高负荷低压涡轮边界层转捩的实验研究

为了研究高负荷低压涡轮边界层的非定常转捩过程及雷诺数对尾迹边界层相互作用机制的影响,采用热线和表面热膜测试技术在高负荷叶栅实验台上对吸力面边界层的非定常时空演化进行了实验测试。结果表明:高负荷叶型的吸力面边界层在没有来流尾迹作用的情况下会不可避免地发生分离。分离剪切层中的K-H无粘不稳定机制主导了失稳转捩过程;来流尾迹的逆射流会与边界层相互作用,产生卷起涡结构,从而促进分离剪切层的转捩过程。边界层的分离被转捩产生的湍流条带及其后的寂静区抑制;随着雷诺数降低,分离点向上游移动11.4%吸力面弧长,分离泡的流向和法向范围扩大,尾迹引起的卷起涡结构尺度也随之变大。雷诺数通过改变分离剪切层的状态对转捩机制产生影响。     

尾迹对低压涡轮端区非定常流动影响的数值研究

为提高尾迹对涡轮端区二次流影响的认识,利用尾迹降低端区损失,采用了数值模拟的方法对T106A非定常工况下的叶栅流动进行模拟,辅以实验进行校核。以上游尾迹对端区附面层的抬升作用和上游尾迹对叶栅通道前部涡系结构的破坏作用为切入点,分析尾迹对端区二次流非定常发展过程的影响。研究发现尾迹中心离开叶栅通道时,尾迹对叶栅端区二次流起抑制作用;当尾迹尾部离开叶栅通道时,尾迹卷起的轮毂附面层激励了端区二次流,使二次流更加活跃。     

一种大负荷低压涡轮叶型的气动性能

基于Lantry-Menter转捩模型,分别对Zweifel升力系数为1.2的一种大负荷低压涡轮叶型在定常来流不同湍流度、雷诺数条件下,上游非定常、周期性尾迹作用下的流动进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明,定常来流低雷诺数条件下,湍流度对该大负荷叶型的气动性能影响较大;上游非定常、周期性尾迹对叶型吸力面分离泡的抑制作用可进一步减小低雷诺数条件下的叶型损失.计算结果揭示了该大负荷叶型在低压涡轮内部真实流动环境中的表面流动及损失特征,对国内现行低压涡轮设计有着较好的启示.      

尾迹对低压涡轮吸力面附面层流动的影响

为研究尾迹对低压涡轮叶片吸力面附面层流动特性与转捩过程的影响,利用商用CFX软件进行数值模拟,并辅以试验 校核。着眼于附面层瞬态分析,在1个尾迹扫掠周期内,对吸力面附面层内Klebanoff条纹、KH结构、涡等瞬态结构进行研究。结 果表明：在尾迹间歇期,尾迹诱导湍流区和抑制区仍在影响叶片尾缘附面层的发展,分离泡在抑制区上游重新生成;尾迹接触叶片 前缘后,产生尾迹放大Klebanoff条纹,其前缘以88%的主流速度向下游运动,随后尾迹接触附面层并与分离泡作用,触发剪切层 的KH不稳定性形成全展向KH卷起涡,而尾迹诱导转捩起到了抑制分离泡的作用;尾迹放大Klebanoff条纹将追赶并冲击全展向 KH卷起涡,使其崩溃为局部KH涡并最终破裂成全湍流。     

上游尾迹与涡轮叶栅通道涡相互作用研究

采用三维粘性非定常数值模拟方法研究了上游尾迹与涡轮叶栅通道涡的相互作用,对定常、非定常时均以及瞬时时刻流动机理进行了分析.结果表明:上游尾迹的非定常作用一方面增强了叶栅通道涡的径向涡,使得流动损失增大;另一方面能够一定程度上抑制通道涡中流向涡的发展,对控制损失起到正面作用,端区的综合非定常效应取决于两者之间的平衡.在本文计算条件下,上述两方面综合影响使得通道涡的非定常损失增大.      

尾迹诱导下低压涡轮边界层转捩的数值模拟

为研究尾迹诱导下低压涡轮的边界层发展,采用基于三阶MUSCL-Roe格式、引入转捩准则后的一方程Spalart&Allmaras模型和隐式牛顿迭代时间推进的非定常雷诺平均计算方法,对上游运动圆柱产生的周期性尾迹作用下的T106低压涡轮叶片边界层转捩流动进行了数值模拟。定常来流下,准确捕捉到分离诱导转捩及雷诺数效应现象;尾迹作用下的非定常计算,则揭示了尾迹在叶栅通道内的输运过程,及尾迹对低压涡轮吸力面上层流分离的抑制作用。     

上游尾迹与涡轮转子泄漏流相互作用数值模拟

叶轮机内部流动本质上是周期性非定常的,研究涡轮转子叶尖区域的非定常相互作用机理,对提高小展弦比高负荷涡轮性能具有重要意义.利用数值模拟方法研究了上游静子尾迹与涡轮转子叶尖泄漏流的非定常相互作用,分析了定常结果、时间平均结果以及瞬时时刻结果的流动图画.结果表明:上游静子尾迹与涡轮转子尖区二次流的相互作用能明显影响泄漏涡和机匣通道涡的时空演化规律,从而改变转子尖区的损失分布.上游尾迹在转子通道中传播时,诱导泄漏涡和通道涡区域出现周期性的扰动涡对,扰动涡对沿着泄漏涡和通道涡的轨迹向下游运动,使得转子尖区二次流结构呈现周期性变化.      

超高负荷低压涡轮非定常特性实验

针对某后加载超高负荷低压涡轮叶型的定常与非定常气动特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:由于上游尾迹的作用,在低来流雷诺数与来流湍流度下,尾迹诱导转捩叠加自然转捩可以抑制分离、降低叶型损失.在一个尾迹通过周期,由于尾迹诱导转捩的作用,附面层分离周期性地放大、缩小.同时在吸力面速度峰值点下游观测到了尾迹被割裂为两部分的现象,形成了一个主尾迹与一个副尾迹.副尾迹同样可以诱导转捩,但强度较低,对分离抑制效果有限.      

低压涡轮叶型边界层相互作用的数值模拟

基于Lantry-Menter转捩模型,应用商用流体计算软件求解非定常雷诺平均N-S方程组,对进口雷诺数为2.5×104,来流湍流度为2.5%,尾迹折合频率为0.92状态下的尾迹/PAK-B叶型边界层的相互作用进行了数值模拟。数值计算揭示的尾迹在叶栅通道中的输运特性、尾迹诱导卷起涡形成、尾迹诱导边界层转捩等物理机制大致符合相关实验定性描述。     

叶栅二次流旋涡结构与损失分析

采用三维粘性程序对某型动力涡轮的第一级进行了数值模拟, 模拟结果捕捉到了该涡轮级叶栅的内部流的流动细节, 展示了涡轮叶栅端壁和型面流动及叶栅通道内的三维流动结构.通过对叶栅中的二次流现象和流动损失机理的分析, 揭示了该涡轮级叶栅通道内二次流旋涡结构(马蹄涡、通道涡、壁角涡、尾迹涡、泄漏涡等)的演变过程, 以及旋涡结构对损失分布的影响.      

Unsteady experimental and numerical investigation of aerodynamic performance in ultra-high-lift LPT

Detailed experimental and numerical investigations were performed for an ultra-high-lift front-loaded low-pressure turbine cascade (Zw = 1.58) with periodic wakes. The interaction mechanisms between the incoming wakes and endwall secondary flow were carefully examined. Wakes were produced by moving upstream rods, and flow field downstream of the cascade was measured using a seven-hole probe. Experimental results revealed that incoming wakes influenced not only the boundary layer development of the blade suction surface but also the complex endwall secondary vortex structures. On the suction surface: Incoming wakes clearly suppressed the suction side separation bubble at a low Reynolds number of 25000. Nevertheless, the effects of different wake passing frequencies were not significantly different at Re = 100000, and the profile losses under wake passing were even greater than in the absence of wakes. At the endwalls: Incoming wakes more strongly suppressed secondary flow at Re = 100000 than at Re = 25000, because the low-momentum fluid inside the incoming wakes clearly increased the endwall cross-passage pressure gradient at Re = 25000. The experimental results indicated that periodic wakes decreased the passage vortex and counter vortex core strength by 25% and 30%, respectively, at Re = 100000. Instantaneous results also demonstrated that endwall secondary vortices decreased significantly near the position of wakes passing.     

扫频式射流对设计工况压气机叶栅流动分离影响的数值研究

高负荷压气机中的大尺度流动分离是导致其性能下降的主要原因,通过数值方法研究了扫频式射流控制角区分离、减小气动损失的效果,并以模型方程代替实际射流器,讨论了扫频式射流的基本控制参数对压气机叶栅流场控制效果及气动性能的影响。结果表明:扫频式射流使得流场呈现出稳定的周期性变化趋势,且存在一个扫频频率,使得超过该频率后的控制效果趋于稳定;合理选择扫频激励参数对实现流动分离的控制至关重要。在本文的方案中,采用较小的扫频射流角和射流流速能取得较好的控制效果,而更大的最大扫频摆角能强化这种控制效果,时均总压损失最大减小6.1%;扫频式射流能够在更大范围内提高吸力面边界层低能流体的动能,以更好地限制角区分离沿叶高方向发展,从而改善对角区分离的控制效果。     

尾迹对低压涡轮边界层稳定性的影响

在低压涡轮内部上游周期性扫过的尾迹是下游叶片排内最重要的非定常扰动源,会对边界层的失稳和转捩过程产生决定性的影响.在施加低压涡轮负荷分布的平板上,采用热线对雷诺数为130000工况下,有/无尾迹作用时分离剪切层中的速度波动进行了测量.通过对比两种工况下分离剪切层中的扰动发展,分析了尾迹对分离泡稳定性的影响.结果表明:在无尾迹来流工况下,扰动在分离泡前部的增长符合线性不稳定机制,扰动增长至饱和后非线性机制开始起作用.主导分离剪切层的失稳过程的为K-H(Kelvin-Helmholtz)无黏不稳定机制.尾迹与分离剪切层的相互作用产生的扰动的增长在分离泡前部同样满足线性不稳定机制.尾迹加速了分离剪切层的失稳转捩进程,从而抑制了分离.      

Unsteady wakes-secondary flow interactions in a high-lift low-pressure turbine cascade

Detailed experimental measurements were conducted to study the interactions between incoming wakes and endwall secondary flow in a high-lift Low-Pressure Turbine (LPT) cascade. All of the measurements were conducted in both the presence and absence of incoming wakes, and numerical analysis was performed to elucidate the flow mechanism. With increasing Reynolds number, the influence of the incoming wakes on suppressing the secondary flow gradually increased owing to the greater influence of incoming wakes on reducing the negative incidence angle at higher Reynolds numbers, leading to a lower blade loading near the leading edge and suppression of the Pressure Side (PS) leg of the horseshoe vortex. However, the effect of unsteady wakes on suppressing the profile losses gradually became weaker owing to the reduced size of the Suction Side (SS) separation bubble and increased mixing loss in the free-flow region at high Reynolds numbers. Incoming wakes clearly improved the aerodynamic performance of the low-pressure turbine cascade at low Reynolds numbers of 25,000 and 50,000. In contrast, at the high Reynolds number of 100,000, the profile loss at the midspan and mass-averaged total losses downstream of the cascade were higher in the presence of wakes than in the absence of wakes, and the unsteady wakes exerted a negative influence on the aerodynamic performance of the LPT cascade.     

流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响

采用大涡模拟方法、结构化网格建立了低压高负荷透平Pak B叶栅的非稳态数值分析模型,研究了不同流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响.控制前随着雷诺数的减小和气流攻角的增大,叶栅流动分离区域变大,在气流攻角为5°下发生分离未在尾缘前再附的情况.合成射流控制后,不同流动参数下的流动分离都得到了有效的控制,并且在射流偏角为30°时,合成射流控制效果最好.合成射流使叶栅吸力面的流动分离位置推迟,再附位置前移,分离泡尺寸减小,叶栅吸力面的逆压梯度段缩短,吸力面边界层表面的剪切层在向下游迁移的过程中,没有发生充分的抬升,避免了大尺度涡旋的形成,并且很快地黏附于壁面,进而有效地控制了流动分离.      

无源微脉冲射流抑制叶栅气流分离的初步实验

基于一种适用于高负荷压气机的无源微脉冲射流控制技术,在平面叶栅实验平台上开展了低马赫数实验研究,得到了无流动控制时叶栅通道内稳态及动态压力特性.对该分离流场（通道内分离涡主频为478Hz,对应的斯特劳哈尔数Sr约为0.2）进行了无源微脉冲射流控制通道内气流分离的实验研究,并针对148Hz到840Hz频率范围内的无源微脉冲射流控制分离流的效果进行了实验测量分析.实验结果表明:在分离涡主频0.85~1.20频率范围内,控制效果最为明显;相比于开缝吹气等定常射流控制方式,无源微脉冲射流控制方式引气流量小,大幅降低了引气对压力面流动特征及叶栅总体性能的影响.      

Numerical study of separation on the trailing edge of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Reynolds number

This study focuses on the trailing-edge separation of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Rey-nolds number. Finite volume method is adopted to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation. Flow of the symmetrical airfoil SD8020 at a low Reynolds number has been simulated. Laminar separation bubble in the flow field of the airfoil is observed and process of unsteady bubble burst and vortex shedding from airfoil surfaces is investigated. The time-dependent lift coefficient is characteristic of periodic fluctuations and the lift curve varies nonlinearly with the attack of angle. Laminar separation occurs on both surfaces of airfoil at small angles of attack. With the increase of angle of attack, laminar separation occurs and then reattaches near the trailing edge on the upper surface of airfoil, which forms laminar separation bubble. When the attack of angle reaches certain value, the laminar separation bubble is unstable and produces two kinds of large scale vortex, i.e. primary vortex and secondary vortex. The periodic processes that include secondary vortex production, motion of secondary vortex and vortex shedding cause fluctuation of the lift coefficient. The periodic time varies with attack of angle. The secondary vortex is relatively stronger than the primary vortex, which means its influence is relatively stronger than the primary vortex.     

射流旋涡发生器控制大折转角扩压叶栅二次流

将射流旋涡发生器引入到某折转角为60°的扩压叶栅端壁二次流控制中,研究了射流方向和射流总压对扩压叶栅气动性能及栅内流动的影响.结果表明:当射流旋涡发生器侧向倾角为0°时,仅采用不足扩压叶栅进口流量0.5%的射流流量,即可显著减少栅内损失.射流旋涡有效阻碍和推迟了通道涡发展,在下洗侧将主流流体卷入端壁附面层内,而在上洗侧将低能流体带入主流中,从而减少了角区低能流体聚积,减弱了吸力面的分离流动.当射流进口总压采用与扩压叶栅进口相同的总压时,总压损失减小21.5%,且射流进口总压越大,其控制效果越明显.