Absolute Radiometer for the Flow Field of a Hypervelocity Projectile

As part of a hypervelocity instrumentation development program, it was desirable to include a radiometer system for measuring absolute radiation from projectile flow fields. A system employing a photomultiplier tube was designed, and laboratory and range experiments were conducted to investigate its performance characteristics. The laboratory experiments show that the linearity, saturation, and noise characteristics are suitable for this measurement; the system bandwidth is adequate to allow low frequency calibrations to be applied to high frequency measurements; and a derived expression for radiometer sensitivity variation as a function of photomultiplier supply voltage is reasonably correct. The results of the range experiments imply that the system response is sufficient to reproduce accurately input pulses as narrow as one microsecond and that a particular analytical technique for calculating the form of the radiative input to the radiometer from the projectile stagnation region is valid. Principles involved in the design of photomultiplier radiometer circuits of this type are discussed in detail.     

Cyclic code shift keying: a low probability of intercept communication technique

A low probability of intercept (LPI), or low probability of detection (LPD) communication technique known as cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) is described. We discuss the basic concepts of CCSK and describe a system based on the use of random or pseudorandom codes for biphase modulation. We use simulation to show that the bit error rate (BER) for CCSK can be closely estimated by using existing equations that apply to M-ary orthogonal signaling (MOS). Also, we show that significantly fewer computations are required for CCSK than for MOS when the number of bits per symbol is the same. We show that using biphase modulation results in waveforms that have a large time-bandwidth product and very low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus inherently have an LPI by a radiometer. We evaluate detection by a radiometer and show that LPI can be achieved by using codes of lengths greater than about 2/sup 12/ (i.e., by transmitting more than about 12 bits per symbol). Results illustrate the effect that the CCSK symbol length and error probability, and the radiometer integration time and probability of false alarm (PFA), have on detection by a radiometer. We describe a variation of CCSK called truncated CCSK (TCCSK). In this system, the code of length 2/sup k/ is cyclically shifted, then truncated and transmitted. Although shortened, the truncated code still represents k bits of information, thus leading to an increased data rate. We evaluate radiometer detection of TCCSK and it is shown that the probability of detection is increased compared with the detection of CCSK.     

IFSTA输出响应反馈法的极点配置

介绍空中飞行模拟试验机变稳纵向控制系统输出响应反馈法的极点配置，该方法可处理单输入一多输出系统中反馈量的个数小于方程阶数的极点配置问题，理论与实践表明：该方法在应用到单变量控制的变稳纵向控制系统中的极点配置时，具有足够高的精度。     

Scanning Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar with Integrated Radiometer

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar systems are severely constrained to a narrow swath by ambiguity limitations. Here a vertically scanned-beam synthetic aperture system (SCANSAR) is proposed as a solution to this problem. The potential length of synthetic aperture must be shared between beam positions, so the along-track resolution is poorer; a direct tradeoff exists between resolution and swath width. The length of the real aperture is independently traded against the number of scanning positions. Design curves and equations are presented for spaceborne SCANSARs for altitudes between 400 and 1400 km and inner angles of incidence between 20° and 40°. When the real antenna is approximately square, it may also be used for a microwave radiometer. The combined radiometer and synthetic-aperture (RADISAR) should be useful for those applications where the poorer resolution of the radiometer is useful for some purposes, but the finer resolution of the radar is needed for others.     

Radar: The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper

The Cassini RADAR instrument is a multimode 13.8 GHz multiple-beam sensor that can operate as a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imager, altimeter, scatterometer, and radiometer. The principal objective of the RADAR is to map the surface of Titan. This will be done in the imaging, scatterometer, and radiometer modes. The RADAR altimeter data will provide information on relative elevations in selected areas. Surfaces of the Saturn’s icy satellites will be explored utilizing the RADAR radiometer and scatterometer modes. Saturn’s atmosphere and rings will be probed in the radiometer mode only. The instrument is a joint development by JPL/NASA and ASI. The RADAR design features significant autonomy and data compression capabilities. It is expected that the instrument will detect surfaces with backscatter coefficient as low as −40 dB.RADAR Team LeaderThis revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Limitations of radiometer performance in spherically invariantnoise

The radiometer is a common method for detection of unknown signals in noise. Most analyses of radiometer performance are based on assumptions of stationary Gaussian noise with known marginal statistics. In this note, we use a spherically invariant noise model to derive simple expressions for radiometer performance degradation in noise variance uncertainty. Numerical examples are provided to show that channel uncertainty imposes a substantial penalty in detection performance     

鲁棒控制用于涡喷发动机控制器设计

基于LMI(LinearMatrixInequality,线性矩阵不等式)的方法,将PID控制律与鲁棒技术交叉结合,考虑了控制受限条件,提出了一种基于LMI的输出反馈PI控制器分段设计的切换方法。这一技术应用于某型涡喷发动机全功能的数字式电子控制器的稳态控制中,并介绍了该型涡喷发动机控制系统的组成,包括硬件、软件、步进电机执行机构及燃油计量装置。设计的电子控制器在发动机半实物仿真平台上进行了鲁棒性能的验证,实现了电子控制器的等转速调节功能和逻辑监控保护功能,满足涡喷发动机多功能FADEC控制要求。      

Analysis of the Switched Self-Balancing Comparsion Radiometer

Analysis of the switched self-balancing comparison radiometer with coupling between the channels is given. The comparison source is a stationary, zero-mean white noise generator of known spectral density. An expression for the power spectrum at the output of the radiometer is derived. It is shown that measurement errors due to interchannel coupling can be corrected by phase switching. Radiometer sensitivity is also calculated. The switched version of the radiometer has been simulated at low frequencies and is under construction at X-band.     

Detectability of Spread-Spectrum Signals

Methods of detecting spread-sprectrum signals without knowledge of the pseudorandom code used to generate the signal are described. Exact and approximate methods of calculating relationships among detection probability, false alarm rate, and signal-to-noise ratio are given for radiometers and for channelized pulse-detection systems. The detection performance of the radiometer is compared graphically with that of pulse-detection systems, for two different kinds of pulse detection decision rules. Detection performance as a function of certain signal parameters is shown to be very different for a pulse-detection system than for a radiometer, and this difference in behavior provides a basis for selecting signal parameters that minimize the probability of detection. The reasoning that underlies the selection process is explained, and the process is outlined for each of several signal parameters.     

Frequency-hopping signal detection using partial band coverage

The performance of a channelized radiometer in detecting a frequency-hopping signal is analyzed for a variable number of parallel radiometers not necessarily covering the entire hopping band. The full band may not be covered because of an attempt to avoid interfering signals, limited radiometer resources, lack of knowledge of the band frequency location, or combinations of these factors. The analysis provides for calculation of the value of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to achieve a given probability of detection for a specified false-alarm rate, assuming an observation interval equivalent to N hops using either a fixed or a moving observation window. The dependence of the probability of detection on a misalignment of the detector observation intervals with the hop transitions is also analyzed. Numerical results are presented and discussed. Applied to a typical slow-hopping VHF radio, the results imply that a 150-hop transmission can be detected by a channelized radiometer covering half the hopping band when the SNR is about 2 dB     

Radio Interferometry of Random Terrestrial Backgrounds

When relative motion exists between the antenna of a microwave radiometer and a random background, the variance of the radiometer output can, in many cases, be primarily determined by the spatial variance of the background. The result is a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio for small target detection. In this paper an interferometer is examined as a potential means of suppressing this background variance until the limiting variance imposed by the receiver is more nearly realized. A bivariate normal distribution in conjunction with three different correlation functions is assumed for the background apparent temperature field. The elements of the interferometer are assumed to possess a very narrow "pencil" power pattern. With relative motion between antenna and background, the audio power density spectrum at the output of the interferometer is exanmned. The background variance suppression achieved by an interferometer is shown to be a function of element spacing, wavelength, correlation distance for the background, range to the background, and form of the correlation function of the background. The result is that a radiometer may be designed which is receiver-limited rather than background-limited.     

红外辐射测量系统内部杂散辐射建模与仿真

杂散辐射是影响光学系统性能的重要因素,对于红外光学系统,除了外部杂散辐射,还须考虑系统自身结构产生的内部杂散辐射。为提高红外辐射计内部杂散辐射分析的精度,建立了 1种基于复合蒙特卡洛法的内部杂散辐射数学模型。首先,将红外辐射计的内部杂散辐射源根据位置分为 2部分:遮光罩入瞳处的热辐射和辐射计内部光学元件、机械部分所发出的热辐射。对于遮光罩入瞳处和辐射计内部光机元件发出的杂散辐射,分别采用正向蒙特卡洛法和反向蒙特卡洛法进行追踪,得到探测器接收面入瞳处的杂散辐射辐照度分布,进而分析不同位置的发射源对接收面入瞳处的杂散辐射贡献。最后,与直接模拟仿真结果进行对比。实验结果表明,在追迹光线数相等的情况下,该方法的精度更高。仿真结果体现了红外辐射计各部分杂散辐射对探测器入瞳面接收到的杂散辐射造成的影响,对后期开展内部杂散辐射抑制提供了方向。     

基于微波辐射测量的电波折射修正技术

针对电波折射修正精度直接影响无线电系统的探测和定位精度这一问题,提出了利用微波辐射计反演大气折射率剖面进行电波折射修正的解决方法,并引入RBF（Radial Basis Function,径向基）神经网络算法反演大气折射率.在青岛市气象局架设MP-3000A型多通道微波辐射计,开展了长达1个月的与探空数据的联合观测比对实验,对输出的大气折射率剖面进行了详细的分析.实验结果表明：RBF神经网络算法与MP-3000A自带的神经网络算法相比,反演大气折射率剖面的精度提高了30％以上,同时,电波折射修正的精度也得以提高.因此,利用微波辐射计反演大气折射率剖面进行电波折射修正方法可行.     

Execute Command in Space Communications

Two types of feedback systems for a command channel are described. a) Complex Feedback?where, for each command, an identification is relayed back over the feedback channel. b) Decision Feedback?where the feedback channel is used only to state whether the satellite recognized the transmission as a command word. For a), the decision as to whether a command was properly received at the satellite is made on the ground, while for b), the decision is made at the satellite, the only purpose of the feedback channel being to cause the ground station to retransmit the command word if the satellite did not recognize the initial transmission. The decision feedback system then amounts to a one-way channel, since the satellite makes a decision after the initial transmission as to whether or not a command word was sent. If the transmitted command word is interpreted as a command, whether correct or not, the ground station has no further control. The following theorem is proved rigorously: ``It is always possible to specify a decision feedback system which gives the same error performance as a given complex feedback system.'     

直升机结构响应的多输入多输出混合控制

对一种综合了自适应前馈与反馈控制的混合控制策略进行了拓展和研究，并将它应用于双频谐振激励下直升机舱座位处多目标点振动的控制仿真。在混合控制策略的实现中，提出了多输入多输出系统的以提高模态阻尼为目标的反馈控制器(AOEF)的型式和设计方法，以及针对闭环控制通道的FXLMS算法。在直升机有限元模型上用2个作动器控制4排座椅处的振动，仿真表明混合控制策略为直升机多通道的振动控制带来了性能上的显提高。     

改善乘坐品质纵向增稳器返馈系数的选择

 根据驾驶员位置处法向加速度反应近似为零的条件,选择了算例飞机的纵向增稳器返馈系数。按文献[2、3],估算了乘坐品质的改善情况,且分析了飞机和增稳器组合的动态特性。结果表明:当飞机和增稳器组合的操纵期望参数（CAP）值接近9.81/ι_x时,可满足乘坐品质要求。同时,增稳器的工作范围在平尾总偏角的10％以内。如果平尾的面积相对机翼面积较大,例如,则在分析飞机和增稳器组合的动态特性时,必须考虑升降舵偏转引起的升力项。     

存在数据丢包的航空发动机分布式控制器设计

考虑航空发动机分布式控制系统中丢包问题,开展系统建模和稳定性分析,提出了带输入积分的状态反馈控制器,根据Lyapunov稳定性定理和LMI获得了一定丢包上界下的控制器求解定理。基于该控制器提出某涡扇发动机分布式控制系统丢包增益重构补偿策略,并开展仿真研究。结果表明：基于增益重构的丢包补偿措施,保证了存在数据丢包的发动机分布式控制系统的性能和稳定性。     

Experimental Evaluation of Passive Microwave Velocity/Altitude Sensing

Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using a passive microwave sensor of velocity/altitude ratio (V/H) as the basis for an aircraft navigation system. This sensor, combined with a radar altimeter, yields the velocity information needed for navigation. Airborne measurements were made with a two-beam X-band radiometer in a C-47 test aircraft. Radiometer signals and auxiliary information were recorded on magnetic tape. Ground-based data processing provided a comparison of radiometer-derived V/H measurements with those derived from independent sensors. Good results (fluctuating errors comparable to experimental uncertainties) were obtained over green farmland, urban areas, rice paddies, and certain desert areas; marginal results were obtained over other deserts and winter farmland. It was concluded that a microwave V/H sensor is feasible as the basis for a navigation system at low altitude over favorable terrains.     

基于内模原理的涡轴发动机状态反馈控制方法

某型涡轴发动机全权限数控系统采用了状态反馈控制方式.根据内模原理, 引入伺服补偿器, 使设计的控制系统不仅具有较强的鲁棒性, 而且在用于指令跟踪时能消除稳态误差;根据性能指标要求设计了状态反馈控制器, 从而提高控制系统的品质.与目前的PID控制方式相比较, 半物理模拟试验结果表明该控制方式有显著的性能改进.