机电驱动机构的线性特性

为研究雷达导引头机电伺服系统中的机电驱动机构特性,引入扭转刚度,建立了永磁式直流伺服电机驱动机构的传递函数模型,给出了电机与负载刚性和弹性连接两种条件下的传递函数.用频域拟合获得实际系统的传递函数.结果表明:测试结果与理论分析一致.该法对机电伺服系统设计和分析有一定的参考意义.     

步进电机多级可变微步距驱动技术

步进电机存在着步距不可能太小,响应频率不太高等特点,从而导致脉冲当量与进给速度之间的矛盾。倘若既要提高数控精度(小的脉冲当量)又不降低进给速度,应用传统的步进电机驱动技术是无法实现的。单片机控制步进电机多级可变微步距驱动系统中的功率管工作于放大状态而不是开关状态,通过数模转换把单片机的数字输出量转换成相应的相电流来实现0～512以上的连续细分,从而实现步距角的细分,如此可缩短传动链,使步进电机直接带动进给丝杠实现微步距或大步距快速空程驱动。不仅如此,此项技术还可使多台步进电机按不同速率和步距同步运行,实现多维增量运动的平滑运行。这样,不仅弥补了上述步进电机的弱点,而且在性能和价格两项指标上均远远优于伺服电机数控系统。     

基于ZYNQ平台的嵌入式高性能驱动控制研究

针对传统的光电平台驱动控制方案闭环周期长和体积大的问题,提出了一种基于ZYNQ平台的驱动控制方法。通过采用模块化设计思想,充分发挥ZYNQ中PL部分的并行处理优势,建立对应CLARK变化、PARK变换、交直轴电流PI校正、反PARK变换和SVPWM模块的IP核,最终输出PWM信号控制驱动桥六个桥臂的开关状态。系统的PWM周期可达18 kHz,电流环的闭环周期可控制在50μs以内,极大地缩减了系统的闭环时间。实验结果表明,电交轴电流可以快速跟随方波和正弦波指令信号,且对应电机的三相电流平滑无畸变,纹波较小。不同频率的正弦输入信号证明了系统的闭环带宽可高于318 Hz,验证了方法的有效性,对于实现小型化高精度的伺服驱动控制具有重要参考价值。     

卫星飞轮用稀土永磁电机的方波-正弦波复合驱动

介绍了卫星飞轮用稀土永磁电机的正弦波和方波两种驱动的工作原理及其控制特点。在此基础上，建立了方渡／正弦波复合驱动模型，并以滑模变结构控制(VSS)技术实现高速段的方渡驱动、低速段的正弦波驱动切换。仿真和实物试验结果表明，复合驱动稀土永磁电机的变结构控制切换平稳，设计可行。     

垂直电磁发射系统及其控制技术研究

大推力电磁弹射技术是利用大功率直线电机的电磁推力驱动载荷在短时间、短行程内迅速达到超高速度的新型发射技术。针对大质量载荷高速度垂直发射系统需求,通过方案对比,采用多重化双边型永磁同步直线电机作为动力方案,并针对功能需求,设计了能够满足多规格载荷连续发射的自适应电磁发射系统样机、直线电机样机电磁方案及其配套变流器,并通过实验室内小型水平式双边型永磁同步直线电机实验平台验证了直线电机的力能指标与电磁发射控制功能。     

SGCMG框架伺服系统扰动力矩的分析与抑制

在借鉴国内外相关研究的基础上， 对单框架控制力矩陀螺（ Ｓ Ｇ Ｃ Ｍ Ｇ） 的框架及其伺服驱动机构的摩擦特性和框架伺服电机的力矩脉动规律进行了详细分析， 并在采用磁通补偿和提高电流控制性能的基础上， 设计了扰动力矩观测器来进一步抑制 Ｓ Ｇ Ｃ Ｍ Ｇ 框架伺服系统的扰动力矩， 大大改善了框架伺服系统的控制性能。仿真结果表明， 提出的扰动力矩抑制方法是可行的。     

基于恒流斩波的运载火箭推力调节电机细分驱动技术

介绍了一种基于恒流斩波的运载火箭推力调节电机细分驱动技术。运载火箭发动机推力调节功能由控制系统控制推力调节电机实现。运载火箭推力调节电机细分驱动技术采用了全硬件实现的恒流斩波控制方式,实现对电机绕组电流大小的精确控制,保证了推力调节电机的输出转矩在不同频率下的稳定。     

周期性变速扫描机构驱动控制方法研究

针对存在周期性变速运动的微波遥感器机械扫描驱动系统，根据其扫描运动的速度、位置控制要求，采用步进电机做为执行元件研制开发了一套驱动控制系统。该系统不仅能完成运动轨迹的控制，而且速度精度和扫描周期的误差等指标满足给定的要求。描述了该系统的组成，转速、转矩等参数的特性匹配设计过程以及控制实现方法，并对系统的速度精度、扫描周期误差等主要性能测试进行了简单介绍。     

准精密离心机控制系统

准精密离心机,模拟控制部分通过对电流闭环的调试,发现了原系统反馈极性错误的问题,同时解决了SCR功率放大三相平衡及同步问题,完善了继电系统工作部分。同时用单片机构成一个数字控制系统,实现了一个大惯量电机驱动。充电码盘反馈及PID调节的变换给定控制系统,并在实际使用中,完全实现了这种控制系统。     

一种CDC直流电机调速系统

该文介绍了一种以MCS－51系列单片机为核心的直流电机调速系统的组成、原理。该系统采和光电编码器作为速度检测传感器，控制方式采用PID数字控制，控制输出采用PWM数字信号至驱动电路对电机调速。本文给出了系统的硬件及软件设计。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国高超声速技术飞行器

介绍了美国正在开展的猎鹰计划及该计划的目标、组成和各组成部分的任务目标。重点介绍了该计划下研制的高超声速技术飞行器(HTV)。此外,还对HTV所涉及的关键技术进行了总结。