Technological learning through international collaboration: Lessons from the field

Countries on every continent are making new or renewed commitments to domestic satellite programs. These programs have the potential to address national needs by enhancing access to information, improving infrastructure and providing inspiration to the public. How do countries without local expertise in space technology begin a new satellite program? What is the role of international collaboration in supporting the efforts of a new space fairing country? This paper explores such questions by highlighting outputs from intensive field work in Africa and Asia. Specifically, the study explores case studies of early space activity in these countries to search for lessons about the management of a young space program. The observations from field work are compared to ideas from scholarly literature on technological learning. The findings are organized using principles from systems architecture. The paper presents a model that captures many of the influences and strategic decision areas for a collaborative satellite development project. The paper also highlights the growth of capability among African countries in the area of satellite technology.     

国外光学成像卫星发展现状简析

光学成像侦察卫星是现代战争中信息获取的重要手段,世界上许多国家都在发展光学成像侦察卫星系统,在国际航天侦察领域也呈现了三个集团的发展态势。介绍了世界主要航天大国的光学成像侦察卫星的在轨运行、技术指标等发展现状,以及主要在研项目进展及其预期达到的能力,最后分析了其未来技术发展和军事应用趋势。     

太赫兹技术及空间应用国内外发展现状研究

太赫兹（Terahertz,THz）波是频率介于红外和微波的电磁波,太赫兹辐射源的独特性质及其与物质相互作用所表现出的丰富物理和化学特性,使太赫兹技术在通信、遥感等空间领域展现出了巨大的应用前景。文章主要对太赫兹技术及空间应用的国内外发展现状进行研究,并归纳出其发展趋势,为我国太赫兹技术空间应用的发展提供情报支持。     

隐身卫星的现状及其在空间攻防中的应用

空间攻防是空间技术的一个主要研究内容。隐身卫星正以独特的优势在空间对抗领域中发挥重要作用。首先论述了卫星隐身的主要手段,其次分析了国内外隐身卫星的发展现状,最后详细介绍了隐身卫星在未来空间攻防中的应用前景。     

电源卫星在卫星体系中应用的初步研究

介绍了电源卫星的概念及其国内外研究现状。设想了电源卫星在卫星体系中作为卫星编队电源、地球卫星公共电源设施,以及深空探测和行星际旅行的"铺路"卫星等应用。讨论了空间发电、无线电传输(WPT)等技术,电源卫星工作效率和初步设计与可行性分析。     

The development of a Russian communication satellite of small class, operating in the geostationary and high-elliptical orbits

In 1994-1995 Lavochkin Association (Russia) together with the other enterprises in accordance with technical requirements of the Russian Space agency, developed a new Russian communication satellite of a small class that will operate in both the geostationary (GSO) and high-elliptical (HEO) orbits. This satellite may be injected into operational orbits using a SOYUZ-2 launch vehicle (LV) and a FREGAT upper stage (US) from Plesetsk and Baykonur space launch sites (SLS).The main reason for creating such a satellite was to decrease the cost of the support and development of the Russian communication geostationary satellites group.Russian satellites Horizont, Express, Ekran and Gals, which operate in GSO, are the basis of the space segment for communications, radio and TV broadcasting. All of these satellites are injected into GSO by the PROTON LV. PROTON is a launch vehicle of a heavy class. The use of a middle class LV instead of a heavy class will allow to reduce considerably the launch cost. The change of a heavy class LV to a LV of middle class determined one economic reason for this project. Besides, the opportunity to launch S/C into GSO from Russian Plesetsk SLS increases the independence of Russia in the domain of space communications, despite the presence of the contract with Kazachstan about the rent of Baykonur SLS. Finally, use of small satellites with a rather small number of transponders is more effective than the use of big satellites. It will allow also to increase a satellite group (by the launch of additional satellites) precisely in accordance to the development of the ground segment.     

An extensible on-board data handling software platform for pico satellites

Miniaturization techniques enable the realization of very small satellites with interesting capabilities in space science. The University of Würzburg contributed in the scope of the cubesat program with its own pico satellite UWE-1, which is in orbit since October 2005. Despite reliable and stable operation of the on-board data handling (OBDH) system during the UWE-1 mission, the successor UWE-2 will be equipped with a more sophisticated, modular and extensible OBDH system, which was designed to facilitate the further development of the UWE satellite platform. The OBDH system was designed for high reliability and stability, but with an easier extension capability. The modular structure of the new system thus supports potential transfer to other satellite platforms.     

国外空间推进技术现状和发展趋势

空间推进技术通常可分为常规化学推进、电推进、微推进和新型推进4大类。常规化学推进是目前航天器的主要推进方式,性能继续提升。电推进已成功证明其优势和可靠性,在各种卫星和深空探测器上大量应用,且朝更宽泛功率的方向发展。蓬勃发展的微小卫星对微小推力、小质量、低功耗的微推进提出了迫切需求。无毒化学推进、太阳帆推进、核推进等新型推进技术正在加紧研制或进行空间飞行试验。首先综述国外卫星和深空探测器等航天器的各类空间推进技术应用和研究现状,然后分析其发展趋势,最后提出对我国空间推进技术的发展建议。     

An extensible on-board data handling software platform for pico satellites

Miniaturization techniques enable the realization of very small satellites with interesting capabilities in space science. The University of Würzburg contributed in the scope of the cubesat program with its own pico satellite UWE-1, which is in orbit since October 2005. Despite reliable and stable operation of the on-board data handling (OBDH) system during the UWE-1 mission, the successor UWE-2 will be equipped with a more sophisticated, modular and extensible OBDH system, which was designed to facilitate the further development of the UWE satellite platform. The OBDH system was designed for high reliability and stability, but with an easier extension capability. The modular structure of the new system thus supports potential transfer to other satellite platforms.     

天基红外系统及空间光电对抗装备进展

随着信息技术的进展,战争已从陆、海、空扩展到外层空间,信息和反导已成为世界军事领域的两大课题。介绍了美国天基红外系统(SBIRS)的作用、组成、最新进展及技术特点,分析了空间光电对抗技术的原理及空间光电对抗装备发展现状。对预警卫星系统和空间光电对抗设备建设具有借鉴作用。     

空间站和GNSS共视的差别及精度对比分析

为了对比空间站和导航卫星共视的性能差异,深入分析影响共视性能的主要误差源特征,推进共视技术进一步发展,以对共视时间比对基本原理的分析为基础,从系统设计和关键误差源影响两个方面对比分析空间站和导航卫星共视的差异。理论研究结果表明,不同于导航卫星共视,轨道误差是影响空间站共视精度进一步提升的主要因素;此外,空间站共视还需考虑地球引力时延等精细误差的影响。最后,设计并实施了仿真实验和实测实验,通过实验数据进一步对比两者的性能差异。实验结果表明空间站和导航卫星共视各有利弊,虽然空间站共视的服务区域和连续性逊于导航卫星共视,但可以实现的共视精度至少比导航卫星高一个数量级。     

商业航天背景下卫星星座运营思考（英文）

With the advances of small satellite technology in commercial space sector, using small satellite networks to form a satellite constellation and conduct commercial operational services has entered into a vigorous phase of development. As small satellite technology develops, problems in the operations of small satellite constellations are also gradually emerging. These include ground measurement and operational control systems for small satellite constellations, the commercial operational mode, support and the guarantee of laws and regulations related to small satellites. This report discusses the development of commercial space small satellite operation industrialization, explores the small satellite operational modes and technological innovation, proposes the commercial space industry chain to build the industry ecology. At the same time, it looks forward to the integration of space and terrestrial communication. It also calls on relevant organizations of China to speed up the process of space legislation, formulate the relevant policies to encourage the operations of small satellites in commercial space sector, and push China's commercial space to a new level.     

小卫星星座及其自主运行技术

介绍了小卫星星座的概念，研究和发展水平，指出小卫星星座具有单个小卫星无法替代的独特功能，在很多领域有着广泛的用途，同时着重强调了它在军事上的重要意义，针对小卫星星座的自主运行，重点研究了星座自主导航和自主维持技术，最后针对我国小卫星星座的发展提出了看法。     

我国天基综合信息网构想

阐述了天基综合信息网的定义、组成和特征;介绍了美国和欧洲天基综合信息网的研究情况;提出了我国天基综合信息网的体系架构,其中包含通信卫星、导航卫星、遥感卫星、载人飞船等航天器和临近空间各种飞行器,以及地面系统。分析了该网络的特点和可用的网络协议结构;探讨了该网络的组网结构、网络协议、服务质量(QoS)路由、网络管理、网络安全防护、激光通信和星载处理交换等多项关键技术。依据国情,提出了我国天基综合信息网构想。此构想采用双层(地球静止轨道和低地球轨道)通信卫星星座和导航卫星星座,实现全球全时覆盖空间层航天器、临近空间层飞行器和地面层各种用户终端,通过星间链路、星地链路和地面线路组成一个空天地一体化的全球信息网络。在国外不设地球站的情况下,该网络可实现:国内测控站测控我国全球运行的卫星;国内遥感站实时接收我国全球遥感卫星发送的信息;国内关口站管理我国授权的全球用户站之间的互通信息。最后,提出了开展我国天基综合信息网的可行性研究建议。     

基于姿态敏感器的地球同步轨道卫星自主导航研究

本文提出了一种基于姿态敏感器的地球同步轨道卫星自主导航方法,作为解决未来高轨道卫星自主运行的先决条件。在整个系统中,以包含摄动项的HILL 方程作为状态方程,根据由姿态敏感器给出的卫星本体相对于地球和另外两个空间天体的方位,推导出测量方程,进而用简化的推广 Kalman 滤波算法进行状态估计。仿真表明,该方法收敛速度快,精度较高,是一种可行的地球同步轨道卫星自主导航方法。     

The development of a Russian communication satellite of small class, operating in the geostationary and high-elliptical orbits

In 1994–1995 Lavochkin Association (Russia) together with the other enterprises in accordance with technical requirements of the Russian Space agency, developed a new Russian communication satellite of a small class that will operate in both the geostationary (GSO) and high-elliptical (HEO) orbits. This satellite may be injected into operational orbits using a SOYUZ-2 launch vehicle (LV) and a FREGAT upper stage (US) from Plesetsk and Baykonur space launch sites (SLS).The main reason for creating such a satellite was to decrease the cost of the support and development of the Russian communication geostationary satellites group.Russian satellites Horizont, Express, Ekran and Gals, which operate in GSO, are the basis of the space segment for communications, radio and TV broadcasting. All of these satellites are injected into GSO by the PROTON LV. PROTON is a launch vehicle of a heavy class. The use of a middle class LV instead of a heavy class will allow to reduce considerably the launch cost. The change of a heavy class LV to a LV of middle class determined one economic reason for this project. Besides, the opportunity to launch S/C into GSO from Russian Plesetsk SLS increases the independence of Russia in the domain of space communications, despite the presence of the contract with Kazachstan about the rent of Baykonur SLS. Finally, use of small satellites with a rather small number of transponders is more effective than the use of big satellites. It will allow also to increase a satellite group (by the launch of additional satellites) precisely in accordance to the development of the ground segment.     

我国卫星导航系统相关技术发展分析

卫星导航系统应用广泛,有利于促进国民经济的快速发展。本文在介绍国内卫星导航系统及其国内市场状况基础上,结合北斗卫星导航相关产业发展趋势,从组合导航、增强系统、时钟同步和定向解算等方面分析了北斗卫星导航系统的技术成果,并讨论了有助于提高北斗卫星导航系统精度的相关辅助技术的发展情况。最后结合我国国情和国内卫星导航系统相关技术特点,给出我国第二代卫星导航定位系统发展的若干建议。     

电推进系统空间试验技术研究

电推进系统的相容性、空间推力/比冲等是空间应用关注的重要性能指标。根据电推进系统未来空间试验技术发展趋势,调研了国内外离子、霍尔电推进系统的推力、电磁兼容性、对卫星的污染等空间试验情况,结合我国电推进系统首次开展空间试验现状、电推进系统的布局,以及星上配备的卫星污染与电位监测器,对空间环境条件下卫星的污染、电推进自身及卫星设备的电磁兼容性、空间推力标定方法、推进剂剩余量分析方法等进行了研究。通过电推进系统在轨连续试验、电推进羽流影响等分析,得到电推进对卫星周围污染情况、电推进与卫星平台的电磁兼容性等在轨性能参数,可为全面评价电推进系统技术、科学制定电推进空间试验计划及电推进空间应用提供依据。     

测绘卫星技术总体发展和现状

测绘卫星作为高分辨率对地观测系统的基本组成部分,其传感器技术的发展与应用日新月异。文章分析和总结国际测绘卫星的技术特点及应用现状,并简要介绍中国的首颗民用立体测绘卫星———"资源三号"设计及地面应用情况。最后根据现阶段中国国内的发展需求,提出了中国未来测绘卫星及技术的发展方向。     

尾迹对卫星周围等离子体扰动特性分析

卫星充电和尾迹效应会对周围的等离子体造成扰动,进而影响星上电磁和等离子测量 载荷的测量精度。利用卫星与等离子体相互作用模拟软件SPIS,并采用DEMETER卫星的 一组在轨测试的等离子参数,采用粒子分室法模拟了低轨道卫星的尾迹效应特性。结果显示 ,卫星的表面充电电位为-0.72 V,负的充电电位一定程度上减小了尾迹效应的影响,尾 迹效应对等离子体的扰动在尾迹一侧约为2.5 m,离子撞击侧约为0.7 m,其余两个 侧面约为1.1 m,即等离子鞘层呈桃形分布,且在尾迹区存在离子浓度为零的空白区和 浓度较小的稀薄区,而在尾迹区也是电子浓度的稀薄区,但不存在电子浓度为零的空白区。