The Effect of Satellite Spin on Two-Way Doppler Rangerate Measurements

The rotation of a spin-stabilized satellite employing a turnstile antenna for reception and retransmission affects two-way Doppler range-rate measurements. Two different types of tracking systems are considered and, in both systems, the range-rate measurement is changed by the amount begin{equation*} |Delta dot{r}| = frac{|1 pm 1/k|}{2} lambda_{t}f_{s} end{equation*} where k is the turn-around ratio of the satellite transponder, Xt is the wavelength of the ground-based transmitter, and fs is the spin rate of the satellite. The positive sign is used if the turnstile antenna elements are connected to give the same polarization for both reception and transmission. If the antenna connections result in different polarizations, the minus sign is used and the magnitude of the effect is reduced.     

A Domestic Satellite Design

This paper deals with the design parameters of a communications satellite which would be capable of providing domestic telephony, data, and television distribution services. Certain important aspects of the design are discussed, including satellite antenna beam coverage, transponder bandwidth, and transponder radiated power for a given weight range. A baseline satellite design is then presented which has 24 transponders (with 4000 watts radiated power on-axis and 34-MHz radio-frequency bandwidth) fully accessible from the 48 contiguous United States. The design uses crossed linear polarization to reuse the satellite transmit and receive frequency spectrum.     

Optimum Design of Single Channel per Carrier Satellite Systems

Optimization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth is utilized to minimize the Earth station G/T in satellite channel per carrier (SCPC) systems. The corresponding optimum transponder output backoff is obtained. Applications in system design are given. In a previous paper [1] the channel capacity of a satellite transponder handling single channel per carrier (SCPC) transmission was derived. The link carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratio was maximized over the output backoff and the maximum bandwidth available was determined. Given the bandwidth per channel for each carrier, the channel capacity was obtained. The objective of the present investigation is to derive the minimum G/T of the Earth station in SCPC systems by optimum utilization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth. Applications in system design are discussed.     

Electronically Tracking Antenna System for Satellite Reception

This correspondence describes a novel electronically tracking antenna system for satellite reception in the VHF range. The "hedgehog" antenna consists of several antennas directed in different directions to cover the whole sky. An electronic switch, controlled by the satellite receiver, connects the receiver to the antenna from which the desired satellite signal is obtained. This system is especially suitable for unmanned reliable receiving stations if an antenna gain of the order of 10 dB is enough.     

Single Channel Per Carrier Satellite Repeater Capacity, Part 2

This paper analyzes the performance of a number of speech processing techniques that have been considered for single voice channel per carrier transmissions via satellite. This transmission mode is applicable to demand assigiment systems, which make possible the most efficient loading of the satellite transponder applications where the traffic at individual earth terminals is not sufficient to justify a substantial number of dedicated channels. The analysis basically determines the operating point for the satellite transponder which minimizes the required earth terminal G/T. Both analog and digital modulation techniques are considered, and the effects of syllabic companding and voice actuation of carriers are demonstrated. The results are presented in general analytic form, applicable to any modulation technique for which carrier-to-noise density ratio, channel width, and guardband width may be specified. Full carrier modulation is assumed. Curves are also furnished showing the required G/T and uplink per carrier EIRP as a function of the number of voice channels per transponder and the transponder gain. "CCIR/CCITT type" speech quality is assumed, together with a transponder El RP and bandwidth typical of current domestic satellite configurations.     

利用旋转双天线载波相位双差的欺骗干扰检测技术

有效的欺骗干扰检测是防止卫星导航接收机被欺骗干扰攻击的前提。提出了一种基于旋转双天线载波相位双差的卫星导航接收机欺骗干扰检测技术，在对接收机双天线匀速旋转时输出载波相位测量值进行载波相位双差处理后，利用广义似然比检验实现了对单一发射天线输出欺骗干扰信号的检测。进一步分析了旋转半径和数据长度对检测性能的影响，并与旋转单天线和天线阵载波相位双差欺骗干扰检测方法的性能进行了对比。最后，通过蒙特卡罗方法进行了仿真验证，结果表明了该检测方法和检测性能分析的正确性。     

Phase Residual Estimations for PCVs of Spaceborne GPS Receiver Antenna and Their Impacts on Precise Orbit Determination of GRACE Satellites

In-flight phase center systematic errors of global positioning system(GPS) receiver antenna are the main restriction for improving the precision of precise orbit determination using dual-frequency GPS.Residual approach is one of the valid methods for in-flight calibration of GPS receiver antenna phase center variations(PCVs) from ground calibration.In this paper,followed by the correction model of spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center,ionosphere-free PCVs can be directly estimated by ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals of reduced dynamic orbit determination.By the data processing of gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE) satellites,the following conclusions are drawn.Firstly,the distributions of ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals from different periods have the similar systematic characteristics.Secondly,simulations show that the influence of phase residual estimations for ionosphere-free PCVs on orbit determination can reach the centimeter level.Finally,it is shown by in-flight data processing that phase residual estimations of current period could not only be used for the calibration for GPS receiver antenna phase center of foretime and current period,but also be used for the forecast of ionosphere-free PCVs in future period,and the accuracy of orbit determination can be well improved.     

Single Channel Per Carrier Satellite Repeater Channel Capacity

This paper analyzes the performance of a number of modulation and speech processing techniques that have been considered for single voice channel per carrier transmissions via satellite. This transmission mode is applicable to demand assignment systems, which make possible the most efficient loading of the satellite transponder in applications where the traffic at individual Earth terminals is not sufficient to justify a substantial number of dedicated channels. The analysis basically determines the operating point for the satellite transponder which minimizes the required Earth terminal G/T. The fraction of the total link noise allocated to uplink noise is treated as a parameter, so that the cost of improving G/T may be traded against the cost of providing increased Earth terminal transmitter power. Both analog and digital modulation techniques are considered, together with various practical combinations of syllabic companding, voice-actuated carriers, and error-correcting codes. The results are presented in general analytic form, applicable to any modulation technique for which carrier-to-noise density ratio, channel width, and guardband width may be specified. Curves showing required G/T as a function of the total number of voice channels per transponder are also presented for the above-mentioned signal processing techniques, assuming "CCIR/CITT type" speech quality and transponder EIRP and bandwidth typical of current domestic satellite configurations.     

A (design-oriented) reliability model for active phased arrays insatellite communication systems

This paper proposes a modeling approach to relate the power section reliability of satellite payloads to the on-board antenna complexity. The aim of the model is to support the development of design tools for satellite systems adopting active phased arrays. The achieved results are rendered parametric with respect to a key system requirement, the effective isotropic radiated power, due to its direct impact on transmitter configuration and technological features as well as on the critical compromise between transmitter and antenna specifications     

Spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center offset and variation estimation for the Shiyan 3 satellite

In determining the orbits of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites using spaceborne GPS, the errors caused by receiver antenna phase center offset (PCO) and phase center variations (PCVs) are gradually becoming a major limiting factor for continued improvements to accuracy. Shiyan 3, a small satellite mission for space technology experimentation and climate exploration, was developed by China and launched on November 5, 2008. The dual-frequency GPS receiver payload delivers 1 Hz data and provides the basis for precise orbit determination within the range of a few centime-ters. The antenna PCO and PCV error characteristics and the principles influencing orbit determi-nation are analyzed. The feasibility of PCO and PCV estimation and compensation in different directions is demonstrated through simulation and in-flight tests. The values of receiver antenna PCO and PCVs for Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Shiyan 3 satellites are estimated from one month of data. A large and stable antenna PCO error, reaching up to 10.34 cm in the z-direction, is found with the Shiyan 3 satellite. The PCVs on the Shiyan 3 satellite are estimated and reach up to 3.0 cm, which is slightly larger than that of GRACE satellites. Orbit validation clearly improved with independent k-band ranging (KBR) and satellite laser ranging (SLR) measurements. For GRACE satellites, the average root mean square (RMS) of KBR resid-uals improved from 1.01 cm to 0.88 cm. For the Shiyan 3 satellite, the average RMS of SLR resid-uals improved from 4.95 cm to 4.06 cm.     

The White Sands Range and Range-Rate System

This paper discusses the concept, design, and design verification of the White Sands Range and Range-Rate System. Development of the system has been completed only through the design phase. The system is designed to meet requirements for high-accuracy midcourse tracking under severe target dynamics at the White Sands Missile Range. It is a multistatic Doppler and range tracker which operates at X band and incorporates transmitter, transponder, receiver, and baseline subsystems. The transmitter includes specially designed digital circuitry to synthesize test signals for target simulation during checkout of the system. The transponder signal is processed by a receiver which has been established theoretically to be the optimum realizable processor of continuous tracking data. The receiver incorporates specially designed carrier acquisition circuitry and digital VCO, and directly provides digital Doppler and tone phase data to facilitate real-time processing. The system utilizes data from other tracking systems at the Range for spatial acquisition, for aiding carrier acquisition in the receiver, and for resolving range ambiguities.     

Satellite mobile communication and radio positioning systemplanning aspects

System aspects of mobile communication and position determination by satellite are described. Topics of discussion are the choice of frequency, type of modulation/multiple access and system design, and considering the effects of active and passive intermodulation and multipath interference. Communication performance and position determination analyses are conducted with respect to small-scale domestic mobile communication systems, where the satellite mobile transponder constitutes only a fraction of the otherwise fixed services C-band or Ku-band payload, and where the orbit position of the spare satellite(s) is dictated by considerations other than purely radio positioning. The system tradeoffs and arguments presented lead to a particular modulation/multiple access system, which provides high channel capacity, good ranging accuracy, and high resistance to multipath fading     

Integer ambiguity resolution in GPS for spinning spacecrafts

A procedure to compute the integer ambiguity problem when a GPS receiver is used in a multiple antenna configuration attached to a rotating spacecraft is presented. The method is applied to a simulation of an experimental satellite which uses the GPS receiver for attitude determination     

Management of transponder resources in mobile satellite systems

Allocation of L-band spectrum for land mobile satellite (MSAT) services in Mobile-WARC-87 paves the way for the introduction of such services in the early 1990s. An overview of the proposed network architecture of the Canadian MSAT network is presented. Management of transponder resources, i.e. power, bandwidth, and spot-beam antennas, which poses a set of unique and significant problems in the design and operation of MSAT networks, is addressed. The three-level hierarchical approach used by the Canadian network is described, and the technical requirements for solving the above problems are identified. The two upper levels employ reconfigurable fixed assignment for allocating transponders to antenna spot beams, and transponder power and bandwidth to different services. The lowest level employs demand assignment and packet multiple access protocols for resource sharing among different subscribers. Uncoupling the resource management problems into manageable portions reduces the complexity and enhances the robustness of the network     

卫星双向时间比对的设备时延标定方法

卫星双向时间比对的设备时延包含在伪码测距的测量值之中,精确标定设备时延是提升卫星双向时间比对精度的关键。针对卫星双向时间比对中的设备时延标定问题,提出了一种基于同源零基线测量的设备时延标定方法,将中国科学院国家授时中心的1套3.7m天线地面站和2套5m天线地面站并址安装,3套地面站同时进行卫星双向时间比对模式的观测,以此来标定3套地面站之间的设备时延相对值。试验结果表明,该方法可使设备时延标定的精度达到亚ns量级,能有效减小设备时延对卫星双向时间比对精度的影响,对于多个地面站站间时间比对具有一定的实际意义。     

地面和机载Ku波段定向天线的标定方法

提出了一种以地球同步轨道卫星作为参考物、利用GPS位置对Ku波段地面及机载定向天线进行快速标定的方法;研究了将地心大地坐标变换到地心空间直角坐标参数和将地心空间直角坐标变换到站心极坐标的计算方法;给出了定向天线的标定实施步骤。测试结果表明,地面定向天线标定角度误差可达0.1°,机载定向天线标定角度误差可达1°,该标定精度可以满足大部分应用需求。     

Nontracking antenna performance for inertially controlled spacecraft using TDRSS

A series of tests to validate an antenna pointing concept for spin-stabilized satellites using a data relay satellite is described. These tests show that proper antenna pointing on an inertially stabilized spacecraft can lead to significant access time through the relay satellite even without active antenna pointing. We summarize the test results, the simulations to model the effects of antenna pattern and space loss, and the expected contact times. We also show how antenna beam width affects the results.     

星载DBF接收天线误差校正算法

 提出了一种改进的基于子空间的星载数字波束形成（DBF）接收天线的误差校正方法。根据阵列互耦效应主要取决于阵元间的几何距离这一特点,利用阵元空间排布的对称性简化了天线的互耦模型,将天线的互耦效应及射频(RF)通道失配统一为通道间的幅相不一致。通过在基带注入特定的阵内相位差降低了子空间算法的计算复杂度。在建立7单元正六边形平面阵仿真模型的基础上,分析不同信噪比(SNR)环境下校正算法的性能,经比较得出可以通过提高发射信号功率改善误差估计的精度,验证了算法的有效性。仿真分析结果表明该算法在卫星通信系统中有一定的工程应用价值。     

Optimum Transponder Design for Pseudonoise-Coded Ranging Systems, Weak Signals

Optimization of the bandwidth of a turnaround transponder is carried out for weak signals at the transponder receiver. Optimum transponder bandwidth is found to be around 0.77-1, where T is the period of one element of the ranging code. Linear transponders are compared with transponders having baseband limiting. Phase modulation is assumed. It is shown that, for weak signals, linear transponders are preferable for a partitioning of the transponder transmitted power giving (carrier power)/(total power) > 0.43, while baseband limiters are preferred for (carrier power)/(total power) < 0.43.     

An experimental S-band digital beamforming antenna

This paper describes a 12 channel S-band digital beamforming antenna aimed at radar applications. It has a 2.8-3.3 GHz agile band and the signal is sampled at IF. The design of antenna elements, calibration network, receiver modules and signal processing ASIC are discussed. Calibration procedures and experimental results, showing very good performance, are also presented. The purpose of this work is to evaluate design parameters, requirements and limitations