰,使末端执行装置保持相对稳定的姿态。     

Onboard actuator model-based Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion for quadrotor attitude control: Method and application

This paper addresses the robust attitude control problem for quadrotors subject to model mismatch and disturbances. A dynamic inversion based attitude control scheme is proposed, which consists of an outer loop attitude controller and an inner loop angular acceleration controller. The attitude controller is designed based on the Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) to precisely linearize the nonlinear dynamics between the angular acceleration and the attitude. An onboard actuator model-based Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (INDI) controller is designed in the angular acceleration control loop to improve the robustness against the model mismatch and disturbances. Meanwhile, the onboard actuator model with a modified structure eliminates the oscillation phenomenon when the sampling rate of the controller is higher than that of the actuator. Numerical simulations and flight tests demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller in comparison with the PID controller.     

四元数在伴随卫星姿态控制中的应用

针对传统的欧拉角方法不适用于航天器大幅度姿态机动运动的数值仿真。研究了用四元 空间站伴随卫星的姿态控制问题。介绍了空间站伴随卫星的概念及任务;根据航天器动力学方程,利用李雅普诺夫直接法推导出用四元数表示的空间站伴随卫星姿态控制律,并对该控制律进行了仿真计算,仿真结果表明,所推导的控制律能对空间站伴随卫星进行准确、快速的姿态控制。     

跟踪弹道导弹时预警卫星姿态前馈协同控制

基于角动量守恒定理,推导了跟踪弹道导弹时,具有活动部件的预警卫星姿态前馈协同控制。该控制算法基于角动量守恒方程估计红外相机运动产生的角动量扰动以及为抑制该扰动所需的期望飞轮转速,将期望飞轮转速与实际转速的偏差作为前馈信号加入到传统控制系统中,推导出预警卫星姿态前馈控制模型。最后通过数值仿真验证了控制方法,仿真结果与理论分析具有很好的一致性。并且该控制方法简单、可靠,能够适应卫星在轨实时控制。     

磁强计数据辨识卫星自旋状态

针对近地低轨三轴稳定卫星在轨管理后期,除磁强计外其他姿态敏感器都无效情况下的姿态异常问题,分析了三轴稳定卫星失去姿态基准后,星体自旋状态下三轴磁强计测量数据的特点,提出了使用磁强计测量数据的矢量信息,以找到能够获取卫星状态的方法,从而建立了磁强计测量矢量与卫星自旋轴的几何关系,给出了处于自旋状态下的卫星自旋轴确定方法。通过此种辨识方法,获得了某气象卫星姿态异常翻转状态下的自旋矢量方向和自旋角速度,从而证明了该辨识方法快速、有效,可以作为姿态异常卫星自旋状态的辨识手段,为恢复卫星姿态提供了重要信息,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

INMARSAT integrity channels for global navigation satellite systems

The transmission of integrity information using a signal format compatible with the Global Positioning System (GPS) and relayed through a geostationary satellite repeater, which will be critical in achieving high integrity and availability of global navigation by satellite is discussed. The inclusion of navigation repeaters designed to fulfil this function, the next generation of INMARSAT spacecraft, INMARSAT-3 is examined. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) integrity channel (GIC) will employ pseudorandom codes in the same family as, but distinct from, the codes reserved by GPS. The data format of the basic integrity channel is designed to convey user range error information for 24 to 40 satellites. A closed-loop timing compensation technique will be used at the uplinking Earth station, to make the signal's clock and carrier Doppler variations identical to those that would result from an onboard signal source. Therefore, the INMARSAT-3 satellites will increase the number of useful navigation satellites available to any user, and can also function as sources of precise timing. There is also a possibility that wide area differential corrections can be carried on the same signal     

敏捷卫星的联合执行机构控制策略

 针对对地观测敏捷卫星大角度快速机动、高控制精度的任务需求,提出了联合推力器与飞轮作为执行机构的控制策略。该控制策略综合利用2种执行机构的优点:推力器以前馈的形式提供机动过程中所需的主要力矩以实现航天器大角度的快速机动,而飞轮以反馈的形式提供精准的控制力矩以提高机动过程中的姿态控制精度。为补偿由于初始状态偏差和推力器输出力矩不准确所带来的控制误差,采用变结构控制设计了2种姿态跟踪控制器,使航天器能够渐进地跟踪上参考轨迹。并对姿态机动控制过程中,飞轮力矩及转速可能出现的饱和问题作了相应的修正。仿真结果表明了所提控制策略及所设计控制算法的可行性和有效性。     

基于泵式流体回路的小卫星姿控/热控一体化执行机构设计

 主要研究了小卫星姿控/热控一体化执行机构的设计问题.首先,根据流体回路中液体流速变化对小卫星产生力矩实现姿态控制、液体流动吸/散废热实现热控制的原理,提出一种姿控/热控一体化执行机构设计方案.然后针对该设计方案,利用以电机转速为变量的流体回路内压强和电磁力矩方程,推导了一体化执行机构姿控力矩模型;利用散热量随流体回路流速的变化,建立了一体化执行机构热控模型.最后,针对某小卫星设计了基于姿控/热控一体化执行机构的闭环控制系统,并针对该一体化执行机构设计了一种姿控/热控解耦算法,对其姿控/热控能力进行数学仿真验证,仿真结果证明了该一体化执行机构的有效性.     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的动量轮故障检测方法

 动量轮作为卫星姿态控制系统的关键执行部件,对其故障检测对维持卫星的正常运行具有重要意义。首先对动量轮系统的故障进行分析,在建立动量轮线性离散状态空间模型的基础上,把动量轮的故障检测作为时变参数系统的跟踪来处理,将动量轮的模型参数作为扩展的状态空间中的状态量,使得动量轮物理模型参数与状态空间中的状态量有对应关系,通过在扩展了的状态空间上采用扩展的卡尔曼滤波,完成时变参数的跟踪。然后,将离散空间的状态量变换回连续空间中,利用物理参数与状态量的对应关系,实现对动量轮物理参数的跟踪。此方法物理意义明确,为系统的物理参数提供了定量的估计值,为进一步诊断故障原因提供了良好的基础。数值仿真表明,此方法能够通过同时检测多个故障参量,实现故障的检测并满足卫星实时性要求。     

Nonsaturating Satellite Open-Loop Feedback Controls

The dynamics of a zero-momentum three-axis attitude controlled satellite is used to formulate an optimal control problem, which is then solved for the special case where the flywheels operate in a nonsaturating mode. The results then serve as guidelines in the design of simple open-loop and feedback controllers.     

漂浮基空间机器人捕获卫星过程动力学模拟及捕获后混合体运动的RBF神经网络控制

 讨论了漂浮基空间机器人在轨捕获目标卫星过程的碰撞动力学建模,以及捕获操作结束后空间机器人与卫星混合体的稳定控制问题。首先采用多刚体动力学建模方法并结合空间机器人捕获目标卫星过程中的碰撞动力学特性,建立了漂浮基空间机器人在轨捕获漂浮卫星过程的动力学模型,并在此基础上计算出完成捕获操作后空间机器人与目标卫星混合体关节的运动速度。然后针对卫星及空间机器人系统惯性参数均是未知的复杂情况,应用上述模型、神经网络控制理论和Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了空间机器人与卫星混合体在捕获过程碰撞冲击影响下稳定运动的高斯径向基函数神经网络控制方案,以达到对捕获卫星的有效控制。此外,高斯径向基函数神经网络控制方案具有不需要测量和反馈载体位置、移动速度与加速度的显著优点。系统数值仿真证实了上述控制方案的有效性。