利用PIV方法测量半浮区液桥热毛细对流的速度场

利用PIV法对硅油液桥热毛细对流的定常速度场进行了实时测量。为了便于测量，液桥上桥端面采取了铜环中嵌透明材料的方法，从液桥的顶部进行观测。当液桥上下桥有温差时，热毛细对流出现；本实验对于不同上下桥的温差，对液桥横剖面内的速度场分别进行了测量，研究外加温差对于流场速度分布的影响；并且在液桥中取了几个典型横截面进行测量，以期对大件数液桥的定常速度场有比较全面的定量测量。此外，实验结果也可作为数值模拟计算结果的验证。     

两层液体Bénard-Marangoni对流的界面张力效应

采用PIV技术对两层流体Benard—Marangoni对流进行了实验研究,得到了不同厚度比下的速度场,分析了界面张力在各种对流模式中的作用。和Rayleig—Benard对流的三种临界对流模式相比,由于界面张力对上下层浮力对流的不同作用效果,使得更复杂的临界对流模式在Benard—Marangoni对流体系中出现;在实验中首次观测到三层涡胞结构等现象。     

基于材料时变参量的挖补修理胶层内剪应力研究

以AS4/3501-6材料的挖补修理为研究背景，基于材料热、力学参数的时变特性，分别为补片和胶层建立了热-力-化学多物理场耦合的有限元模型，研究了不同挖补角度和胶层厚度对胶层残余剪应力的影响，探索了不同挖补修理设计方案下的修理过程中胶层残余剪应力分布。结果表明：挖补角度、胶层厚度的增大均会加剧胶层残余剪应力集中；减小挖补角度，可有效降低胶层残余剪应力及沿胶层径向平均剪应力梯度；3°挖补角度下胶层径向中点残余剪应力比15°下降低17%，径向平均剪应力梯度降低92%；减小胶层厚度，胶层残余剪应力减小但平均剪应力梯度增大，0.3 mm胶层厚度下胶层径向中点残余剪应力比1.5 mm下降低15%，径向平均剪应力梯度升高30%。经验证三维有限元模型及计算方法正确，为改进修理工艺、提高修复质量提供了依据。     

压-压疲劳载荷下CFRP层合板表面红外辐射特征

为探究含冲击损伤CFRP层合板在循环交变载荷下的损伤演化规律,基于热力耦合效应研究了含损伤CFRP层合板疲劳过程中的表面红外辐射特征。以压-压疲劳试验模拟交变载荷,采用红外热成像方法分析了疲劳过程中含损伤CFRP层合板的热图序列和温度数据,结果表明：随着疲劳次数的增加,损伤沿垂直疲劳载荷方向演化,热斑颜色逐渐加深,初始冲击损伤形状逐渐演化为椭圆状,最后热斑横向端部出现"尖点";试件最大表面温差演化整体呈"快速上升-缓慢上升-快速上升"规律,最后出现跳升,其中热斑尖点、最大表面温差跳升可被视为结构疲劳破坏的前兆;含损伤CFRP层合板疲劳破坏时,其最大表面温差主要与纤维和基体种类有关,而试件铺层方式相较于纤维基体类别对最大表面温差无明显影响。研究揭示了冲击后CFRP层合板在疲劳载荷作用下的损伤演化规律,为飞行器复合材料结构的剩余疲劳寿命评估与损伤容限设计奠定了基础。     

发动机燃烧室主动冷却管道的热-力耦合分析

为了准确高效地进行发动机冷却管道结构的热-力耦合数值分析,基于边界单元法提出一种冷却介质中结构对流换热过程的新型计算方法,计算过程中采用径向积分法将对流换热边界积分方程中的域积分转换为等效的边界积分,从而显著降低计算难度。采用改进后的边界单元法和有限元方法分别进行发动机燃烧室主动冷却管道处的热-力耦合分析,计算并获得了该处的温度场、位移场和应力场,发现了不同物理量随管道轴向的变化规律。通过比较基于两种不同数值方法的计算结果可以发现本文数值方法在显著降低计算模型复杂度的同时,取得了合理的计算结果。因此利用本文方法可以简便有效地进行发动机燃烧室主动冷却管道结构的热-力耦合分析。      

海绵/橡胶适配器应力和变形模式的轴对称平面应变解析

海绵/橡胶适配器的应力和变形模式的解析方法是其力学理论研究的重要前提。基于轴对称平面应变假设,推导了海绵圆筒和橡胶圆筒的径向应力、切向应力和径向位移的解析公式;建立了位移边界条件下适配器受压问题的非线性常微分解析方程组,并通过数值模型仿真验证了解析公式推导的正确性;调整海绵/橡胶粘合面半径,研究了海绵层厚度比对适配器受压力学特性的影响。结果表明:数值模型和解析公式计算结果基本一致;适配器海绵层径向应力值和切向应力值相差不大,橡胶层切向应力高于径向应力约1个数量级,径向应力最大值位于适配器外表面,切向应力和径向位移最大值均位于海绵/橡胶粘合面;随海绵层厚度比增加,适配器应力和位移减小且减幅越来越小。     

狭窄空间内沸腾传热机理

通过实验观察,分析了狭窄空间内沸腾传热特征,得到表征通道宽度的Ｂｏｎｄ数存在临界值（０．６）。通道超临界和亚临界情况沸腾传热机理完全不同。对于超临界通道（Ｂｏｎｄ数≥０．６）沸腾传热是池沸腾传热和液相对流传热的叠加。亚临界通道（Ｂｏｎｄ数＜０．６）情况,加热表面被聚合汽泡和液柱周期性交替冲刷。汽泡通过加热面时,汽泡与加热面间存在一层薄液膜,这时主要通过液膜蒸发传热。液柱通过时为液相对流传热。上述模型均考虑了介质沿加热面的流动。模型预测的结果与实验值吻合良好,同时也证实了狭窄通道强化传热时存在最佳宽度与高度。     

固体火箭发动机燃烧室内声波振荡的数值研究

1引言当固体火箭发动机工作时,燃烧室受到某种扰动就会产生一定振型的声波。此时推进剂燃烧表面处于声学环境中,周期性的压强振荡和速度振荡必然会引起推进剂燃速的周期振荡。燃烧对声波的响应反过来会使声波强度、频率和振型有所改变。这种耦合关系包括压力耦合和速度耦合。由     

基于耦合传热的双脉冲发动机热防护层受热分析

针对双脉冲软隔层通道孔径对双脉冲发动机I脉冲燃烧室热防护层热环境的影响开展了数值仿真研究。对雷诺平均Navier-Strokes方程采用了双时间步LU-SGS迭代方法、AUSMPW迎风格式以及适合模拟分离流动的改进剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型进行求解,通过保证流固耦合界面上的热流密度连续来实现耦合传热仿真。采用算例验证了算法及程序的精度和可信度。计算结果表明: I脉冲燃烧室热防护层表面的对流换热系数随软隔层通道孔径的增大而减小,最大对流换热系数平均减幅达20.3%,再附着点位置和对流换热系数最大值所在位置均向上游移动,分别平均移动24.2%和23.1%;I脉冲燃烧室热防护层表面的对流换热系数先增大后减小,且回流区内的对流换热系数相对较小,并在再附着点上游达到最大值。     

成分调整对DZ125合金凝固行为的影响

研究了标准成分的DZ125合金与以此为基础提高W、Al，降低Mo、Ti合金中的初生相的凝固顺序，确定了这两种合金在固-液范围内不同温度下的固-液相比例。结果表明，高W、Al低Mo、Ti合金显著缩小了合金凝固范围（Δ），使液相线温度提高了20℃，固相温度提高了70℃，并缩小失去技晶间毛细补缩能力时的温度与固相线之间的温度范围（ΔT2），从而减少了合金热裂倾向，提高了可铸性。Ti含量影响（γ＋γ'）共晶相尺寸、数量及形态，W、Wo对（γ＋γ'）共晶的数量、尺寸及形态均无影响。     

Effect of non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of Marangoni convection in a fluid with suspended particles

The effect of a non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of convection driven by surface tension in a horizontal layer of a Boussinesq fluid with suspended particles confined between an upper free, constant heat flux boundary and a lower rigid isothermal boundary is considered. The microrotation is assumed to vanish at the boundaries. A linear stability analysis is performed. The Rayleigh–Ritz technique is used to obtain the eigenvalues. The influence of various parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed. Six different non-uniform basic state temperature profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed. It is observed that the fluid layer with suspended particles heated from below is more stable compared to the classical fluid layer without suspended particles. The problem has possible applications in microgravity situations.     

Review of Ionospheric Effects of Solar Wind Magnetosphere Coupling in the Context of the Expanding Contracting Polar Cap Boundary Model

This paper reviews the coupling between the solar wind, magnetosphere and ionosphere. The coupling between the solar wind and Earth’s magnetosphere is controlled by the orientation of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). When the IMF has a southward component, the coupling is strongest and the ionospheric convection pattern that is generated is a simple twin cell pattern with anti-sunward flow across the polar cap and return, sunward flow at lower latitudes. When the IMF is northward, the ionospheric convection pattern is more complex, involving flow driven by reconnection between the IMF and the tail lobe field, which is sunward in the polar cap near noon. Typically four cells are found when the IMF is northward, and the convection pattern is also more contracted under these conditions. The presence of a strong Y (dawn-dusk) component to the IMF leads to asymmetries in the flow pattern. Reconnection, however, is typically transient in nature both at the dayside magnetopause and in the geomagnetic tail. The transient events at the dayside are referred to as flux transfer events (FTEs), while the substorm process illustrates the transient nature of reconnection in the tail. The transient nature of reconnection lead to the proposal of an alternative model for flow stimulation which is termed the expanding/contracting polar cap boundary model. In this model, the addition to, or removal from, the polar cap of magnetic flux stimulates flow as the polar cap boundary seeks to return to an equilibrium position. The resulting average patterns of flow are therefore a summation of the addition of open flux to the polar cap at the dayside and the removal of flux from the polar cap in the nightside. This paper reviews progress over the last decade in our understanding of ionospheric convection that is driven by transient reconnection such as FTEs as well as by reconnection in the tail during substorms in the context of a simple model of the variation of open magnetic flux. In this model, the polar cap expands when the reconnection rate is higher at the dayside magnetopause than in the tail and contracts when the opposite is the case. By measuring the size of the polar cap, the dynamics of the open flux in the tail can be followed on a large scale.     

应用GAO-YONG湍流模式数值模拟三维激波/湍流边界层干扰

应用GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模式数值模拟了三维激波/湍流边界层干扰算例之一——单鳍流动.攻角20°,来流马赫数2.93,雷诺数9.8×105.对流项和扩散项分别采用Roe格式和二阶中心差分格式计算.Runge-Kutta显示时间推进方法求解了半离散的控制方程.包括壁面压力分布,边界层内流动偏移角等在内的计算值与试验数据进行了比较.准确地预测出了三维激波/湍流边界层干扰流场的主要流动特性——λ波结构,主分离涡核,膨胀区,滑移线等.计算与Alvi等提出的单鳍流动的理论模型符合很好,得到了平板表面压力以及分离线、再附线等在单鳍流动中所独有的半圆锥特性.      

基于Myers模型的三维结冰数值仿真

三维结冰表面上的水膜流动和结冰增长是结冰计算模型应考虑的核心内容,其中广泛应用的是Myers模型。Myers模型考虑了空气剪切力和空气压力对结冰表面水膜流动的影响,以及冰层、水膜和空气之间的导热与对流传热对结冰速率的影响。本文在使用Myers模型进行结冰预测时,发现Myers模型对霜冰转化为明冰的判断标准存在缺陷,会在结冰极限处产生不合理的冰角。因此对Myers模型的结冰类型判断标准进行了修改,对机翼表面的结冰过程进行了更加准确的模拟,并应用了有效的离散算法计算水膜流动和结冰增长过程。对比了二维NACA0012翼型的单步法、多步法计算结果和实验结果。明冰结冰温度较低时,本文计算结果与实验结果吻合很好,明冰结冰温度较高时,本文对上冰角的计算与实验结果有一定差距。本文提供了三维GLC-305后掠翼的结冰计算结果和实验结果的对比,冰角厚度的计算结果略小于实验结果,但整体趋势一致。     

动力传输齿轮表面闪温的部分弹流热分析

采用部分热弹性流体动力润滑理论对非修缘直齿轮的表面闪温进行了研究。通过数值计算过程,分析了齿轮在一个啮合循环中,表面粗糙纹理、表面粗糙度等形貌参数及工况参数对轮齿表面和油膜内闪温的影响规律。本文的研究方法对齿轮胶合机理和提高齿轮胶合承载能力的研究都是有意义的。     

敷设热障涂层气冷叶片温度分布数值研究

针对一种内冷通道射流腔交替布置在压力面和吸力面的叶片冷却结构,利用FLUENT软件对敷设热障涂层的气冷叶片温度分布进行了三维共轭传热计算,分析了热障涂层厚度对叶片金属基体表面温降水平的影响,同时对比了有/无考虑燃气与叶片表面辐射换热的叶片表面温度分布差异.研究结果表明:在叶栅通道燃气流进口总温为1600K、冷却气流进口总温为700K的条件下,当冷却气流与主流流量之比约为7.47%、热障涂层厚度为0.2mm时,该叶片冷却结构的最高温度可以控制在1100K以内;在假设热障涂层表面发射率与金属壁面发射率相同的前提下,厚度0.15~0.35mm的热障涂层可获得的最大降温大约在80~180K范围内;考虑/不考虑辐射换热的叶片表面最大温差可以达到60K.      

Geophysical Constraints on the Evolution of Mars

The evolution of Mars is discussed using results from the recent Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Pathfinder missions together with results from mantle convection and thermal history models and the chemistry of Martian meteorites. The new MGS topography and gravity data and the data on the rotation of Mars from Mars Pathfinder constrain models of the present interior structure and allow estimates of present crust thickness and thickness variations. The data also allow estimates of lithosphere thickness variation and heat flow assuming that the base of the lithosphere is an isotherm. Although the interpretation is not unambiguous, it can be concluded that Mars has a substantial crust. It may be about 50 km thick on average with thickness variations of another ±50 km. Alternatively, the crust may be substantially thicker with smaller thickness variations. The former estimate of crust thickness can be shown to be in agreement with estimates of volcanic production rates from geologic mapping using data from the camera on MGS and previous missions. According to these estimates most of the crust was produced in the Noachian, roughly the first Gyr of evolution. A substantial part of the lava generated during this time apparently poured onto the surface to produce the Tharsis bulge, the largest tectonic unit in the solar system and the major volcanic center of Mars. Models of crust growth that couple crust growth to mantle convection and thermal evolution are consistent with an early 1 Gyr long phase of vigorous volcanic activity. The simplest explanation for the remnant magnetization of crustal units of mostly the southern hemisphere calls for an active dynamo in the Noachian, again consistent with thermal history calculations that predict the core to become stably stratified after some hundred Myr of convective cooling and dynamo action. The isotope record of the Martian meteorites suggest that the core formed early and rapidly within a few tens of Myr. These data also suggest that the silicate rock component of the planet was partially molten during that time. The isotope data suggest that heterogeneity resulted from core formation and early differentiation and persisted to the recent past. This is often taken as evidence against vigorous mantle convection and early plate tectonics on Mars although the latter assumption can most easily explain the early magnetic field. The physics of mantle convection suggests that there may be a few hundred km thick stagnant, near surface layer in the mantle that would have formed rapidly and may have provided the reservoirs required to explain the isotope data. The relation between the planform of mantle convection and the tectonic features on the surface is difficult to entangle. Models call for long wavelength forms of flow and possibly a few strong plumes in the very early evolution. These plumes may have dissolved with time as the core cooled and may have died off by the end of the Noachian.     

复合材料长桁机械成型工艺

复合材料自动化成型技术在提高复合材料生产效率、降低复合材料制造成本等方面都具有明显优势,为了改进传统生产效率低、质量稳定性差的缺点,利用设计的长桁机械成型设备制备预成型制件,研究了预成型速率以及预成型温度等工艺参数对于成型制件质量的影响,通过尺寸测量、金相分析等方法表征制件拐角厚度、纤维体积分数、孔隙率、纤维偏转变形等参数。结果表明:97℃预成型温度、1~3 mm/min预成型速率、[90°/45°/0°/-45°]2s铺层方式、2. 99 mm成型间距是较优的成型工艺参数,采用此工艺参数制造的制件厚度均匀、孔隙缺陷少、纤维偏转变形小、质量良好,在铺层表面添加聚四氟乙烯布保护层可以有效改善45°方向铺层出现的纤维偏转变形问题。     

TC21钛合金稀土渗硼强化表面组织及性能

采用单体硼为供硼剂对TC21钛合金表面进行稀土催化表面强化热处理,对渗硼层组织形貌、硬度、磨痕形貌和磨损率进行了研究。结果表明单体硼渗剂中CeO2配比为7wt%左右的渗硼层连续致密,耐磨性较好;温度对于表层TiB2的厚度影响较大,提高温度可显著增大渗硼层厚度,随着保温时间的延长,表层TiB2层逐渐增厚并且更为连续,时间超过一定值后渗硼层厚度增加缓慢;渗硼层表层硬度随渗硼温度提高显著增大,随保温时间延长增加缓慢,渗硼温度在1 000℃时渗硼层近表层硬度可达3 200HV0.01左右,高硬度区域厚度可达20μm以上;TC21钛合金渗硼层表现出了良好的摩擦磨损性能,渗硼试样的比磨损率比未渗硼试样低50~60倍。     

管内高温介质流动入口段的辐射与对流耦合换热数值模拟

将求解辐射传递方程的离散坐标法与求解对流换热的控制容积法相结合 ,数值模拟了高温下圆管流动入口段参与性介质的辐射与对流耦合换热。考察了介质光学厚度及管壁温度对温度分布、壁面热流密度及局部努谢尔数分布的影响。结果表明 ,高温下介质辐射使介质的温度分布和对流换热状况发生较大改变 ,对管内流动入口段的换热起着重要作用