气象卫星的现状和未来

概述了气象卫星现况及未来发展,指出极轨气象卫星和静止气象卫星的发展方向,并对我国气象卫星系统的发展提出了建议。     

国外气象卫星发展及其趋势

综观27年气象卫星发展历程,展望未来13年前景,气象卫星的发展具有三多(多波段、多层次、多国别),三性(综合性、国际性、规范性)的特点,以保证所得资料具有连续性、可靠性和通用性。     

欧洲民用对地观测卫星前景广阔

1　在气象卫星领域积极开展国际合作□□在气象卫星领域 ,欧洲认为 :1气候研究与观测具有世界性 ,应该充分开展国际合作 ,形成全球观测网络 ,造福人类 ;2无论是静止轨道卫星还是极轨卫星都无法单独同时满足对覆盖区域的空间分辨率和时间分辨率要求。因此 ,欧洲采用两种发展策略 ,第一是积极参与相关领域的卫星合作 ,配合形成全球气象服务网 ;其二是同时发展极轨气象卫星和静止气象卫星 ,以建成完善的气象卫星系统。1 .1　美、俄、欧、日静止轨道气象卫星已实现全球组网根据联合国世界气象组织全球大气研究卫星组网的计划 ,现已由美、俄、欧…     

国内外气象卫星发展(上)

1　引言□□自从1960年美国发射第1颗气象卫星以来,气象卫星有了长足的发展。卫星轨道从低轨(极地轨道)发展到高轨(地球静止轨道),发射卫星的国家或组织除美国、欧空局、俄罗斯和日本外还有印度和中国。与此同时,气象卫星资料的接收、处理、分发和存档管理,特别是应用也蓬勃地发展起来。60年代以来,中国天气预报的准确率有了相当大的改进,其主要原因有2个:1个是大型计算机和数值预报的采用;另1个是气象卫星观测资料的应用。气象卫星资料除了在天气预报中起重要作用外,还在环境监测特别是一些自然灾害的监测,例如林火、洪涝和雪灾等监测中起…     

欧洲静止气象卫星一瞥

欧洲气象卫星是从研制静止气象卫星起步的,目的是观测欧洲区域复杂的天气变化,现已发展了两代,正在研制第三代。1概述欧洲气象卫星组织(EUMETSAT)的第一代静止气象卫星有7颗:第一代气象卫星-1~7(MFG-1~7),其中,1977年11月,欧洲第一颗静止气象卫星第一代气象卫星-1升空。"第一代气象卫星"的主要有效载荷为可见光和红外成像仪(MVIRI)、数据收集平台(DCS)和气象数据分发(MDD)。可见光和红外成像仪首次在静止气象卫星上获得水汽图像,每帧图像成像时间25min。     

美国下一代极轨气象卫星系统及最新发展

1 美国极轨气象卫星系统的发展历程 美国出台军民共用的气象卫星发展计划 多年来,美国一直由国防部(DoD)与国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)分别独立运行军用的“国防气象卫星计划”和民用的“诺阿”.目前,军用“国防气象卫星计划”卫星有6颗在轨,还有2颗卫星未发射;民用“诺阿”卫星有5颗在轨,最后一颗诺阿-19卫星已于2009年2月发射. 考虑到军用和民用极轨气象卫星的任务基本相同,都是收集、处理和分发气象、海洋和空间环境数据,因此美国决定合并“诺阿”和“国防气象卫星计划”.1994年5月,克林顿发布总统令,将这2个卫星系统合并为军民共用的“国家极轨业务环境卫星系统”.     

气象卫星在暴雨和强对流天气系统监测和短时天气预报中的应用

简要地介绍了气象卫星,特别是地球静止气象卫星图象资料在强对流风暴(雷雨大风和冰雹)和暴雨两大类灾害性天气系统的监测和短时预报中的作用、地位和应用情况;同时,还扼要地给出了利用卫星资料研究这两类天气系统所取得的部分成果;最后讨论了利用气象卫星监测降水的重要性及其现状。     

覆盖我国的气象卫星系统及其应用

引言□□气象卫星自６０年代初问世以来，在此后的３０余年中得到了极大的发展。随着卫星和处理技术的不断进步，人类得以利用气象卫星从太空获取大量有关地球及其大气的物理和生态参数，使我们对地球的了解从深度到广度上都达到了前所未有的程度。我国是使用气象卫星资料较早的国家之一，早在１９６９年就已开始接收、处理和应用国外气象卫星的资料。同时，亦在积极地研制和发展我国自己的气象卫星系统。我国于１９８８年和１９９０年先后成功地发射了两颗自行研制的极轨气象卫星风云－１Ａ和１Ｂ（ＦＹ－１Ａ和１Ｂ），它们的后续星（ＦＹ…     

俄罗斯气象卫星简介

早在20世纪60年代,苏联就开始研制气象卫星,但其卫星多变,其发展过程也很曲折。近年来根据俄罗斯2006-2015空间计划,俄罗斯有了很明确的气象卫星发展规划。俄罗斯的天气监测空间系统将由极轨卫星系统[含有3颗新一代气象卫星流星-M N1、N2(Meteor-M N1、N2)以及1颗海洋卫星流星-M N3]、静止气象卫星系统[含有3颗新一代静止气象卫星电子-L(Electro-L),它们分别定位于14.5°(W)、76°(E)和166°(E)]和大椭圆轨道卫星系统[含有2颗大椭圆轨道卫星-M(Arctica     

风云三号02批首颗卫星2012年升空

<正>中国风云三号02批第一颗卫星将在2012年发射升空,卫星设计寿命5年。中国气象局有关专家11月27日表示。据了解,风云三号02批气象卫星在01批试验试用星的基础上,继续提高可靠性、稳定性和探测精度,并根据国际极轨气象卫星发展趋势和国内发展现状与需求,     

静止气象卫星的功能及姿态稳定方式对功能的影响

<正> 一、前言国际电信联盟无线电规则把气象卫星业务定义为用于气象目的的地球探测卫星业务。但对静止气象卫星业务来说,气象业务部门希望它不仅要具有气象观测功能,而且要具有收集、传送和分发各种气象信息的功能。因此,静止气象卫星不仅是位于静止轨道上的空间气象观测平台,而且也是收集,传送和分发气象数据的中继站,其有效载荷主要是观测地球大气的各种遥感仪器及收集、传送和分发气象数据的通信系统。它兼有地球探测卫星和通信卫星的     

Progress for Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing in China

In this paper,technological progress for China's microwave remote sensing is intro-duced.New developments of the microwave remote sensing instruments for meteorological satellite FY-3,ocean dynamic measurement satellite(HY-2),environment small SAR satellite(HJ-1C) and China's lunar exploration satellite(Chang'E-1),geostationary orbit meteorological satellite FY-4M,are reported.      

Update on Fengyun Meteorological Satellite Program and Development

China began to develop its meteorological satellite program since 1969. With 50-years' growing, there are 17 Fengyun (FY) meteorological satellites launched successfully. At present, seven of them are in orbit to provide the operational service, including three polar orbiting meteorological satellites and four geostationary meteorological satellites. Since last COSPAR report, no new Fengyun satellite has been launched. The information of the on-orbit FY-2 series, FY-3 series, and FY-4 series has been updated. FY-3D and FY-2H satellites accomplished the commission test and transitioned into operation in 2018. FY-2E satellite completed its service to decommission in 2019. The web-based users and Direct Broadcasting (DB) users keep growing worldwide to require the Fengyun satellite data and products. A new Mobile Application Service has been launched to Fengyun users based on the cloud technology in 2018. In this report, the international and regional co-operations to facilitate the Fengyun user community have been addressed especially. To strengthen the data service in the Belt and Road countries, the Emergency Support Mechanism of Fengyun satellite (FY_ESM) has been established since 2018. Meanwhile, a Recalibrating 30-years' archived Fengyun satellite data project has been founded since 2018. This project targets to generate the Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) as a space agency response to the Global Climate Observation System (GCOS). At last, the future Fengyun program up to 2025 has been introduced as well.      

非地球同步卫星相对于太阳的几何关系

给出确定非地球同步卫星轨道的日照边界点在天球上投影的位置、太阳光在卫星及其携带仪器各个平面上的投射角以及星载红外分光计内部冷黑体被太阳照射到的轨道部份和概率的计算公式。最后以极轨气象卫星上的红外分光计为例进行了计算。其结果可以提供给分光计某些部份的设计以及极轨气象卫星发射时间的选择作参考。     

加速发展我国卫星气象应用的技术对策初探

在90年代,加速发展我国的卫星气象应用是一项具有重大意义和效益的工作。文章对发展卫星气象应用所应采取的技术对策提出了意见,并提出一系列所要解决的科研课题和关键技术问题。     

Use of data from meteorological satellites in long-range weather forecasting

In the Soviet Union experiments on obtaining meteorological information by means of man-made Earth's satellites were initiated in 1966 (the “Meteor” meteorological system).Starting with 1975 the launches of the “Meteor-2” updated meteorological satellites of the second generation were carried out. The detailed information about the Soviet meteorological satellite system can be found in [9].Below, the problems concerning the use of satellite data in schemes of long-range weather forecasts are considered. Particular attention is paid to the role of external sources of energy. The role of cloud cover over the oceans is emphasized as a heat influx regulator in the process of absorption radiant solar heat by the ocean. The dynamic and statistical method of ocean heat memory parameterization is stated.     

Technology Progress Report for Microwave Remote Sensing

In this presentation, technological progress for China's microwave remote sensing is introduced. New developments of the microwave remote sensing instruments for China's lunar exploration satellite (Chang'E-1), meteorological satellite FY-3 and ocean dynamic measurement satellite (HY-2) are reported.     

Vertical mass and moisture structure from TIROS-N

During the First Global GARP Experiment (FGGE), global determinations of mass and moisture were made from TIROS-N (and NOAA-6) infrared and microwave sounding radiance measurements. At NESS in Washington, the meteorological data were produced operationally with a horizontal resolution of 250 km for inclusion in the FGGE level II-b data sets intended for application to large scale numerical analysis and prediction models. High horizontal resolution (50 km) sounding data sets are being produced by NESS and the Space Science and Engineering Center at the University of Wisconsin and at the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center for special case studies of the “Special Observing Periods” of FGGE.Results are presented to display the characteristics of the sounding data at different resolutions. For the low horizontal resolution data, an evaluation is shown by comparisons of global analyses made only from satellite soundings over land and sea, and those made operationally by the National Meteorological Center, which excluded satellite sounding data over continental areas, but included all conventional data sources. For the high horizontal resolution sounding data, results are presented to demonstrate the delineation of small scale temperature and moisture features which are consistent with the meteorological processes involved.     

Comparison of ANN and MLR models for estimating solar radiation in Turkey using NOAA/AVHRR data

In this paper, the estimation capacities of MLR and ANN are investigated to estimate monthly-average daily SR over Turkey. The satellite data are used for 73 different locations over Turkey. Land surface temperature, altitude, latitude, longitude and month are offered as the input variables for modeling ANN and MLR to get SR. Estimations of SR are evaluated with the meteorological values by using the statistical bases. The obtained results indicated that the ANN model could achieve a satisfactory performance when compared to the MLR model. Moreover, it is understood that more accurate results in estimation of SR are obtained in the use of satellite data, rather than the use of meteorological station data. Finally, the built ANN model is used to estimate the yearly average of daily SR over Turkey. As a result, satellite-based SR map for Turkey is generated.