连续自由流电泳微重力下分离模式蛋白质的研究

以连续自由流电泳的区带电泳模式分离血红蛋白和细胞色素C，比较了不同缓冲液甘油浓度下的分离效果，确定了最终装载在神舟4号飞船上A3—2型电泳仪的电泳分离条件，通过地面和空间实验，初步探讨了微重力对连续自由流电泳分离的影响，并对电泳的分离产物做了多种检测．     

失重飞机上进行的电泳分离实验

介绍了用A3—l连续自由流电泳仪在俄罗斯失重飞机上进行的实验情况及结果．进行了4个架次的飞行试验，获得了飞行试验的数据和电泳分离图像．试验结果表明，电泳仪装置工作良好，从分离图像可以看出重力变化对电泳分离过程的影响并证实微重力环境对生物材料的电泳分离是有利的．     

美国天基空间态势感知系统发展

随着全球空间优势争夺加剧、空间碎片增长以及空间对抗技术发展,空间安全日益成为全球关注的焦点。空间态势感知包括对空间目标的探测、跟踪、识别、编目、表征,对空间事件的评估、核实,以及对空间环境的监测预报等,是了解与应对空间威胁、确保空间安全的基础,近年来受到航天国家高度重视。美国作为拥有最多空间资产、对空间依赖最强的国家,大力发展空间态势感知能力,重点发展具有全天时、全天候探测优势的天基系统,实施了一系列天基空间态势感知装备部署和技术研发计划,构建全维空间态势感知能力。天基空间态势感知系统包括专用空间目标监视卫星、具有空间监视能力的导弹预警卫星、具有空间目标监视能力的技术试验卫星,以及空间环境监测卫星。本文重点关注专用空间目标监视卫星和有关技术试验卫星。     

空间攻防的“新宠”——“太空掳星”技术

<正>空间攻防是敌对双方利用太空为获得、保持战场控制权而进行的进攻性和防御性军事行动。实施和保障空间攻防作战的空间攻防技术有空间投送技术、空间态势感知技术、进攻性空间攻防技术和防御性空间攻防技术。冷战时期,空间攻防技术曾是美、苏重点发展的技术领域,并以里根总统的"星球大战"计划达到高潮,但此后发展规模有所缩小,发展速度逐渐放慢。     

未来的空间生命科学

本文分析了空间生命科学的发展战略,对21世纪初期的研究设想进行了概括,较详细地介绍了空间生命科学四个方面的内容:空间生理学和医学,包括空间医学、空间生理学、空间作业医学和人在空间的作用;空间生物学,包括重力生物学、可控生态生保系统、生物圈和地外生物学;空间站生物医学工程以及空间生物材料的加工生产。本文还讨论了各方面存在的主要问题和今后的发展趋向,特别强调了空间高枝术应用对促进国民经济发展的巨大潜力。     

《空间控制技术与应用》征稿简则

《空间控制技术与应用》(原名《控制工程》)由中国空间技术研究院北京控制工程研究所主办,国内外公开发行(刊号:ISSN1674-1579//CN11-5664/V)。主要报道空间控制领域先进水平的科研成果,刊登创新性学术见解的研究论文。其内容涵盖空间飞行器、空间活动、空间试验的控制技术,先进的控制理论和方法及其研究成果在空间飞行器、空间活动、空间试验中的应用,上述控制系统的关键部件的研究、试验与应用,系统与部件的仿真技术、     

地气光辐射对空间目标成像特性影响分析

为分析地气光辐射对空间目标成像特性的影响,以地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星搭载的可见光成像器为探测平台,利用卫星工具包(STK)设计高椭圆轨道(HEO)及近地轨道(LEO)目标运动场景,根据空间目标、地球、太阳、探测平台之间的位置关系,采用微元法建立空间目标与地气光背景等效星等模型,推导出空间目标信噪比(SNR)计算公式。分析了距离、角度参数变化对不同轨道空间目标、地气光背景等效星等及空间目标信噪比的影响。仿真结果表明:当探测平台距离空间目标较远时,地气光背景等效星等低于空间目标等效星等,地气光辐射比空间目标信号强。当地气光辐射进入和离开空间目标探测视场时,空间目标信噪比最大,该时间段是进行空间目标探测的最佳“观测窗口”。仿真得出的空间目标信噪比值为空间目标探测识别提供了理论计算依据。      

《空间控制技术与应用》征稿简则

《空间控制技术与应用》（原名《控制工程》）由中国空间技术研究院北京控制工程研究所主办,国内外公开发行（刊号：ISSN1674—1579／／CNll—5664／V）．主要报道空间控制领域先进水平的科研成果,刊登创新性学术见解的研究论文．其内容涵盖空间飞行器、空间活动、空间试验的控制技术,先进的控制理论和方法及其研究成果在空间飞行器、空间活动、空间试验中的应用,上述控制系统的关键部件的研究、试验与应用。     

全新的航天装备发展思路——美国快速空间响应系统探秘

美国快速空间响应系统(ORS)2007年开始组建,在成立之初即提出了ORS的三大任务领域:空间力量增强、空间控制和空间支持。在空间力量增强方面ORS系统能够提供快速天基情报、监视与侦察(ISR)和专门通信;在空间控制方面能够快速进行空间态势感知;     

美国航天法律体制的启示 他山之石 可以攻玉——专访美国著名空间法专家琼安·艾琳·盖博瑞诺维奇

<正>2014年12月26日,在中国空间法学会与北京理工大学空间法研究所联合举办的"美国航天管理体制与航天法"主题报告会上,美国著名空间法专家、美国密西西比大学法学院荣誉教授、《空间法学报》荣誉主编、国际空间法学会理事琼安·艾琳·盖博瑞诺维奇女士获得"国际贡献奖",她也成为此奖项的首位获得者。"国际贡献奖"由中国空间法学会设立,专门用以表彰、鼓励对中国空间法学事业作出突出贡献的海外空间法律政策领域知名专家。     

Progress in Space Material Researches

New progress in the post researches on space grown materials, the development of experiment facilities, and the experiment techniques for space materials researches were introduced. Besides the conventional materials, such as alloys, semiconductors, and optical crystals, new materials have also been prepared on the ground.     

2000年前我国空间材料科学试验设想

讨论空间环境对材料制备的影响;提出空间材料研究的四个发展阶段和各国空间材料制备现今处在研究发展阶段的观点;分析我国空间材料研究的状况、任务及试验的可能途径;叙述空间材料科学研究的内容;对2000年前我国空间材料试验提出初步设想。     

原子氧环境对聚合物及其复合材料性能的影响

在选择卫星结构材料时,必须要对所选材料在宇宙空间环境中的可靠性进行评定,重要的是了解空间环境对材料性能的影响。文章阐述了空间低地球轨道环境中原子氧对聚合物及其复合材料性能的影响;介绍了模拟评定试验材料性能的方法;分析了作用原理、防护措施及选择聚合物复合材料应考虑的原则。     

Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight

With the complete success of the 2nd stage of Chinese Manned Space Program (CMSP), several science researches have been performed on Tiangong-1 experimental spacelab, which was docked with three Shenzhou spaceships one after another. The China's real spacelab, Tiangong-2 will be launched in 2015, docked with a Shenzhou spaceship soon. After six months, it will be docked with the first Chinese cargo ship (Tianzhou-1). More space science researches, involving with space biology, fluid physics, fundamental physics, materials science, Earth science, astronomy and space environmental science, will be operated on Tiangong-2 spacelab, and crewed and cargo spaceships. Furthermore, the considerable large-scale space utilization of Shina's Space Station is planned. The research fields include yet not limited to space medicine and physiology, space life science and biotechnology, fluid physics and combustion in microgravity, space material science, and fundamental physics in microgravity, space astronomy, Earth science, space physics and space environment utilization, technology demonstration.      

Materials selection for applications in space environment considering outgassing phenomenon

Application of the existing materials selection methods is not much popular in space environment. This is in spite of involvement of the selection process in this field with a wide range of influential factors (e.g. conventional mechanical properties and over 21 space environmental effects). In this paper an introductory road map for employing systematic materials selection methods in the field by engaging the selection process with mechanical properties and only one of the space environmental factors is presented. Here, selected case studies, which are involved with outgassing phenomenon of materials in vacuum condition, highlight the incapability of some of the methods in dealing with such example problems. The study specifically indicates the effectiveness of the most recently introduced method, i.e. Z-transformation, over other existing methods. The results show that considering the mechanical properties of materials in conjunction with the space environmental effects produce much more reliable ranking of the candidate materials. Besides, the results recommend introducing more space environmental aspects in the selection process may produce a better outcome.     

密封材料空间环境失效分析

对空间环境造成载人航天器密封材料的各种失效机理进行了分析。材料低温脆化,高温时表面脆化;真空时材料内挥发成份的溢出,使材料渗透性增大;辐照使密封件失去弹性：这些是空间环境中温度、真空和辐照使密封失效的主要原因。真空条件下,密封件挥发成份中的可凝物在光学元件表面的凝聚从而破坏表面光学特性,是密封设计中一个值得重视的现象。     

SPACE CHEMISTRY RESEARCHES IN CHINA DURING 2000-2001

Over the past two years, significant progress in space chemistry has been made in China. The research fields include meteorites, pre-solar materials, science researches of the moon, effects of the space debris on space environment, and heterogeneity of the Earth. Chinese Lunar Exploration Project Some studies are also dedicated to one important space mission "Chinese Lunar Exploration Project". In this paper, the main achievements are outlined, and some concepts and hypotheses are briefly revised.     

An extension of HZETRN for cosmic ray initiated electromagnetic cascades

Safe and efficient mission operations in space require an accurate understanding of the physical interactions of space radiation. As the primary space radiation interacts with intervening materials, the composition and spectrum of the radiation environment changes. The production of secondary particles can make a significant contribution to radiation exposure. In this work, the NASA space radiation transport code, HZETRN, is extended to include the transport of electrons, positrons, and photons. The production of these particles is coupled to the initial cosmic ray radiation environment through the decay of neutral pions, which produce high energy photons, and through the decay of muons, which produce electrons and positrons. The photons, electrons, and positrons interact with materials producing more photons, electrons and positrons generating an electromagnetic cascade. The relevant cross sections, transport equation, and solution method are introduced. Electron and positron production in Earth’s atmosphere is investigated and compared to experimental balloon-flight measurements. Reasonable agreement is seen between HZETRN and data.     

MONITORING OF ENERGETIC PARTICLE ENVIRONMENT INSIDE THE CHINA-BRAZIL EARTH RESOURCE SATELLITE

On 14 October 1999, the Chinese-Brazil earth resource satellite (CBERS-1) was launched in China. On board of the satellite there was an instrument designed at Peking University to detect the energetic particle radiation inside the satellite so the radiation fluxes of energetic particles in the cabin can be monitored continuously. Inside a satellite cabin, radiation environment consists of ether penetrated energetic particles or secondary radiation from satellite materials due to the interactions with primary cosmic rays.Purpose of the detectors are twofold, to monitor the particle radiation in the cabin and also to study the space radiation environment The data can be used to study the radiation environment and their effects on the electronics inside the satelhte cabin. On the other hand, the data are useful in study of geo-space energetic particle events such as solar proton events, particle precipitation and variations of the radiation belt since there should be some correlation between the radiation situation inside and outside the satellite.The instrument consists of two semi-conductor detectors for protons and electrons respectively. Each detector has two channels of energy ranges. They are 0.5-2MeV and ≥2MeV for electrons and 5-30MeV and 30-60MeV for protons. Counting rate for all channels are up to 104/(cm2@s)and power consumption is about 2.5 W. There are also the additional functions of CMOS TID (total integrated dose) effect and direct SEU monitoring. The data of CBMC was first sent back on Oct. 17 1999 and it's almost three years from then on. The detector has been working normally and the quality of data is good.The preliminary results of data analysis of CBMC not only reveal the effects of polar particle precipitation and radiation belt on radiation environment inside a satellite, but also show some important features of the geo-space energetic particle radiation.As one of the most important parameters of space weather, the energetic charged particles have great influences on space activities and ground tech nology. CBMC is perhaps the first long-term on-board special equipment to monitor the energetic particle radiation environment inside the satellite and the data it accnmulated are very useful in both satellite designing and space research.     

THE DGW-I FURNACE A MATERIALS PROCESSING FACILITY IN "SZ-2" SPACECRAFT

The DGW-I is a new material processing facility developed in China, which was firstly carried into orbit in November 1999 by the SZ-1 spacecraft and then in January 2001 carried by SZ-2 into space again, and successfully processed 6 samples of materials, including 3 samples of alloys, 2 of semiconductors and 1 sample of oxide crystal.