卫星授时与时间传递技术进展

近年来,卫星导航技术发展迅速.卫星导航系统以精密时间测量技术为基础,实现了伪距测量,进而实现定位.同时,卫星导航系统还提供了高精度授时功能.综述了卫星导航系统的授时和时间频率传递技术、基于通信卫星的授时技术以及双向卫星时间频率传递(TWSTFT)技术等.随着我国北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的建成和提供服务,BDS授时应用研究正在快速发展.基于BDS/GNSS多系统的精密单点定位(PPP)时间传递技术已成为重点研究方向,未来将会应用于国际时间比对.同时,随着卫星通信技术尤其是低轨通信卫星技术的快速发展,低轨通信卫星授时会成为一个有潜力的研究方向.     

北斗高精度高可信PPP-RTK服务基本框架

北斗高精度高可信定位是实现无人系统自动驾驶的重要基础。近年来发展的实时动态精密单点定位（PPP-RTK）技术，融合了网络RTK和PPP的技术优势，逐渐成为学术和工业界关注的焦点。PPP-RTK以状态域改正信息为核心，可同时提供精准可信的时空信息服务，因而获得了自动驾驶等高生命安全领域应用的一致青睐。然而，目前国内外对PPP-RTK技术的研究主要聚焦于高精度技术，在高可信方面尚未形成可行的理论基础和服务框架。针对此，以PPP-RTK高精度定位理论体系为基础，探讨了北斗/GNSS PPP-RTK高精度高可信服务的用户需求、基本概念、理论方法与技术框架，同时给出了部分关键技术的代表性解决思路，为北斗/GNSS高精度高可信PPP-RTK技术体系和服务架构的建立奠定基础。     

First spaceborne demonstration of BeiDou-3 signals for GNSS reflectometry from CYGNSS constellation

The full constellation of Chinese Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) BeiDou-3 has been deployed completely and started fully operational service. In addition to providing global Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) services, the BeiDou-3 satellites transmissions can also be used as the sources of illumination for Earth Observation (EO) with a bistatic radar configuration. This innovative EO concept, known as GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R), allows to measure the Earth surface characteristics at high resolution via the reflected L-band radar signals collected by a constellation of small, low cost and low Earth orbiting satellites. For the first time in orbit, earth reflected BeiDou-3 signal has been detected from the limited sets of raw data collected by the NASA’s Cyclone GNSS (CYGNSS) constellation. The feasibility of spaceborne BeiDou-3 reflections on two typical applications, including sea surface wind and flooding inundation detection, has been demonstrated. The methodology and results give new strength to the prospect of new spaceborne GNSS-R instruments and missions, which can make multi-GNSS reflectometry observations available to better capture rapidly changing weather systems at better spatio-temporal scales.     

北斗三号系统卫星自主完好性监测技术

完好性对于全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)来说至关重要,关乎到其能否被放心应用。卫星自主完好性监测(SAIM)技术,是完好性监测技术发展的前沿趋势,国内外卫星导航系统均竞相发展。介绍了北斗三号系统SAIM技术设计与实现的重要意义,从功能设计和实现原理两个方面,阐述了北斗三号SAIM技术体制。针对SAIM实际在轨监测数据的正态分布特性服从程度和长期稳定性等问题,随机选取某一颗中圆轨道(MEO)卫星自2020年7月31日北斗三号系统正式开通服务以来至2021年7月31日连续1年期间的监测数据,得到真实在轨监测数据的分布特性。最后,提出了告警门限优化、分级告警策略设计、星历完好性自主监测等方面的后续发展必要性建议,旨在为北斗系统更好地为全球用户提供更优质的完好性服务提供参考。     

Exploiting GNSS signal structure to enhance observability

There are a number of different error sources, such as multipath and thermal noise, which corrupt satellite navigation waveforms from their theoretical structure. However, even under ideal conditions the broadcast signals have some degree of deformation as a result of the practical individual hardware implementation. For the most demanding users of satellite navigation, such as aircraft navigation and landing systems, it is important to characterize the nominal signal structure in order to detect minimal variations resulting from hardware-based errors. Thus far such precorrelation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal quality monitoring has been performed through high gain antennas, which allow for raising the GNSS spectrum above the thermal noise floor and observing the structure of the signal directly at the front end output. This paper describes a new approach to achieve such observability based on signal processing techniques, such as dithering and averaging, which leverage the repetitive nature of the GNSS signal. The paper presents how these techniques can drastically improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in postprocessing, allowing for the direct analysis of GNSS signals using traditional front end designs and conventional antennas. Results are predicted using the appropriate theory and validated using data collected from the Global Positioning System (GPS).     

天象一号低轨导航增强系统研究与在轨试验验证

如何实现GNSS全球瞬时高精度服务一直是GNSS领域的迫切需求和研究热点.采用低轨导航增强技术体制,利用低轨卫星运动几何变化快的特点,解决GNSS精密单点定位快速收敛问题和性能提升问题,是GNSS高精度定位服务未来发展的重要方向.从全球瞬时高精度服务内涵出发,阐述了天象一号低轨导航增强试验系统的技术体制,包括系统工作模...     

基于非合作LEO卫星辅助GNSS联合定位技术CSCD

针对全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)在受挑战的环境中,出现导航卫星信号被干扰或遮挡,导致可见卫星数目无法满足定位最低要求的情况。利用低轨(LEO)卫星具有信号到达地面功率高、抗干扰能力强,以及在未来将进行大量部署的特点,可为GNSS的导航服务提供备份与补充。提出了基于非合作LEO卫星辅助GNSS联合定位算法,不同于现有的LEO/GNSS联合定位算法将低轨卫星简单地视为轨道降低的导航卫星,该算法以LEO为通信卫星,从非合作、非导航特性的实际情况出发,将LEO的多普勒与GNSS的伪距、多普勒相结合求解用户位置信息,并以ORBCOMM低轨通信卫星联合GPS为例进行了仿真实验,实验结果验证了算法的可行性与性能。     

基于DKF的IMU误差预测算法

作为导航领域常用的组合导航方式,全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)/惯性导航系统(INS)组合导航在GNSS信号失锁后,由于惯性测量单元(IMU)误差随时间迅速积累,其定位结果会偏离载体真实位置,导航精度下降.针对此问题,提出了一种长短期记忆网络(LSTM)辅助的算法,称之为深度卡尔曼滤波(DKF)算法.DKF算法的核心思想是使用LSTM训练IMU误差模型,然后通过训练出的模型预测IMU误差,最后将预测的IMU误差代入IMU数据以校正导航结果.仿真结果表明:在200s测试数据上,DKF算法将误差从1.1537m/s降低到0.3746m/s.与平均预测、卡尔曼预测和最小二乘估计等方法相比,DKF算法的误差最小,具有更优越的导航性能.     

SINS/GNSS integrated navigation system based on maximum versoria filter

In the missile-borne Strapdown Inertial Navigation System/Global Navigation Satellite System (SINS/GNSS) integrated navigation system, due to the factors such as the high dynamics, the signal blocking by obstacles, the signal intefereces, etc., there always exist pulse interferences or measurement information interruptions in the satellite receiver, which make nonstationary measurement process. The traditional Kalman Filter (KF) can tackle the state estimation problem under Gaussian white noise, but its performance will be significantly reduced under non-Gaussian noises. In order to deal with the non-Gaussian conditions in the actual missile-borne SINS/GNSS integrated navigation systems, a Maximum Versoria Criterion Extended Kalman Filter (MVC-EKF) algorithm is proposed based on the MVC and the idea of M-estimation, which assigns a smaller weight to the anomalous measurements so as to suppress the influence of anomalous measurements on the state estimation while maintaining a relatively low calculation cost. Finally, the integrated navigation simulation experiments prove the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm.     

卫星导航系统发展动态

卫星导航系统是20世纪60年代中期发展起来的一种新型导航系统，90年代，卫星导航时入全运行和盛行时期，除了用于陆上，海上和空中的航行引导外，几乎扩展到军事和经济的各个方面，目前，除了已经运行的美国的GPS（全球定位系统）和俄罗斯的GLONASS（全球导航卫星系统）外，欧盟也正在积极开发伽利略系统。本文分别介绍GPS、GLONASS和伽利略系统的发展状况。     

GPS III system operations concepts

Over the past three years, the Lockheed Martin GPS III team has analyzed potential operational concepts for the Air Force. The completed tasks support the government's objective of a "realizable and operationally feasible" US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) and Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) concept of operations. This paper provides an overview of the operational improvements for the command and control of satellites, the provision of safe, precise navigation and timing services to end-users. The GPS III system changes existing operational paradigms. Improved operator capabilities are enabled by a new high-speed uplink/downlink and crosslink communication architecture. Continuous connectivity allows operators a "contact one satellite - contact all satellites" concept enabling near-real-time navigation updates and telemetry monitoring. This paper describes potential improvements for the following operations: constellation monitoring, command and control, navigation upload monitoring, global service monitoring, global service prediction, civilian navigation (CNAV) messaging, and anomaly detection and resolution. This paper also describes future operational improvements as GPS applications continue to proliferate and the need for an improved infrastructure to effectively manage all the systems that affect GPS service grows     

Mobile Satellite Plans and Status

A variety of new communication functions will become available near the end of the decade when mobile satellite services (MSS) are introduced commercially in the United States and Canada. Mobile radios, hand carried radios and small fixed transponders will communicate directly through satellites into the telephone network or to private base stations. Voice, data, and position fixing services will be distance insensitive with good performance in difficult terrain and remote locations. Experiments with NASA satellites and studies in the U.S. and Canada demonstrated the technical feasibility and practical applications of mobile satellites. In 1983 Mobile Satellite Corporation, followed by Skylink Corporation, applied to the FCC for authorization to build and operate a land and aeronautical mobile satellite system for the United States. Canada had advanced its plans for an MSAT system. In response to these initiatives, the FCC issued a ``Notice of Proposed Rulemaking' that proposed the allocation of radio spectrum for the new service and asked for applications from prospective providers. Twelve applications were received. The shortage of radio spectrum in the U.S. has resulted in much contention over the proposed allocations, and the numerous applications have introduced competing systems concepts. The paper describes a likely system implementation, its services and markets, and the current regulatory status.     

Highly reliable relative navigation for multi-UAV formation flight in urban environments

Formation flight of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is expected to bring significant benefits to a wide range of applications. Accurate and reliable relative position information is a prerequisite to safely maintain a fairly close distance between UAVs and to achieve inner-system collision avoidance. However, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements are vulnerable to erroneous signals in urban canyons, which could potentially lead to catastrophic consequences. Accordingly, on the basis of performing relative positioning with double differenced pseudoranges, this paper develops an integrity monitoring framework to improve navigation integrity (a measure of reliability) in urban environments. On the one hand, this framework includes a fault detection and exclusion scheme to protect against measurement faults. To accommodate urban scenarios, spatial dependence in the faults are taken into consideration by this scheme. On the other hand, relative protection level is rigorously derived to describe the probabilistic error bound of the navigation output. This indicator can be used to evaluate collision risk and to warn collision danger in real time. The proposed algorithms are validated by both simulations and flight experiments. Simulation results quantitatively reveal the sensitivity of navigation performance to receiver configurations and environmental conditions. And experimental results suggest high efficiency and effectiveness of the new integrity monitoring framework.     

基于低轨通信星座的导航增强技术发展概述

在我国北斗三号卫星导航系统全面完成组网建设的背景下,世界卫星导航步入新时代。各卫星导航大国均瞄准更高服务精度、更加多样功能、更加可靠服务,正在着手开展新一代系统建设和技术迭代。随着各国对于大型低轨通信星座的积极开发与广泛部署,应用低轨卫星技术实现导航增强与PNT系统备份能力,因其易与GNSS协同,具有提高全球自主导航精度、拓展全球卫星导航应用市场的巨大潜力而成为研究热点。面向低轨导航增强技术,首先总结了低轨卫星的最新态势,梳理了卫星导航增强服务模式,并详细分析了低轨通信星座导航精度增强及导航信号增强两方面的技术动向。在此基础上,重点针对导航增强频率的兼容互操作、通信/导航信号一体化设计、高动态导航增强信号捕获与跟踪等方面,对低轨卫星导航增强体系未来的发展机遇以及面临的技术挑战进行了展望。此外,还基于美国铱星系统实收采集信号开展了定位服务性能试验分析,结果表明600个历元内收敛定位精度优于100m,相关分析成果可为我国低轨导航增强建设提供参考和借鉴。     

EGNOS系统增强服务的原理与实现

欧洲地球同步导航重叠服务(EGNOS)系统提供的增强服务有三类,即测距功能、广域差分校正和GNSS完好性通道。系统深刻阐明了这三类增强服务的原理与实现过程,给出了相关的算法,并推导了相应的计算公式和计算过程。     

全球导航卫星系统的测高研究

以美国全球定位系统为代表的全球导航卫星系统具有广泛的应用领域，特点是能够在全球范围和近地空间，全天候地提供飞行器的位置、速度和时间信息。     

Cubature Kalman filter with closed-loop covariance feedback control for integrated INS/GNSS navigation

Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF) offers a promising solution to handle the data fusion of integrated nonlinear INS/GNSS (Inertial Navigation System/Global Navigation Satellite System) navigation. However, its accuracy is degraded by inaccurate kinematic noise statistics which originate from disturbances of system dynamics. This paper develops a method of closed-loop feedback covariance control to address the above problem of CKF. In this method, the posterior state and its covariance are fed back to the filtering process to constitute a closed-loop structure for CKF covariance propagation. Subsequently, based on the maximum likelihood principle, a control scheme of the prior state covariance is established by using the feedback state and covariance within an estimation window and further adopting a proportional coefficient to amplify the feedback terms in recent time steps for the full use of new information to reflect actual system characteristics. Since it does not directly use kinematic noise covariance, the proposed method can effectively avoid the adverse impact of inaccurate kinematic noise statistics on filtering solutions. Further, it can also guarantee the prior state covariance to be positive semi-definite without involving extra measures. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated by simulations and experiments for integrated INS/GNSS navigation.     

北斗卫星导航( 区域) 系统星座对中国载人航天器的服务能力仿真分析

载人航天器可以利用北斗卫星导航系统实现自主导航定位和相对测量以支持轨道确定和交会对接任务。为了评估当前星座条件下北斗卫星导航(区域)系统对中国载人航天器的服务能力,建立了当前北斗卫星导航(区域)系统的星座仿真场景。利用载人航天器轨道参数,对其轨道处北斗区域星座的覆盖特性和服务能力进行了仿真,分析了可以用于载人航天器绝对定位和相对定位的时间长度、可见卫星情况、位置精度因子等特性。分析结果表明,在载人航天轨道的一些持续时间段内,航天器可以利用北斗(区域)系统完成绝对和相对定位功能。     

测绘导航高精度定位关键技术及应用

人工智能(AI)、卫星导航及室内定位三大技术的快速发展持续推动测绘科技向智能化、学科交叉、信息融合的方向发展。指出了装备虚拟化与数据处理多样化将成为测绘导航的基本形态，拓展了测绘学科的内涵与外延。智能滤波是未来测绘导航定位理论发展的重要方向，AI芯片将成为测绘导航装备的关键部件，从而提高滤波效率与产品的实用性。给出了车载导航模组研制的技术流程，提出了模组原始信息同步采集与延时补偿、自适应定位算法及嵌入式固件时间分片优化等关键技术，研制了覆盖分米、厘米及毫米级定位精度的无缝组网定位、车载导航及变形监测模组，并研发了相应的终端系统，针对相应的应用领域，给出了各自应用的解决方案，以及具体的应用案例。     

Navigation message designing with high accuracy for NAV

Navigation message designing with high accuracy guarantee is the key to efficient navigation message distribution in the global navigation satellite system（GNSS）. Developing high accuracy-aware navigation message designing algorithms is an important topic. This paper investigates the high-accuracy navigation message designing problem with the message structure unchanged.The contributions made in this paper include a heuristic that employs the concept of the estimated range deviation（ERD） to improve the existing well-known navigation message on L1 frequency（NAV） of global positioning system（GPS） for good accuracy service; a numerical analysis approximation method（NAAM） to evaluate the range error due to truncation（RET） of different navigation messages; and a basic positioning parameters designing algorithm in the limited space allocation. Based on the predicted ultra-rapid data from the ultra-rapid data from the international GPS service for geodynamic（IGU）, ERDs are generated in real time for error correction.Simulations show that the algorithms developed in this paper are general and flexible, and thus are applicable to NAV improvement and other navigation message designs.