卫星光通信APT控制系统H∞设计

 捕获瞄准跟踪(APT)控制系统的设计是影响整个星间光通信系统性能的重要因素。利用指向偏差的概率分布阐述了卫星光通信过程中捕获概率、跟踪误差及误码率受卫星平台振动和终端装置参数摄动的影响,通过功率谱分析了卫星平台振动在低频段、对象不确定性在高频段对指向偏差的影响,并对其进行了模型化分析。采用H_∞控制混合灵敏度设计方法同时抑制干扰和处理受控对象不确定性问题进行控制器设计。仿真验证表明该方法得到的控制器对平台干扰具有抑制力,对对象摄动具有鲁棒性。     

提高深空异步激光测距精度方法研究

异步激光测距的作用距离远,有望实现对地球同步轨道以及深空航天器的精确测量。在对相关文献深入研究的基础上,全面分析了异步激光测距基本原理,对其钟差和测距公式进行了重新推导,提出了一种适用于深空异步激光测距的精确公式,并给出了迭代求解方法。通过理论仿真分析,在脉冲时间测量误差5ns时,对匀速飞行目标,该方法距离测量精度可达到5～6m,比其他方法高出2～3个数量级。     

定向通信系统天线波束指向误差分析

对影响定向通信系统天线波束指向误差的因素进行了分析,给出了一种特殊情形下波束指向误差与姿态角的关系式,同时给出了一般情形下基于最小二乘估计的波束指向误差与姿态角关系的推导方法.给出的关系式和方法对分析定向通信系统波束指向误差提供了理论依据,有助于评估定向通信系统的波束对准情况.     

Pointing Error Statistics in Optical Beam Tracking

In tracking optical beams from a source, a pointing error signal is derived from photodetecting the field in the receiver focal plane. This error signal is then used in some manner to control a gimballed system that continually points the receiver optics toward the source. When the source field undergoes turbulent transmission, the optical beam is attenuated and scattered, and the field is randomly defocused at the receiver. In this case the pointing error of the tracking system will evolve as a random vector process in time, statistically related to the random scattering, the photodetection process, and the dynamics of the gimballing system. Such vector processes have probability densities that satisfy well-known differential equations. These equations are derived in terms of accepted scattering models and tracking systems, assuming quadranttype error detectors are used in the focal plane. Approximate solutions are obtained and analyzed for typical operating conditions, and the manner in which the degree of scattering degrades the entire pointing operation is shown.     

协同制导导引头最大指向角误差分析

在协同制导条件下,建立了导引头最大预定指向角误差模型,分析了各种因素对协同制导条件下导引头最大预定指向角误差的影响。结果表明,雷达测角误差和系统时延是影响协同制导中末交班导引头最大指向角误差的主要因素。     

基于惯性/激光测距/视觉里程计组合的高空场景尺度误差估计方法

惯性/视觉感知信息融合导航定位技术是目前实现无人机不依赖卫星自主导航的最有效手段。但对于面向高空场景的大型无人机，惯性器件误差与视觉里程计尺度误差耦合且特征平面化导致可观测性下降。针对这一问题，提出了利用惯性/激光测距/视觉里程计组合实现尺度误差估计的方法。通过开展误差模型建立、激光测量点与图像中位置匹配、无人机平飞机动下系统可观测性分析等关键技术研究，实现了高空场景下尺度误差的精确估计。经过300m高度机载试验数据验证，算法精度优于1.5%D，对卫星拒止条件下高空无人机自主导航具有重要意义。     

ATP系统驱动装置设计

捕获、跟踪和瞄准（Acquisition,Tracking,Pointing—ATP）系统是飞行器激光通信与协同控制系统的重要组成部分。本文提出了基于激光反射的二维扫描ATP系统的总体解决方案,建立了扫描模块中关键器件的理论数学模型,实现了电路控制模块的硬件与软件界面的设计,最终搭建了ATP系统驱动装置。该装置响应迅速,结构紧凑,稳定性好,可完成120°视场的扫描以及视场中任意一点的定位。     

Algorithms for Spatial Laser Beacon Acquisition

The pointing system for optical data transmission over unguided channels uses a return beacon from the receiver back to the transmitter to aid the reciprocal alignment of the two stations. We concentrate on CW or pulsed-beacon acquisition with array detectors in the presence of extended clutter in addition to background and receiver noises. Acquisition in the presence of a single interferer (jammer) is also considered. A maximum likelihood (ML) approach is used when preliminary scene information is available. In the case of unknown scenario, a picture-picture subtraction algorithm is considered for the pulsed laser. Performance is evaluated in terms of probability of an acquisition error for Poisson statistics of the photodetector output.     

Experimental study in adaptive tracking control

The authors describe an experimental study of adaptive pointing and tracking control for flexible spacecraft conducted on a complex ground experiment facility. The algorithm used is based on a multivariable direct model reference adaptive control law. Several experimental validation studies performed using this algorithm for vibration damping and robust regulation are extended by addressing the pointing and tracking problem. As is consistent with an adaptive control framework, the plant is assumed to be poorly known to the extent that only system level knowledge of its dynamics is available. Explicit bounds on the steady-state pointing error are derived as functions of the adaptive controller design parameters. It is shown that good tracking performance can be achieved in an experimental setting by adjusting adaptive controller design weightings according to the guidelines indicated by the analytical expressions for the error     

三维激光成像系统构像点定位误差分析方法

三维激光成像系统是一种包含激光扫描仪、惯性导航系统（SINS）、全球定位系统（GPS）等多种先进技术的复杂系统。影响三维激光成像系统构像点定位精度的因素有扫描仪测距误差、扫描角误差、姿态测量误差、GPS定位误差、系统集成误差。在三维激光成像系统设计开始时需要确定各分系统的技术指标,这需要确定上述各误差项对构像点定位精度的影响大小。为了确定上述各误差大小与构像点定位误差之间的量化关系,研究了一种三维激光成像系统误差分析方法,推导了系统误差方程。通过试验验证,该方法能够准确确定各误差项对构像点定位误差的影响,为系统设计时对各分系统提出合理技术指标提供理论支持。     

The Mercury Laser Altimeter Instrument for the MESSENGER Mission

The Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) is one of the payload science instruments on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission, which launched on August 3, 2004. The altimeter will measure the round-trip time of flight of transmitted laser pulses reflected from the surface of the planet that, in combination with the spacecraft orbit position and pointing data, gives a high-precision measurement of surface topography referenced to Mercury’s center of mass. MLA will sample the planet’s surface to within a 1-m range error when the line-of-sight range to Mercury is less than 1,200 km under spacecraft nadir pointing or the slant range is less than 800 km. The altimeter measurements will be used to determine the planet’s forced physical librations by tracking the motion of large-scale topographic features as a function of time. MLA’s laser pulse energy monitor and the echo pulse energy estimate will provide an active measurement of the surface reflectivity at 1,064 nm. This paper describes the instrument design, prelaunch testing, calibration, and results of postlaunch testing.     

Torque disturbance rejection in high accuracy tracking systems

The possibility of rejecting torque disturbances that degrade the pointing and tracking accuracy of electromechanical pedestals and general two-axis systems used for target acquisition and robotics is discussed. Torque rejection achieved through disturbance estimation and compensation results in a vast improvement in pointing accuracy. For the class of disturbances considered, comparisons of a classical loop configuration of a tracker, modeled as a two-mass system, with the state-space solution indicate that at least an order-of-magnitude improvement in tracking error can be achieved     

Volterra Series Synthesis of Nonlinear Stochastic Tracking Systems

One of the most important objectives of a radar angle-tracking loop is to keep the target within the beamwidth of the radar antenna. Thus, the behavior of the antenna pointing error is of vital interest in determination of tracking performance. For a tracker with a general polynomial linearity (representing nonlinear receiver characteristics), subjected to constant line-of-sight rate inputs, random initial antenna pointing errors, and white Gaussian receiver noise, a method to obtain approximations to the transient mean and variance of the antenna pointing error as explicit functions of time is presented.     

Pointing Accuracy and Dynamic Range in a Steered Beam Adaptive Array

The performance of a steered beam adaptive array as a function of the beam pointing error is examined. The purpose is to determine how close the steered beam has to be to the actual desired signal arrival angle for good performance. It is shown that the beam pointing error that can be tolerated is essentially a question of dynamic range. The greater the desired signal dynamic range that must be accommodated by the array, the more accurate the beam pointing angle must be.     

白天激光漫反射测距中微弱信号检测的单开门多触发方法

白天激光漫反射测距因存在强背景噪声,导致微弱回波信号的检测十分困难,严重限制了激光漫反射测距的广泛应用。因此,提出了采用单开门多触发方法解决白天激光漫反射测距的微弱信号检测难题。首先,介绍了一种GM-APD (Geiger-ModeAvalanchePhotoDiode,盖革模式雪崩光电二极管)多触发概率分布函数的快速求解方法。接着,取激光漫反射测距系统典型参数,理论分析了多触发情况下的回波信号检测概率,分析结果表明单开门多触发方法可提高激光漫反射测距在白天情况下的回波信号检测概率。同时,通过对触发次数限制的优选,可以增加有效检测比,减少白天观测条件下回波信号的提取代价。最终,通过系统仿真验证了理论分析结果的正确性。因此,单开门多触发方法是解决白天激光漫反射测距微弱信号检测的可行途径之一。     

机载卫星通信天线引导概率分析

针对某机载Ka频段卫星通信天线的使用环境,论述其天线角跟踪系统在捷联航姿设备引导下,天线主波束指向卫星目标位置的概率,分析影响天线角跟踪系统引导概率的主要因素,通过消减系统中大误差源保证了天线引导概率,通过扩展主波束指向空域提高了目标落入概率。计算数据和试验验证表明,给出的分析方法可行,设计策略有效。     

捷联惯性制导系统的圆锥误差及其补偿

圆锥误差是捷联惯导系统,特别是激光陀螺捷联惯导系统重要的误差源,为提高激光捷联惯性系统的导航精度,防止姿态误差的积累,本文研究了圆锥补偿算法和圆锥补偿误差特性,给出了常用的8种圆锥补偿算法,针对激光陀螺惯组的实际应用背景,开展了弹道仿真研究,给出了圆锥误差对激光陀螺捷联惯导系统导航精度的影响和补偿修正的效果。     

Terminal Seeker Pointing-Angle Error at Target Acquisition

Missile terminal guidance seekers that employ optical, infrared, or radar sensors to acquire, lock-on, and track their target are subject to a missile-to-target line-of-sight pointing error during the acquisition phase. The error is due primarily to missile navigation errors (attitude and position) and inaccuracies in predicting the target location. The computational process to obtain the seeker-to-target pointing vector is formulated. Linear perturbation ion of the pointing vector yields the pointing-angle error tions.quaons. A simple quantitative example is given.     

Bandwidth maximization for satellite laser communication

Free space optical communication between satellites networked together can make possible high speed communication between different places on Earth. The basic free space optical communication network includes at least two satellites. In order to communicate between them, the transmitter satellite must track the beacon of the receiver satellite and point the information optical beam in its direction. The pointing systems for laser satellite communication suffer during tracking from vibration due to electronic noise, background radiation from interstellar objects such as Sun, Moon, Earth, and Stars in the tracking field of view, and mechanical impact from satellite internal and external sources. Due to vibrations the receiver receives less power. This effect limits the system bandwidth for given bit error rate (BER). In this research we derive an algorithm to maximize the communication system bandwidth using the transmitter telescope gain as a free variable based on the vibration statistics model and the system parameters. Our model makes it possible to adapt the bandwidth and transmitter gain to change of vibration amplitude. We also present an example of a practical satellite network which includes a direct detection receiver with an optical amplifier. A bandwidth improvement of three orders of magnitude is achieved in this example for certain conditions, as compared with an unoptimized system