两种亚网格燃烧模型的旋流扩散燃烧大涡模拟

用二阶矩亚网格（SOM—SGS）燃烧模型和文献中的涡旋破碎亚网格（EBU—SGS）燃烧模型，对甲烷一空气旋流扩散燃烧进行了大涡模拟，将二者得到的LES统计平均温度分布和实验结果以及用二阶矩燃烧模型的统观模拟（RANS—SOM）结果比较，表明LES—SOM和RANS—SOM的模拟结果都和实验符合较好，而LES—EBU的模拟结果和实验不符合，在不同区域内高估或者低估了燃烧温度。其原因是由于EBU模型不能有效地考虑有限反应动力学的作用。LES—SOM模拟的瞬态结果显示了旋流扩散火焰的湍流大涡结构不同于射流火焰的特点。     

Navier–Stokes analysis methods for turbulent jet flows with application to aircraft exhaust nozzles

This article presents the current status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods as applied to the simulation of turbulent jet flowfields issuing from aircraft engine exhaust nozzles. For many years, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methods have been used routinely to calculate such flows, including very complex nozzle configurations. RANS methods replace all turbulent fluid dynamic effects with a turbulence model. Such turbulence models have limitations for jets with significant three-dimensionality, compressibility, and high temperature streams. In contrast to the RANS approach, direct numerical simulation (DNS) methods calculate the entire turbulent energy spectrum by resolving all turbulent motion down to the Kolmogorov scale. Although this avoids the limitations associated with turbulence modeling, DNS methods will remain computationally impractical in the foreseeable future for all but the simplest configurations. Large-Eddy simulation (LES) methods, which directly calculate the large-scale turbulent structures and reserve modeling only for the smallest scales, have been pursued in recent years and may offer the best prospects for improving the fidelity of turbulent jet flow simulations. A related approach is the group of hybrid RANS/LES methods, where RANS is used to model the small-scale turbulence in wall boundary layers and LES is utilized in regions dominated by the large-scale jet mixing. The advantages, limitations, and applicability of each approach are discussed and recommendations for further research are presented.     

超声速湍流流场的RANS/LES混合计算方法研究

采用对接/拼接网格技术,建立了基于分区混合和基于湍流尺度混合的双重RANS/LES混合计算模型,并对环翼低速绕流、翼型跨声速绕流和球锥带凹窗外形二维超声速绕流进行了初步的数值模拟.环翼和翼型绕流计算表明,该混合模型可给出较合理的湍流宏观平均量;球锥带凹窗外形二维超声速绕流计算表明,该混合模型可得到超声速瞬态湍流脉动流场,凹窗处存在复杂的旋涡结构和波系结构,呈现较大尺度的脉动.但该模型还需要进一步的考核验证.     

跨声速风扇的流固耦合的颤振分析(英文)

发展了时间推进的叶片颤振的数值方法,采用了时间推进求解流体和固体相互作用的过程。气动模型是基于求解三维雷诺平均的N-S方程,采用了多块结构化网格的有限体积格式,对流和耗散通量的计算使用了二阶迎风格式和中心格式。在变形的动网格上流体运动的守恒型方程的求解采用双时间步,隐式格式和多重网格方法。叶片振动采用了振型叠加的线性气动弹性模型。该方法在气动弹性标准算例4进行了验证,并用于求解跨音速风扇的颤振问题。     

用DES数值模拟具有横向喷流的紊流流场

DES(DettachedEddySimulation)是把RANS(雷诺平均Navier Stokes方程)方法及LES(大涡模拟)方法结合起来的模拟有脱体涡的紊流流场的数值模拟方法。其主要思想是在物面附近解雷诺平均Navier Stokes方程、在其他区域采用Smagorinski大涡模拟方法。本文用DES及混合非结构网格数值模拟复杂紊流流场,算法采用Osher逆风格式,对超音速钝头体、三角翼、某型飞机及带喷流的导弹绕流用该程序进行了数值模拟。结果表明用DES模拟有分离的紊流流场是高效的。     

The LES model's role in jet noise

Problem definition, near wall modeling and other factors, including grid structure along with its implications on filter definition, are suggested to be of potentially greater importance for practical jet simulations than the LES (large eddy simulation) model. This latter element in itself can be theoretically questionable. When moving to realistic engine conditions, it is noted that disentangling numerical influences from the LES model's appear difficult and negates the model value with its omission potentially being beneficial. Evidence cited suggests that if using an LES model for jets, choosing the numerically best conditioned or the one the code has or, for a dissipative solver, even LES model omission seems sensible. This view point precludes combustion modeling. Tensors of additional derivatives, used in non-linear LES models, when expanded, can yield potentially several hundred interesting derivatives. It is suggested that the MILES (monotone-integrated LES) and LES communities should move towards seeing where modified equation derivatives connect with derivatives that appear in more state of the art non-linear LES models. Then the best features could be combined to form mixed MILES–LES models or even mixed MILES–LES–RANS models. Combustion modeling also presents hybridization potential but in a different context. Most MILES-modified equation analysis focus on the spatial discretization and not the temporal. However, with some codes the spatial discretization terms are deliberately constructed to cancel temporal truncation error terms. Hence, the two things work in harmony and the temporal discretization can make a strong impact on resolved scales.     

多段翼型大迎角分离流动的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法

多段翼型的大迎角绕流发生大范围附面层分离,具有明显的三维与非定常流动特性。RANS/LES混合算法继承了LES对流动分离区大尺度漩涡准确模拟的优点,避免了纯LES算法需求网格量巨大与亚格子模型壁面函数不成熟等问题,对分离流动的模拟效果优于RANS算法。以S-A湍流模型与Smagorinsky亚格子模型为基础,借鉴DDES的附面层延迟控制思想,构造了可用于对接网格、重叠网格的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法。研究了GA（W）-1多段翼型的大迎角分离流动及其气动特性。     

湍流大涡数值模拟进展

本文简要陈述湍流大涡数值模拟的原理、优点,着重讨论湍流大涡数值模拟方法的关键问题及其可能解决的途径,包括脉动的过滤、亚格子模型、近壁模型和标量湍流的大涡数值模拟中的特殊问题.文章强调大涡数值模拟中亚格子应力的本质是可解尺度湍流和不可解尺度湍流动量间的输运,并以作者最近提出的新型亚格子模型说明发展亚格子模型的正确途径.文章最后提出湍流大涡数值模拟近期需要迫切解决的问题和其他具有挑战性的方向.     

Wall-layer models for large-eddy simulations

The numerical simulation of high Reynolds number flows is hampered by model accuracy if the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are used, and by computational cost if direct or large-eddy simulations (LES) that resolve the near-wall layer are employed. The cost of a calculation scales like the Reynolds number to the power 3 for direct numerical simulations, or 2.4 for LES, making the resolution of the wall layer at high Reynolds number infeasible even with the most advanced computers. In LES, an attractive alternative to compute high-Re flows is the use of wall-layer models, in which only the outer layer is resolved, while the near-wall region is modeled. Three broad classes of approaches are presently used: bypassing this region altogether using wall functions, solving a separate set of equations in the near-wall region, weakly coupled to the outer flow, or simulating the near-wall region in a global, Reynolds-averaged, sense. These approaches are discussed and their ranges of applicability are highlighted. Various unresolved issues in wall-layer modeling are presented.     

基于RANS/LES方法的超声速底部流场数值模拟

分别采用基于两方程k-ω剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型的延迟DES(DDES)、更改的DDES(MDDES)和改进的DDES(IDDES)方法,并引入可压缩修正,结合三阶MUSCL-Roe和五阶WENO-Roe两种空间离散格式,针对超声速底部的复杂流动现象,开展了数值模拟研究。计算结果表明本文方法能够捕捉到超声速底部流动中丰富的湍流结构,通过分析计算结果对超声速底部的流动机理有了进一步的认识,为下一步的超声速底部流动减阻改进和雷诺平均NavierStokes/大涡模拟(RANS/LES)方法在非定常高可压缩性流动中的应用提供了参考。通过对比分析不同空间离散格式的计算结果研究了数值耗散对计算的影响,五阶WENO-Roe格式的计算结果与实验结果吻合良好;对不同RANS/LES混合方法的计算结果进行了对比分析,结果表明IDDES方法在近壁区的表现优于DDES和MDDES方法。     

战斗机垂尾脉动压力数值模拟

在亚跨超计算流体力学（CFD）软件平台（TRIP）上开发了基于RANS/LES混合思路的IDDES流动模拟技术,并通过NACA0021翼型60°大迎角分离流动与串列圆柱绕流模拟对RANS/LES混合方法的精确度进行了验证,针对某战斗机外形的垂尾脉动压力开展了数值模拟研究。战斗机来流马赫数为0.1,基于全机长度的雷诺数为2×10⁶,模型迎角为20°、30°和40°。分别通过脉动压力系数、脉动压力功率谱密度、空间流动结构以及侧向力响应曲线等对战斗机的垂尾脉动压力进行了分析。脉动压力模拟结果表明：当垂尾完全沉浸在边条翼脱体涡破碎后的宽频湍流脉动气流中时,垂尾翼梢位置的脉动压力会发生明显的增大。     

Computation of unsteady turbomachinery flows: Part 1—Progress and challenges

There are numerous unsteady flow influences in turbomachinery. These can potentially make a substantial total impact on efficiency, and hence the environment and operating costs over the life of a gas turbine engine. These unsteadiness sources are reviewed. Also, the turbomachinery zones where unsteady modeling is mandatory for meaningful solutions is outlined. The various unsteady modeling hierarchies are reviewed. These range from linear harmonic to Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS). Unsteady reduced order modeling encompassing deterministic stresses and body forces are reviewed. Hierarchies are presented for different modeling lineages and fidelity levels. Mixed fidelity methods are proposed, where low and high fidelity treatments are combined. For example, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Simulations (URANS) being combined with body forces to provide appropriate system boundary conditions.A daunting array of modeling and numerical methods and strategies are found for the user to select. Each has their own theoretical limitations. Clearly a user must be aware of these. Reported performances of the different approaches are found to vary considerably between relatively similar applications. The reviewed work suggests that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), as ever, is an activity that needs strong reviewing of processes, tools and overseeing of modeling practices. With regard to LES, grid densities used for typical complex geometry simulations currently appear to be too coarse. This reflects the lack of current computational performance and hence the need for reduced order models.     

厚覆冰导线升力突变机理及数值模拟研究

针对新月形厚覆冰导线的升力系数在风攻角15°附近存在突变的问题,分别采用基于k-ωSST湍流模型的雷诺时均法和大涡模拟(LES)的数值方法对新月形厚覆冰导线在风攻角10°~20°范围进行了模拟。通过对比两种数值方法计算得到的覆冰导线气动力系数、流场结构和表面风压,发现LES方法能够更好地捕捉新月形覆冰导线表面的小尺度涡结构,得到的覆冰导线气动力参数计算结果与风洞试验数据高度吻合;而k-ωSST湍流模型难以模拟壁面上小尺度涡,捕捉不到升力系数的突变。根据覆冰导线不同壁面区域的压力分布,发现上侧壁面处的涡结构影响整体流场,并在下侧壁面曲率、来流夹角和壁面切线方向共同作用下导致升力系数突变。LES的气动力参数模拟结果可为覆冰导线防舞提供参考。     

脱体涡模拟方法研究及其应用

基于现有的非定常雷诺平均N-S方程的求解方法,研究与发展了脱体涡模拟方法（DES）。在紊流附面层内用RANS方法,湍流模型采用S-A模型,在其他区域结合S-A模型运用Smagorinski的LES模型,并将S-A模型中的物面耗散项进行适当的改进,使得改进的模型既充当了RANS中的S-A紊流模型,又充当了Smagorinski大涡模拟模型。为验证所发展方法的有效性,将研究的DES方法应用到一些典型流场计算中,并与已有结果或实验结果进行比较。     

叶间相位角对叶片颤振的影响

发展了一种基于能量法并计及叶间相位角(IBPA)影响的数值计算方法.建立了全环振荡叶栅模型,将每一个扇区分为叶片表面附近的可动域及其外围的固定域,采用有限元形函数将计算结构动力学(CSD)网格点位移的传递到计算流体动力学(CFD)的耦合面网格点上,求解了全环振荡叶栅由k-ε湍流模型封闭的Reynolds平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程.以NASA 67转子叶片为例,在设计转速下,基于能量法分析了叶间相位角对叶片颤振的影响.计算结果表明:叶间相位角对叶片颤振有显著影响.      

关于两方程湍流模型的考虑

通过对两方程湍流模型的分析,提出了在主流区或远壁区用两方程模型,近壁区用代数湍流模型的思路,即所谓的“双层”模型概念。通过对平板湍流附面层的计算表明,这种分层计算措施获得的速度分布、壁面剪切力较单纯应用低雷诺数两方程湍流模型时的结果准确。对非均匀来流条件下90°弯管内高湍流度流场的计算表明,双层模型可获得更加准确的速度分布。从而表明本文提出的分层计算措施是有效的,可满足工程计算要求。      

On developing data-driven turbulence model for DG solution of RANS

High-order Discontinuous Galerkin(DG) methods have been receiving more and more attentions in the area of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) because of their high-accuracy property. However, it is still a challenge to obtain converged solution rapidly when solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS) equations since the turbulence models significantly increase the nonlinearity of discretization system. The overall goal of this research is to develop an Artificial Neural Networks(ANNs) model with low complexity acting as an algebraic turbulence model to estimate the turbulence eddy viscosity for RANS. The ANN turbulence model is off-line trained using the training data generated by the widely used Spalart–Allmaras(SA) turbulence model before the Optimal Brain Surgeon(OBS) is employed to determine the relevancy of input features.Using the selected relevant features, a fully connected ANN model is constructed. The performance of the developed ANN model is numerically tested in the framework of DG for RANS, where the‘‘DG+ANN" method provides robust and steady convergence compared to the ‘‘DG+SA" method. The results demonstrate the promising potential to develop a general turbulence model based on artificial intelligence in the future given the training data covering a large rang of flow conditions.     

风沙两相流数值模拟研究进展

大气表面层中的风沙运动是典型的高雷诺数湍流气固两相流动,同时具有可蚀地表上的冲击溅起过程、风-沙-电多场耦合、多尺度与跨尺度等复杂特性,使其定量预测极具挑战性。回顾了近30年风沙运动数值模拟的研究进展以及取得的成果,主要包括基于湍流雷诺平均Navier-Stokes （RANS）方法的风沙运动多场耦合模拟与风成地貌耦合尺度模型建立,基于湍流大涡模拟（LES）与高雷诺数湍流理论的风沙运动模拟方法。最后明确了风沙运动现有数值模拟方法的不足和值得进一步研究的方向。     

有/无尾迹作用下低压涡轮叶栅分离边界层转捩的大涡模拟

采用经过大量算例验证的可压缩大涡模拟求解器对雷诺数为60154、马赫数为0.402的低压涡轮叶栅T106D-EIZ进行了细致模拟,计算了定常来流和周期性尾迹来流两种工况.对计算结果的分析表明:定常来流工况下,叶片吸力面后部出现大尺寸的层流分离泡,分离剪切层的转捩过程受Kelvin-Helmholtz （K-H）不稳定性控制;尾迹来流工况下,由于来流尾迹的周期性扫掠,时均分离泡尺寸变小,叶栅总压损失降低.对相位平均和瞬态流场的分析表明,尾迹引起的逆射流使分离点后移,形成卷起涡结构,逆射流掠过卷起涡的过程中与其发生强烈的相互作用,产生大量气动损失,而后卷起涡破碎,流动转捩为湍流.