Mechanism of stall and surge in a centrifugal compressor with a variable vaned diffuser

To expand the stable operating range of compressors, understanding the mechanism of flow instability at low flow rates is necessary. In this paper, the mechanism of stall and surge in a centrifugal compressor with a variable vaned diffuser is experimentally investigated, where the diffuser blade setting angle can be adjusted. Many dynamic pressure transducers are mounted on the casing surface of the compressor. From the design condition to surge, dynamic pressure data is recorded throughout the gradual process. According to the signal developing status, the typical modes of compressor instability are defined in detail, such as stall, mild surge, and deep surge. A relatively high-frequency stall wave originates in the impeller and propagates to the diffuser, and finally stimulates a deep surge in the compressor. The compressor behavior during surge differs at different diffuser vane angles. When the diffuser vane angle is adjusted, both the unstable form and the core factor affecting the overall machine stability change. A specific indicator is proposed to measure the instability of each component in a compressor, which can be used to determine the best region for stability extension technologies, such as a holed casing treatment, in different compressor applications.     

Numerical investigation of flow mechanisms of tandem impeller inside a centrifugal compressor

This study numerically investigated a single stage centrifugal compressor ‘‘Radiver’’ with a wedge diffuser and several tandem-designed impellers to explore the flow phenomena within the tandem impeller and the potential to enhance compressor performance. The results demonstrate that tandem design and clocking fraction (λ_s) significantly affects the compressor performance. The compressor stage with tandem impellers of Series A of boundary layer growth interruption alone are observed to have a widely operating range but efficiency and total pressure ratio penalty compared with that of conventional impeller. The tandem impeller with at least the same impeller efficiency as the conventional design is considered as a critical design criteria so that further modification process based on the flow characteristic of tandem impeller is necessary. In order to restrain the inducer wake and exducer shock losses, parameters modification of blade angle and thickness distributions are necessary and the modified tandem impeller of Series B is obtained. The modified tandem impeller with 25% clocking arrangement shows an 8.45% stall margin increase and maintains the total pressure ratio and efficiency as the conventional design, which proves the potential of tandem impeller to improve compressor stage performance. It is noteworthy that the tandem impellers of Radiver have not shown obviously balanced exit flow field and the fundamental mechanism of stall margin extending of tandem impeller lies on the improved impeller/diffuser matching performance resulting from the incidence angle variation at diffuser inlet.     

Numerical simulation of rotating stall in a subsonic compressor

Rotating stall is generally the first instability met in multi-stages compressors, before surge. This 3D phenomenon is characterized by one or more cells of stalled flow which rotate at a fraction of the rotor speed ω. The present paper deals with the simulation and the analysis of the rotating stall in a stage of a subsonic compressor.The configuration used for the study is an axial single-stage low speed compressor. A numerical simulation is carried out with a quasi three dimensional in-house code which solves the Navier–Stokes equations on a stream surface. The simulation shows a rotating stall with two cells which rotate at 48% of the rotor speed. Particular emphasis is laid on the pre stall phenomena analysis. The spatial mode which is responsible for the rotating stall cells number is identified many revolutions before the stall inception thanks to a Fourier analysis. However, further investigations are needed in order to identify the destabilizing mode origin.     

压气机失稳过程的幅值与频率理论研究

在压气机主动稳定控制与健康监控时,为了准确描述失速和喘振的幅值与频率特性,以压气机系统模型为基础,从动力学的角度,基于失速团的构成,应用模态波理论分析压气机失速行为;基于压气机喘振的一维振荡特性,应用强非线性理论分析喘振现象;通过分析推导并给出压气机失稳过程的幅值与频率理论描述。数值仿真表明:失速与喘振的幅值与频率是压气机特性、压气机结构参数与气流参数的函数,在失速过程中,模态阶数越低,其幅值越先出现并趋于稳定;扰动模态阶数越高,旋转频率越大;在喘振过程中,压气机出口节流系数越小,喘振幅值与振荡频率越大。     

离心压气机不稳定流动的时频特征分析

离心压气机失稳过程是一个非常复杂的动态过程,提高离心压气机运行的可靠性需要准确获取失稳过程的时频特征。针对带无叶扩压器的高速离心压气机失稳过程中叶轮出口的动态压力数据,采用时空本征模态分解(STIMD)算法和经验模态分解(EMD)算法进行分解,得到了多个本征模态函数(IMF),并结合Hilbert变换对不稳定流动的动态特征进行分析。结果表明,STIMD算法得到了深喘和浅喘的时频信息,观察到了频率在150 Hz附近持续波动的失速现象,并捕捉到了浅喘先兆的频率曲线由抖动向恒定的过渡过程。STIMD算法改善了EMD的模态混叠问题,为压气机失稳分析提供了一种工具。     

Effects of the radial blade loading distribution and B parameter on the type of flow instability in a low-speed axial compressor

Previous studies showed that an axisymmetric hub-initiated disturbance defined as partial surge may initiate the stall of a transonic compressor; to reveal the instability evolution under full-span incompressible flow for different levels of hub loading and B parameter, an experimental investigation is conducted on a single-stage low-speed compressor. Experimental results show that under a uniform inflow condition without inlet flow distortion, a modal-type stall inception dominates in this low-speed compressor. When an inlet screen introducing hub distortion is used to increase the hub loading, a compressor stall is initiated by a modal wave, but large disturbances are present in the hub region before the compressor stall, which become stronger as the hub loading increases. Under high hub loading and large B parameter (implemented by adding hub distortion through an inlet screen and enlarging the outlet plenum volume, respectively), a compressor stall is triggered by an axisymmetric hub-initiated disturbance, which is much different from the modal-like disturbances. The beginning of this axisymmetric disturbance may be captured over 800 rotor revolutions prior to the onset of stall, and the amplitude grows with time. The disturbance is hub-initiated because the disturbance signal at the hub is detected much earlier than that at the tip; meanwhile, the frequency of this axisymmetric disturbance changes with the length of the inlet duct. The characteristics of instability evolution in the low-speed compressor are also compared with those in a transonic compressor.     

离心压气机失速模式及自循环机匣处理的作用机制

通过对离心压气机不同转速下实壁机匣和处理机匣两种状态流场的数值模拟,研究了失速模式随转速的变化及不同失速模式下机匣处理作用机制的转变.结果表明:随转速的降低,失速模式由100%设计转速时的扩压器失速逐步向导风轮失速过渡,导风轮失速也经历了由80%设计转速时的端壁失速和叶片前缘失速向50%设计转速的通道大范围完全失速的发展过程.自循环机匣处理对离心压气机失速裕度和效率的影响都与失速模式紧密相关,其扩稳作用仅对80%设计转速时的叶片前缘失速有效.在80%左右设计转速,机匣处理使主流效率有朝大流量工况点变化的趋势,从而使效率降低.当转速低至50%设计转速时,主流通道形成大范围回流区,机匣处理的二次回流可以减少叶轮对通道回流区气流的做功量,从而提高效率.      

高负荷离心压气机扩压器叶片前缘开槽流动机理研究

扩压器前缘几何结构直接决定着扩压器的性能和内部流场特性,为进一步拓宽离心压气机的稳定工作范围,以高负荷离心压气机为研究对象,利用经过校核的数值模拟方法开展扩压器叶片前缘开槽流动机理研究,详细讨论了扩压器开槽对压气机性能及内部流动影响的机理。研究结果表明,扩压器叶片前缘开槽能够在保证离心压气机性能基本不变的前提下,使其失速裕度提高13.5%,与原型扩压器相比,扩压器叶片前缘开槽所诱导的间隙泄漏流能有效抑制扩压器通道内的流动分离,从而提高了离心压气机的稳定裕度。     

离心压气机无叶扩压段流路控制扩稳机理

为寻求叶轮-扩压器间无叶扩压段流路控制的扩稳机理,选取某离心压气机为研究对象,利用数值模拟的方法,通过流场分析解释其失速机理,并在此基础上重新设计无叶扩压段机匣结构,探讨一种有效流路控制扩稳方式.分析结果表明:将无叶扩压段机匣结构设计为先收缩后扩张型后,离心压气机稳定工作范围提高了2.8%,但绝热效率有所降低.      

扩压器对基本级性能的影响

使用数值方法和试验手段研究了带无叶扩压器和不同进口安装角的叶片扩压器对基本级的性能影响.针对带无叶扩压器的基本级，重点研究了近喘振点、设计点、近阻塞点3种工况的内部流动特性，结果表明近喘振点的叶轮叶片进口、叶轮叶片出口、回流叶片背面均存在低速涡流区，而设计点和近阻塞点的流动状态良好，对于近阻塞点，流动速度较大引起的摩擦阻力损失增大，导致了基本级多变效率下降很快；对带单圆弧叶片扩压器的基本级，细致地研究了匹配不同进口安装角的单圆弧叶片扩压器对喘振裕度、阻塞裕度和效率的影响，结果表明:在出口安装角不变的情况下，扩压器进口安装角比设计值降低3°，基本级的多变效率和多变能头系数达到最佳值.      

涡轴/涡桨发动机压气机流动特点与发展趋势

首先,介绍了涡轴/涡桨发动机的现状与发展历程以及涡轴/涡桨发动机压气机的主要结构形式与技术特点。其次,从压气机的内部流动特点角度,详细介绍了涡轴/涡桨发动机组合压气机中的轴流级相比大推力涡扇发动机轴流压气机的内部流动特点与流场改善措施,及涡轴/涡桨发动机普遍采用的离心压气机中离心叶轮和扩压器的内部流动及匹配的特点。然后,对涡轴/涡桨发动机压气机内部流动失稳和扩稳措施进行了分析。最后,对未来的涡轴/涡桨发动机压气机的发展趋势进行了展望。     

紧连阀轴流压气机变转速过失速瞬态模型

为了给各种压气机喘振主动控制器提供验证平台,提出了一个新的旋转失速及喘振模型.该模型在Moore-Greitzer轴流压气机过失速瞬态模型的基础上,考虑了转子动态及旋转失速高阶谐波对压气机气动稳定性的影响,并且在模型中增加了紧连阀作为执行机构.仿真结果表明:随着压气机转速的增加,压气机的失稳行为由旋转失速转为喘振;压气机转速的变化作为系统内部扰动,可能使压气机在节流阀开度较大时便进入气动失稳状态;虽然压气机初始扰动仅含有1阶谐波,但随着旋转失速的发展,高阶谐波强度不断增长而变得不可忽略.      

离心叶轮和扩压器相互作用

采用定常和非定常数值模拟技术,研究了某跨声离心压气机级内的复杂流动,分析了叶轮与径向扩压器之间的非定常相互作用.结果表明,扩压器的势干扰使叶轮出口静压发生周期性地变化,引起叶轮后部负荷、叶尖泄漏和损失等也产生周期性地变化,影响范围达30%流向弦长.叶轮出口流场的周向不均匀性及非定常性使扩压器进口参数发生周期性的变化,导致扩压器负荷、总压恢复系数分布呈现出较强的非定常性,影响范围贯穿整个扩压器通道.      

离心叶轮与扩压器相互干扰数值模拟

采用定常与非定常数值模拟方法,对某小型离心压气机进行数值计算,首先比较了定常结果与非定常时均结果的特性;然后结合离心叶轮出口和径向扩压器进口典型位置非定常压力脉动的频域特性,研究了离心叶轮与扩压器之间的转静干涉作用;最后着重分析了离心叶轮带与不带分流叶片对径向扩压器进口压力脉动频率特性的影响。结果表明:在相同流量下,非定常时均结果的压比偏高约3.7%,效率偏高0.1%;在带有分流叶片的离心压气机中,离心叶轮叶片出口与扩压器叶片进口的脉动除了叶片通过频率的非定常脉动外,分流叶片尾缘会产生与之强度相当的2倍叶片通过频率的非定常压力脉动。同时,分流叶片会对径向扩压器进口产生更强的0.5倍叶片通过频率非定常压力脉动,这些频率的非定常压力脉动很可能会对离心压气机叶片的疲劳强度造成影响。     

叶尖间隙分布对内燃机增压压气机性能影响

采用三维CFD(计算流体动力学)方法,对两种相反叶尖间隙分布方式的无叶扩压器压气机级进行了详细流场分析,研究了叶尖间隙分布对跨声速离心压气机叶轮及扩压器性能的影响机理.结果表明,非均匀分布弦向间隙分布叶轮有较宽的稳定工作范围;出口轴向间隙小于进口径向间隙的压气机级压比和效率明显高于出口轴向间隙大于进口径向间隙的压气机级.较小的出口轴向间隙削弱了叶轮通道后半段间隙流动,显著提高了叶轮后部做功能力,获得更高的级压比;并使叶轮后部间隙涡强度及涡在叶轮通道和扩压器通道内耗散损失小,压气机级效率更高.      

航空发动机过失速及退喘模型研究

针对涡喷和涡扇发动机,通过求解带源项的2维欧拉方程组,发展了模拟发动机整机过失速及退喘动态过程的理论模型,实现了2种发动机稳定状态-喘振/旋转失速-退喘动态过程的模拟。分析了某单轴涡喷发动机算例,模拟结果展现出喘振和旋转失速相应的基本特征;对某小涵道比双轴混排涡扇发动机进、退喘模拟结果进行分析,发现风扇与压气机均发生了喘振,且喘振频率相等,并最终都恢复至稳定状态。     

高负荷离心压气机管式扩压器特点及机理分析

以某高负荷离心压气机为研究对象,进行管式扩压器设计,借助于数值模拟的方法,对影响扩压器性能的重要参数--喉部面积进行参数化研究,并详细分析了管式扩压器特殊的进口结构对压气机内部流场的影响,初步探讨了管式扩压器喉部设计准则,摸清其提高效率扩大稳定工作范围的机理.     

组合压气机旋转失速特征的小波分析

采用高频响动态压力探针测量了小流量轴流/离心组合压气机的旋转失速和喘振,并采用基于Morlet小波时频分析和小波系数奇异分解的方法分析了压气机失速信号.研究结果表明:稳定工况下,频率分量较多、幅值较小.失速工况下,特征频率能量较大、且成倍频关系.在该组合压气机的失稳过程中,并没有引起大幅度的压力脉动.压气机光滑地从失速前出现的模态波过渡到完全失速.周向存在2个失速团,失速团传播速度约为44.8%~45.9%转速.      

基于重组信号混沌特性的离心式压气机流场诊断方法

为了快速、准确地对离心式压气机内复杂三维流场的稳定性进行非接触式诊断,提出了一种可以识别和预判离心式压气机内可能出现的旋转失速或喘振等严重非稳定流动结构的新方法.通过从叶轮出口处盖板侧壁压信号映射的递归图中提取出合适的混沌特性量化指标来实现流场诊断,并利用周向相邻测点信号的预先重组进一步改进了该诊断方法.使用已公开发布...     

局部喘振的发生机理

为了深入研究高负荷压气机的失稳机制,明确失稳先兆局部喘振现象的发生机理,总结了某跨声压气机在均匀进气不同工作转速下失稳过程的实验结果,继而对其在进气畸变条件的失稳过程开展实验和数值研究.结果发现:在均匀进气条件下,局部喘振在低转速时并未发生,而发生于高转速情况下,推断局部喘振的发生与压气机叶根区域的相对高负荷有关.随后在高转速下降低叶根负荷,则局部喘振现象不再发生;而在低转速下升高叶根负荷,则局部喘振现象发生.所以得出结论,压气机叶根相对高负荷确实为局部喘振的发生条件.对于所研究的压气机,如果近失速点叶根扩散因子超过0.6,则会发生局部喘振现象.