带有空间机械臂的航天器系统惯性参数辨识

针对航天器惯性参数在轨辨识问题,文章以空间机械臂为研究对象,建立了带有空间机械臂的航天器系统动力学模型,并进行了空间机械臂的动力学分析。通过规划一种复杂的空间机械臂的运动轨迹,对机械臂各关节施加合适激励的方法,使空间机械臂做充分可变构型运动。该运动会改变航天器系统的惯性分布,从而引起航天器系统速度变化。然后,通过ADAMS(Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems,机械系统动力学自动分析)软件建模测量这些速度变化,计算出空间机械臂的惯性变化,进而基于动量和动量距守恒的方法建立线性回归方程。最后,通过应用递推最小二乘法解线性回归方程组,辨识出了航天器的惯性参数。仿真分析结果表明了所辨识的航天器惯性参数的有效性和准确性。     

漂浮基空间机器人捕获卫星过程冲击动力学建模及基于非线性滤波器的镇定运动控制

研究了空间机器人系统捕获目标卫星时发生碰撞的冲击效应及之后的稳定控制问题。首先利用拉格朗日第二类方程建立了空间机器人系统的动力学模型,目标物的动力学方程则通过牛顿欧拉法获得。其次利用运动几何关系及动量守恒原理,分析了碰撞冲击对系统的影响。对于两者接触后形成失稳的联合体系统,设计了输出反馈控制方案,以完成稳定控制。同时,考虑到空间机器人输入力矩有限的条件,运用带饱和函数的控制率将控制力矩限制在一定范围内。该方案利用非线性滤波器估测机械臂关节的速度,使其在控制过程中仅需测量系统位置信息。最后,通过李雅普诺夫判据证明了系统的稳定性。数值仿真实验模拟了碰撞冲击效应,并验证了上述控制方案的有效性。     

柔性臂空间机器人的一类运动学方程及轨迹规划

用柔性机械臂连杆末端的弹性变形以及变形角度来表示空间机器人柔性臂的弹性运动变量,克服了用无穷维振动模态变量来表示弹性变形给系统运动学建模带来的困难;基于广义雅可比矩阵的思想,建立了柔性臂空间机器人"双广义雅可比矩阵"形式的运动学模型,该运动学模型描述了柔性臂弹性变形对空间机器人的运动影响;以运动学方程为基础,设计了柔性臂空间机器人的惯性空间内连续轨迹规划算法。仿真表明,规划的机械臂关节运动规律可以补偿柔性连杆振动给机械臂末端位置带来的影响,使机械臂末端位置准确沿着期望的轨迹运动。     

空间非合作目标惯性参数的Adaline网络辨识方法

空间在轨操作中,航天器在对空间非合作目标的抓捕行动常常导致航天器本体的姿态和空间轨迹发生变化。为克服空间非合作目标对航天器本体动力学、运动学的影响,使控制系统做出精准及时的姿控策略调整,确保航天器正常在轨工作和轨迹姿态的高精度,需对抓捕的非合作目标的惯性参数进行辨识。针对传统辨识方法依赖广义逆求解导致的辨识过程运算量大,且数值容易产生剧烈振荡,造成辨识结果不稳定等不足,采用基于归一化最小均方（NLMS）准则的Adaline神经网络方法进行空间非合作目标惯性参数的辨识。首先,基于动量守恒理论建立抓捕后的航天器-机械臂-空间非合作目标系统模型;然后将辨识方程的系数矩阵作为网络的输入和输出,空间非合作目标的惯性参数作为神经网络的训练权重,基于迭代步长可变的NLMS准则实现对目标惯量参数的快速、准确辨识;最后,在构造的ADAMS/MATLAB联合仿真平台上进行了验证。仿真结果表明,基于NLMS准则的Adaline神经网络是一种快速、准确辨识目标惯量参数的有效方法。     

具有时延的漂浮基空间机器人基于泰勒级数预测、逼近的改进非线性反馈控制

 探讨了本体位置与姿态均不受控的漂浮基空间机器人在时间延迟(简称时延)情况下惯性空间轨迹跟踪的控制问题.利用拉格朗日方法并结合系统动量守恒关系,分析、建立了漂浮基空间机器人完全能控形式的系统动力学模型及运动Jacobi关系.以此为基础,针对系统存在时延的情况,利用泰勒级数预测、逼近的方法,建立了适用于时延情况下控制系统设计的数学模型.利用该模型,提出了一种空间机器人在时延情况下的改进非线性反馈控制方案.然后运用Lyapunov第二类方法,结合范数以及图形分析的方法证明了在时延情况下整个闭环控制系统的渐近稳定性.文中提到的控制方案能够有效地克服系统存在时延的影响,控制漂浮基空间机器人末端爪手跟踪惯性空间的期望轨迹.系统数值仿真结果证明了上述控制方案的有效性与精确性.     

惯性参数不确定的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制研究

针对自由漂浮空间机器人系统惯性参数不确定问题,提出一种笛卡儿空间内的自适应轨迹跟踪控制方法。采用扩展机械臂模型建立了自由漂浮空间机器人关节空间动力学方程,进而推导笛卡儿空间中的自由漂浮空间机器人动力学方程。在基于逆动力学法的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制器设计中,利用标称控制器离线固定控制参数与补偿控制器在线补偿方法,既可以保证惯量矩阵可逆,又可以使控制参数实时估计。采用Lyapunov方法的稳定性分析表明系统是稳定且渐进收敛的。最后,应用该控制方法对两杆平面自由漂浮空间机器人进行了仿真研究。仿真结果显示自由漂浮空间机器人末端执行器在笛卡儿空间具有良好的轨迹跟踪能力。     

空间大型机械臂系统载运轨迹优化方法

针对在搬运及组装数十吨级负载过程中,空间站用大型机械臂会对空间站载体姿态产生扰动的问题,提出了一种笛卡尔轨迹参数化方法。利用基于广义雅克比矩阵（GJM）的分解运动速度控制和优化算法来实现基座姿态扰动控制,建立了反映载体姿态变化的目标函数。基于关节运动范围及避免动力学奇异等约束,采用粒子群（PSO）算法进行目标函数的优化,有效降低了空间大型机械臂系统在搬运重型负载过程中对载体姿态的影响。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

飘浮基两杆柔性空间机械臂的振动分析与振动抑制

对载体位置无控、姿态受控的飘浮基两杆柔性空间机械臂操作过程中的振动进行了分析,并提出了对振动进行有效抑制的方法。首先利用拉格朗日方程并结合系统总质心定义,得到系统的动力学方程。然后对该系统操作过程中的振动进行了分析。接着利用奇异摄动法,将两杆柔性空间机械臂系统分解为一个关于载体姿态、杆件关节轨迹跟踪的慢变子系统和一个描述柔性臂变形的快变子系统。以此为基础,提出了一个由慢变控制项和一个快变控制项组成的复合控制器,使得机械臂在操作过程中跟踪上载体姿态和关节期望轨迹的同时柔性臂的振动得到了有效的抑制。该控制方案的显著优点为不需要测量反馈载体的位置、移动速度、移动加速度。     

漂浮基柔性臂空间机器人输出力矩受限的自适应PID输出反馈

针对输出力矩受限的漂浮基柔性臂空间机器人的控制问题,结合系统动量守恒关系和拉格朗日方法建立了系统动力学模型;利用奇异摄动法,慢变子系统设计了输出力矩受限情况下仅有位置传感、建模不确定性及干扰的空间机械臂系统协调运动的自适应PID输出反馈控制算法,快变子系统设计了线性二次最优控制方法主动抑制。该算法采用高精度滤波器估计机器人关节速度,使得整个系统的闭环控制仅需位置输出反馈;在控制率中引入饱和函数,保证输出力矩在给定限制范围内,同时采用自适应PID控制器补偿建模不确定性和干扰。基于Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了该算法可确保控制系统是渐近稳定的,针对平面两关节漂浮基柔性臂空间机器人的仿真结果表明了所提出的控制方案良好的跟踪性和快速收敛性。     

欠驱动机器人的动力学耦合奇异研究

欠驱动机械臂的运动只能从动力学水平进行控制,从动关节的运动是通过主动关节的动力学耦合间接控制的。主、被动关节之间的动力学耦合特征与机械臂关节空间的位形有关,因此在欠驱动机械臂运动过程中可能发生动力学耦合奇异,某些被动关节的运动变得不可控。从关节空间和操作空间两个角度分析了欠驱动机械臂的动力学耦合问题,给出从以上两种工作空间度量系统动力学耦合的指标。提出一种基于输入变量非线性变换的滑模变结构控制方法,用于实现欠驱动机械臂操作空间中的连续轨迹控制。通过平面二连杆欠驱动机械臂和只有一个主动关节的平面三连杆欠驱动机械臂进行了仿真,仿真结果证明提出的控制方法是可行的。     

Parameterization and adaptive control of space robot systems

In space application, robot system are subject to unknown or unmodeled dynamics, for example, in the tasks of transporting an unknown payload or catching an unmodeled moving object. We discuss the parameterization problem in dynamic structure and adaptive control of a space robot system with an attitude-controlled base to which the robot is attached. We first derive the system kinematic and dynamic equations based on Lagrangian dynamics and the linear momentum conservation law. Based on the dynamic model developed, we discuss the problem of linear parameterization in term of dynamic parameters, and find that in joint space, the dynamics can be linearized by a set of combined dynamic parameters; however, in inertial space linear parameterization is impossible in general. Then we propose an adaptive control scheme in joint space, and present a simulation study to demonstrate its effectiveness and computational procedure. Because most takes are specified in inertial space instead of joint space, we discuss the issues associated to adaptive control in inertial space and identify two potential problem: unavailability of joint trajectory because the mapping from inertial space trajectory is dynamic-dependent and subject to uncertainty; and nonlinear parameterization in inertial space. We approach the problem by making use of the proposed joint space adaptive controller and updating the joint trajectory by the estimated dynamic parameters and given trajectory in inertial space     

A modified forward and backward reaching inverse kinematics based incremental control for space manipulators

Forward and backward reaching inverse kinematics (FABRIK) is an efficient two-stage iterative solver for inverse kinematics of spherical-joint manipulator without the calculation of Jacobian matrix. Based on FABRIK, this paper presents an incremental control scheme for a free-floating space manipulator consists of revolute joints and rigid links with the consideration of joint constraints and dynamic coupling effect. Due to the characteristics of FABRIK, it can induce large angular movements on specific joints. Apart from that, FABRIK maps three dimensional (3D) problem into two dimensional (2D) problem by a simple geometric projection. This operation can cause infinite loops in some cases. In order to overcome these issues and apply FABRIK on space manipulators, an increments allocation method is developed to constrain the angular movements as well as to re-orient the end-effector. The manipulator is re-positioned based on the momentum conservation law. Instead of pure target position tracking, the orientation control of the end-effector is also considered. Numerical simulation is performed to testify and demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed incremental control approach.     

基于后退设计的空间机器人系统的自适应控制

 结合后退设计方法和自适应控制理论，对载体姿态可控的空间机器人系统提出了一种自适应跟踪控制算法。当系统的惯性参数未知时，该算法可以保证空间机器人的手端跟踪误差渐近趋于零。和已有的算法相比，所提出的算法可以消除Lyapunov函数导数表达式中的交叉项，明显改善系统的跟踪性能。对平面两关节空间机器人的仿真结果证实了算法的有效性。     

Adaptive fuzzy terminal sliding mode control for the free-floating space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure

Space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure simultaneously contains kinematic and dynamic coupling relationships, so it belongs to a new underactuated system. To allow the manipulator to carry on tasks, an effective robust underactuated control method for the space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure is studied in this paper. Considering the effect of model uncertainty and joint torque disturbance, a robust underactuated control system based on the Terminal Sliding Mode Controller (TSMC) is designed, but two drawbacks are discussed: (A) Robustness depraves with eliminating chattering. (B) Control parameters are difficult to be determined under unknown uncertainty and disturbance. To improve the TSMC, the adaptive fuzzy controller is introduced to estimate the real effect of unknown uncertainty and disturbance according to deviations of sliding mode and its reaching law. The estimated result is directly compensated into active joints torque. In simulation, the space manipulator with free-swinging joint executes tasks based on the TSMC and the Adaptive Fuzzy Terminal Sliding Mode Controller (AFTSMC) respectively. Same tasks can be finished with smaller joints torque and stronger robustness based on the AFTSMC. Therefore, AFTSMC can serve as an effective robust control method for the space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure under unknown model uncertainty and torque disturbance.     

Decentralized adaptive sliding mode control of a space robot actuated by control moment gyroscopes

An adaptive sliding mode control(ASMC) law is proposed in decentralized scheme for trajectory tracking control of a new concept space robot.Each joint of the system is a free ball joint capable of rotating with three degrees of freedom(DOF).A cluster of control moment gyroscopes(CMGs) is mounted on each link and the base to actuate the system.The modified Rodrigues parameters(MRPs) are employed to describe the angular displacements,and the equations of motion are derived using Kane's equations.The controller for each link or the base is designed separately in decentralized scheme.The unknown disturbances,inertia parameter uncertainties and nonlinear uncertainties are classified as a ‘‘lumped" matched uncertainty with unknown upper bound,and a continuous sliding mode control(SMC) law is proposed,in which the control gain is tuned by the improved adaptation laws for the upper bound on norm of the uncertainty.A general amplification function is designed and incorporated in the adaptation laws to reduce the control error without conspicuously increasing the magnitude of the control input.Uniformly ultimate boundedness of the closed loop system is proved by Lyapunov's method.Simulation results based on a three-link system verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

Attitude tracking control for variable structure near space vehicles based on switched nonlinear systems

An adaptive robust attitude tracking control law based on switched nonlinear systems is presented for a variable structure near space vehicle (VSNSV) in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances. The adaptive fuzzy systems are employed for approximating unknown functions in the flight dynamic model and their parameters are updated online. To improve the flight robust performance, robust controllers with adaptive gains are designed to compensate for the approximation errors and thus they have less design conservation. Moreover, a systematic procedure is developed for the synthesis of adaptive fuzzy dynamic surface control (DSC) approach. According to the common Lyapunov function theory, it is proved that all signals of the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded by the continuous controller. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme.     

在轨加注任务中变质量特性下的空间操作臂状态扩展自适应镇定控制

模块更换方式在轨加注任务面向不同类型的多个待加注目标与推进剂模块,过程中涉及航天器对接与分离、推进剂模块拆卸与组装等多种操作,研发时需要考虑系统中质量特性变化复杂,以及地面验证中存在的全周期、遍历性的任务级微重力模拟试验难以实现的问题。首先,针对地面调试良好时在轨加注空间操作臂系统可能被掩盖的非线性动力学特性,分析了一定参数范围下,任务执行过程中负载和基座质量特性变化对空间操作臂动力学特性和控制性能的影响。随后为实现对控制对象及环境改变的自适应性,基于惯性矩阵分解与重力载荷矩阵线性化,设计g的自适应律,并扩展系统状态变量,建立系统的Hamilton模型,进而基于能量函数整形与阻尼注入的无源性控制思想,设计预置镇定控制律,提出一种可对不同工况下的系统非线性实现自适应镇定的控制方案。最后,通过仿真研究验证了所提控制方案的有效性。