喷气流红外辐射场的数值计算

讨论了 Hottel法用于喷气流辐射计算的弱点 ,推演了辐射在耗散和发射性介质中传输的积微分方程 ,并在散射量较小时得出了宜于数值解的高温喷气流辐射传输方程。还推演了观测坐标系与流场坐标系不一致时辐射立体角的转换关系。最后给出了计及化学反应的喷气流算例在空间典型点处的积分辐射量及光谱分布 ,并将其和实测数据进行了比较     

发动机高速排气系统红外辐射特性的数值计算和分析

本文以排气系统三维流场数值计算为基础,采用了封闭腔理论算法及波带透过率计算模型,通过求解耗散-发射性介质中的辐射传输方程的方法,对发动机高速排气系统的热空腔辐射、喷气流辐射及热空腔-喷气流组合辐射进行了数值计算,并将计算结果与发动机实测结果进行了分析比较。研究结果表明,红外辐射的计算值与实测值相比,误差不大于30%,且其空间分布基本一致。所开发的计算方法与程序可用于排气系统红外辐射特性的数值计算与分析,基本满足工程设计的需要。     

火箭发动机羽流红外特性计算方法研究

为研究火箭发动机羽流近场的红外辐射特性,建立了羽流红外辐射传输的计算模型,通过在能量方程中引入辐射源项,实现了流场计算与辐射传输的耦合求解。计算中考虑了7种主要燃气组分,分别使用有限体积法和离散坐标法求解羽流流场和辐射传输方程,得到了羽流红外辐射强度在1～15μm范围内随波长变化的曲线及辐射强度在近场内的分布云图,均与文献的计算结果和红外试验热图符合较好。在羽流近场内能够捕捉到流场内各点辐射强度随流场物性变化的情况,表明耦合求解能提高辐射计算精度。     

用可变扩散湍流模型研究轴对称排气系统红外辐射特性

为研究可变扩散湍流模型在排气系统红外辐射特性计算中的适用性,计算了轴对称亚声速喷管在3 ～5μm波段的空腔-喷流组合红外辐射特性.喷管流场及温度场采用有限体积法求解N-S方程,湍流模型采用标准k-ε模型和可变扩散模型.红外特性计算采用有限体积法求解吸收-发射性介质条件下的三维辐射传输方程,并考虑大气衰减作用.计算结果与试验对比表明,与标准k-ε模型相比,可变扩散湍流模型能够有效改善亚声速热喷流的核心区长度,从而获得与试验结果一致的红外辐射强度,说明可变扩散湍流模型适用于精确模拟轴对称排气系统的红外辐射特性.     

航空发动机排气系统红外辐射特征数值计算研究

基于N—S方程,建立了某型发动机排气系统的数值计算模型;利用辐射传输方程（RTE）积分法所编制的红外辐射特征计算程序,计算了该发动机在地面工作状态下的红外辐射特征分布;在加力状态下,考虑了soot粒子的光谱吸收与发射。分析了水蒸气、二氧化碳、一氧化氮和一氧化碳气体介质的红外光谱吸收与发射,并考虑了红外辐射在大气中的传输,最后给出了在3.0～5．0μm波段内排气系统的红外辐射强度分布。     

用温度修正的k-ε模型研究排气系统红外辐射特性

为研究温度修正的k-ε湍流模型对排气系统红外辐射特性计算精度的改善程度,计算了某轴对称收敛喷管在3~5μm波段的空腔-喷流组合红外辐射特性,并与试验结果对比.喷管流场及温度场采用有限体积法(FVM)求解Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程得到,湍流模型分别采用标准k-ε模型和温度修正的k-ε模型.红外辐射特性的计算采用有限体积法求解吸收-发射性介质条件下的三维辐射传输方程,并考虑大气衰减作用.计算结果表明:温度修正的k-ε模型可有效预测排气系统热喷流的核心区长度,从而获得与试验结果一致的红外辐射强度.与标准k-ε模型相比,采用温度修正的k-ε模型计算得到的红外辐射强度的最大相对误差由64%降至了4.3%,说明温度修正的k-ε模型适用于精确模拟排气系统的红外辐射特性.      

后燃对火箭发动机羽流红外特性的影响

为研究火箭发动机后燃羽流近场的红外辐射特性,建立了羽流红外传输的计算模型,通过在能量方程中引入辐射源项,实现了流场计算与辐射传输的耦合求解.计算中考虑了10种组分,使用有限速率化学反应模型对羽流后燃现象进行计算,分别使用有限体积法和离散坐标法求解羽流流场和辐射传输方程,得到了羽流红外辐射强度在1~15μm范围内随波长变化的曲线及辐射强度在近场内的分布云图,与试验数据符合较好.在羽流近场内能够捕捉到辐射特性随流场物性变化的情况,表明耦合求解能提高辐射计算精度.随着来流马赫数和飞行高度的增加,后燃引起的羽流红外辐射强度的增量均变小.     

两种涡扇发动机排气系统红外辐射特性的比较

针对弹用涡扇发动机，计算和比较了3μm-5μm波段轴对称分开排气喷管和轴对称混合排气喷管的红外辐射特性，并与模型实验的结果进行了比较。结果表明，两种类型的排气喷管在红外辐射的空间分布和光谱分布特性方面具有相似的特征，但是红外辐射强度的数值有较大差别；内、外涵混合排气，可以显著降低喷管空腔、尾喷流和整个排气系统的红外辐射。     

涡扇发动机二元喷管的红外光谱辐射特性实验

为了获得涡扇发动机二元喷管的红外光谱辐射特性,分别测量了喷口面积相等而宽高比分别为1,4,8,12和16的二元喷管在3~5μm波段的红外光谱辐射特性,并与轴对称喷管进行了对比。喷管中的气流由主流燃气和次流空气组成,用以模拟涡扇发动机的喷管。结果表明,采用宽高比大于或等于4的二元喷管在绝大部分探测方向能够有效降低喷管的红外光谱辐射强度,但是在宽高比大于8以后二元喷管的红外光谱辐射强度不再随宽高比的增加而明显降低。     

对流辐射板抑制涡扇发动机热喷流红外辐射的实验

用对流辐射换热板来降低混合排气涡扇发动机热喷流的红外辐射,并在涡扇发动机热喷流模拟实验台上进行了实验研究.测量了安装对流辐射换热板前后,轴对称喷管的热喷流的温度分布,轴对称喷管和二元喷管的热喷流在3～5 μm波段的红外辐射强度.结果表明:对流辐射换热板可以降低热喷流高温核心区的温度约10%,降低涡扇发动机热喷流的红外辐射强度约20%～30%.      

涡轮发动机高温隔热涂层内的传热研究

高温环境中的金属部件, 通常采用表面涂层技术以降低金属材料的温度和热力梯度。氧化锆、陶瓷等涂层材料对热辐射是半透明的, 因此, 高温下涡轮发动机的热分析需要考虑涂层内辐射换热的影响。本文考虑了各种界面辐射特性: 不透明界面和半透明界面, 镜反射和漫反射。采用光线踪迹 /节点分析法计算了吸收、各向同性散射性介质内的辐射传递系数。结合控制容积法数值模拟了涡轮叶片和燃烧室衬垫涂层内的辐射与导热瞬态耦合换热。      

高温下加热/冷却管内参与性介质的辐射与对流耦合换热研究

本文通过数值模拟方法研究了高温下加热/冷却管内层流充分发展流动的参与性介质热起始段的辐射与对流耦合换热。采用离散坐标法求解圆柱坐标系下的非线性积分微分辐射传递方程,采用有限差分法求解辐射与对流的耦合换热能量方程。通过计算,分析了不同壁温及入口温度下,介质导热系数、壁面发射率、介质散射反照率及散射相函数等因素对局部努谢尔数、壁面热流密度及有效加热/冷却长度的影响,并同时采用努谢尔数和壁面热流密度评价了耦合换热中辐射对对流换热的影响。      

Investigation of the infrared characteristics of the rocket nozzle

Investigation of the infrared characteristics of a rocket nozzle is very important for the study of infrared initiating technology. The Narrow-Band Zone model is developed for that purpose. The spectral transmission and absorption factors are introduced, and the equations between radiative heat flux and the temperature of waill surfaces and gas are developed. The radiative heat transfer in one axisymmetric cylindrical enclosure filled with homogeneous radiative participating medium is computed with the Narrow-Band Zone model and compared with those in the reference documents. The comparison shows good agreement. The radiative heat transfer to the nozzle of one rocket engine is also calculated with the Narrow-Band Zone model, and the outgoing radiative energy flux and energy rate integrated in a mid-wave infrared band 2-6 pm, a long-wave infrared band 8-14 pm and the full wave band are analyzed. The following conclusions can be derived: the spectral radiation from the inlet and outlet of the nozzle show apparent spectral discontinuity, which appears greater in the 2.7-2.95 pm than in the neighboring wave band. The spectral outgoing radiative energy flux of nozzle wail is similar to that of gray body, which decreases with wavelength in 2-14 pm. The outgoing radiative energy flux on the nozzle wall is greater in the cylindrical and contracting section of nozzle, but smaller in the divergent section, which is determined by temperature. The nozzle of the rocket engine radiates most energy in the mid-wave surfaces by absorption. The most important feature of gas radiation is the strong selection of the waveband, so the detailed study of the infrared characteristics of nozzle of the rocket engine should be carried out on narrow-band computation.     

金属蜂窝夹芯面板有效导热系数的数值计算

对具有漫灰体内壁的金属蜂窝夹芯面板,忽略蜂窝内腔的空气导热,综合考虑蜂窝结构的热传导和热辐射等热传递过程,利用有限元方法求解了周期性分布的蜂窝单胞稳态热传导控制方程,蜂窝内壁的边界条件是由净热量法得到的热辐射换热积分方程,由胞元的温度场分布数据及Fourier定律得到了蜂窝结构的有效导热系数。与现有文献相比,采用了较少近似的模型及较高精度的离散方法,计算结果表明计算模型及方法是可靠有效的。     

The Effect of Solar UV Irradiance Variations on the Earth's Atmosphere

The response of the lower and middle atmosphere to variations in solar irradiance typical of those observed to take place over the 11-year activity cycle has been investigated. The effects on radiative heating rates of changing total solar irradiance, solar spectral irradiance and two different assumptions concerning stratospheric ozone have been studied with a radiative transfer code. The response in the stratosphere depends on the changes specified in the ozone distribution which is not well known. A general circulation model (GCM) of the atmosphere up to 0.1 mbar (about 65 km) has been used to study the impacts of these changes on the thermodynamical structure. The results in the troposphere are very similar to those reported by Haigh99 using a quite different GCM. In the middle atmosphere the model is able to reproduce quite well the observed seasonal evolution of temperature and wind anomalies. Calculations of radiative forcing due to solar variation are presented. These show that the thermal infrared component of the forcing, due to warming of the stratosphere, is important but suggest a near balance between the longwave and shortwave effects of the increased ozone so that ozone change may not be important for net radiative forcing. However, the structure of the ozone change does affect the detailed temperature response and the spectral composition of the radiation entering the troposphere.     

Numerical study on similarity of plume infrared radiation between reduced-scale solid rocket motors

This study seeks to determine the similarities in plume radiation between reduced and full-scale solid rocket models in ground test conditions through investigation of flow and radiation for a series of scale ratios ranging from 0.1 to 1. The radiative transfer equation(RTE) considering gas and particle radiation in a non-uniform plume has been adopted and solved by the finite volume method(FVM) to compute the three dimensional, spectral and directional radiation of a plume in the infrared waveband 2–6 μm. Conditions at wavelengths 2.7 μm and 4.3 μm are discussed in detail, and ratios of plume radiation for reduced-scale through full-scale models are examined. This work shows that, with increasing scale ratio of a computed rocket motor, area of the hightemperature core increases as a 2 power function of the scale ratio, and the radiation intensity of the plume increases with 2–2.5 power of the scale ratio. The infrared radiation of plume gases shows a strong spectral dependency, while that of Al_2O_3 particles shows spectral continuity of gray media.Spectral radiation intensity of a computed solid rocket plume's high temperature core increases significantly in peak radiation spectra of plume gases CO and CO_2. Al_2O_3 particles are the major radiation component in a rocket plume. There is good similarity between contours of plume spectral radiance from different scale models of computed rockets, and there are two peak spectra of radiation intensity at wavebands 2.7–3.0 μm and 4.2–4.6 μm. Directed radiation intensity of the entire plume volume will rise with increasing elevation angle.     

求半透明材料导热系数的复合换热反问题

在激光脉冲法测不透明材料导热系数的基础上,本文提出了一种已知半透明材料辐射特性,求其导热系数的复合换热反问题方法。      

Infrared radiation signature of exhaust plume from solid propellants with different energy characteristics

The infrared radiation signature of the plume from solid propellants with different energy characteristics is not the same. Three kinds of double-base propellants of different energy characteristics are chosen to measure the infrared spectral radiance from 1000 cm 1 to 4500 cm 1 of their plumes. The radiative spectrum is obtained in the tests. The experimental results indicate that the infrared radiation of the plume is determined by the energy characteristics of the propellant. The radiative transfer calculation models of the exhaust plume for the solid propellants are established. By including the chemical reaction source term and the radiation source term into the energy equation, the plume field and the radiative transfer are solved in a coupled way. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data, so the reliability of the models is confirmed. The temperature distribution and the extent of the afterburning of the plume are distinct for the propellants of different energy characteristics, therefore the plume radiation varies for different propellants. The temperature of the fluid cell in the plume will increase or decrease to some extent by the influence of the radiation term.