Performance analysis of GPS carrier phase observable

The accuracy analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier phase observable measured by a digital GPS receiver is presented. A digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) is modeled to extract the carrier phase of the received signal after a pseudorandom noise (PRN) code synchronization system despreads the received PRN coded signal. Based on phase noise characteristics of the input signal, the following performance of the first, second, and third-order DPLLs is analyzed mathematically: (1) loop stability and transient process; (2) steady-state probability density function (pdf), mean and variance of phase tracking error; (3) carrier phase acquisition performance; and (4) mean time to the first cycle-slipping. The theoretical analysis is verified by Monte Carlo computer simulations. The analysis of the dependency of the phase input noise and receiver design parameters provides with an important reference in designing the carrier phase synchronization system for high accuracy GPS positioning     

An MTI Technique for Processing Radar Measurements of a Waking Reentry Body

A processing technique based on pulse-cancellation techniques familiar in moving target indicator (MTI) radar is proposed for separating (in Doppler) echoes of a reentry body traveling at hypersonic velocities from those of its lower velocity turbulent wake appearing in the same range cell. The cancellation technique is implemented by forming the sum of the products of binomial weighting coefficients of alternating sign with the complex echoes of a small number of closely spaced transmitted coherent pulses; thereby, in effect, synthesizing a digital canceler. The ability of the two-and three-pulse canceler to estimate body RCS in the presence of attached wake is demonstrated by employing coherent burst data collected by the AMRAD radar for a mission flown at the White Sands Missile Range. Estimates of body RCS obtained from the two-and three-pulse canceler compare favorably to the corresponding estimates obtained from a 30-pulse Doppler periodogram for this mission. Expressions for both the achievable wake rejection ratio and the mean and standard deviation of the body power estimate of the N-pulse canceler are derived as a function of the wake parameters, assuming Gaussian wake statistics.     

BOC信号的相关跟踪研究及GALILEO接收机设计初探

Galileo卫星导航系统是欧盟组织研发的新一代完全面向民用的卫星导航系统,使用了BOC(二进制副载波)这一独特的调制方式,研究BOC信号的相关峰特性,对设计接收机捕获跟踪通道是至关重要的。本文简要介绍了Galileo系统导航信号的特征和频率规划,对多种BOC信号的自相关性能、码跟踪方法进行了仿真,并探讨了接收机开发中的关键问题。     

Modeling and analysis for the GPS pseudo-range observable

In this paper, a digital system for the Global Positioning System (GPS) pseudo-range observable is modeled and analyzed theoretically. The observable is measured in a GPS receiver by accurately tracking the pseudorandom noise (PRN) code phase of the input GPS signal using a digital energy detector and a digital delay lock loop (DDLL). The following issues are presented: (1) mathematical modeling of the digital PRN code acquisition and tracking system, (2) the closed-form expression derivation for the detection and false-alarm probabilities of the acquisition process and for the variance of code phase tracking error, and (3) the linear and nonlinear performance analysis of the DDLL for optimizing the receiver structures and parameters with tradeoff between the tracking errors due to receiver dynamics and due to input noise     

Passive localization of moving emitters using out-of-planemultipath

The purpose of this work is to establish how a moving emitter, such as a jammer, can be localized by a passive receiver through the use of out-of-plane multipath signals reflected by the terrain. This is a novel localization technique that assumes no a priori knowledge of the localization of the multipath sources. The emitter parameters of range, heading, velocity, and altitude are estimated by exploiting the correlation between the direct-path signal and the delayed and Doppler modulated signals. Two basis assumptions about the scattering properties of the terrain lead to different maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs). The Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) are used to study estimator performance versus emitter velocity for each case. The proposed estimators are successfully demonstrated using field data collected at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) during the DARPA/Navy Mountaintop program     

Moving target localization in distributed MIMO radar with transmitter and receiver location uncertainties

In this paper, the problem of moving target localization from Bistatic Range(BR) and Bistatic Range Rate(BRR) measurements in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO) radar system having widely separated antennas is investigated. We consider a practically motivated scenario,where the accurate knowledge of transmitter and receiver locations is not known and only the nominal values are available for processing. With the transmitter and receiver location uncertainties,which are usually neglected in MIMO radar systems by prior studies, taken into account in the measurement model, we develop a novel algebraic solution to reduce the estimation error for moving target localization. The proposed algorithm is based on the pseudolinear set of equations and two-step weighted least squares estimation. The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound(CRLB) is derived in the presence of transmitter and receiver location uncertainties. Theoretical accuracy analysis demonstrates that the proposed solution attains the CRLB, and numerical examples show that the proposed solution achieves significant performance improvement over the existing algorithms.     

基于DSP的高动态数字解扩接收机的研究

讨论了高动态、低信噪比、长伪码序列扩频信号的伪码捕获、跟踪、载波跟踪与数据解调方法。提出了一种基于高速数字信号处理技术和现场可编程逻辑器件 ( FPGA)的全数字高动态解扩接收机方案。     

全球卫星导航系统兼容性分析方法研究

根据全球卫星导航系统信号捕获、载波跟踪和数据解调的原理,优化了等效载波功率与噪声密度比模型。针对有多普勒频率时的情况,提出了C/A码自干扰时的捕获-频谱隔离系数。结果显示,随着多普勒频率的变化,频谱隔离系数有着明显的变化。通过对仿真结果的分析,验证了模型的有效性,也为后续卫星导航信号的优化设计提供了支持。     

一种基于参数控制的低轨星载接收机载波跟踪算法CSCD

低轨星座接收机面临大多普勒频移及频繁快速换星等设计约束,对其载波跟踪环路设计提出了较高的动态适应性与跟踪精度要求。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于参数控制的载波跟踪算法。该算法引入环路控制因子参数,将环路滤波器分为牵引和跟踪两阶段。基于理论建模推导环路控制因子的最优参数配置原则,指导实现牵引和跟踪两种状态滤波器的协同配合,在牵引阶段有效引导大多普勒信号快速入锁,在跟踪阶段精确估计载波频移参数,实现基于低轨星载平台的GNSS信号快速准确跟踪。理论与仿真结果均表明基于参数控制的载波跟踪算法能够有效提升环路的动态适应性与跟踪精度,满足低轨星载接收机的设计需求。与传统算法相比,该算法在保证信号跟踪精度的同时,能够将收敛时间缩短78%,且环路设计简单,易于硬件实现。     

一种低信噪比大多普勒频移下的直扩信号捕获方法

提出了伪码相位一载波频率二维搜索伪码捕获结构在低信噪比大多普勒频移情况下捕获性能恶化的问题，给出了一种中频端简单数字处理算法的解决方案，并分析了该算法的性能。仿真表明，改进的伪码相位一载波频率二维搜索伪码捕获结构在低信噪比大多普勒频移情况下解决了捕获性能恶化的问题。     

一种高动态低信噪比下载波快速捕获跟踪方法

针对高动态、低信噪比的接收信号,首先对整个多普勒频率范围进行分段,并在每一段内利用本地产生的带有多普勒频率变化率的复信号来抵消接收信号中多普勒频率变化率的影响,然后在每一段内利用FFT（FastFourierTransform,快速傅里叶变换）进行载波频率并行捕获,从而同时完成载波多普勒频率及其变化率的初步估计。利用载波多普勒频率及其变化率估计信息辅助锁频环快速入锁,进而利用锁频环辅助三阶锁相环完成载波信号的锁频锁相跟踪。使用这种方法,可以快速获取信号的多普勒频率及其变化率信息,并且在极短时间内完成载波的稳定跟踪,使接收设备具备快速捕获跟踪大动态弱信号的能力。     

Hard Limiting and Sequential Detection Applied to Loran-C

The combination of an antenna, a 100 kHz bandpass filter, a hard limiter, and a sequential detector can supply highly accurate Loran-C data to a digital processor, even under low signal-to-noise-ratio conditions. For such a simple, low-cost receiver, calculations are given for the accuracy of the envelope and phase tracking of the Loran-C signal as a function of the signal-to-noise (Gaussian and atmospheric) ratio, averaging time, and radian speed of the observer with respect to the transmitter. Mentioned are the quasi-noise censoring effects of the hard limiter. Besides the Loran-C application, the hard limiter-sequential detector system can in general be applied for low-cost, synchronous signal detection under poor signal-to-noise ratio.     

高动态扩频信号的捕获跟踪与解调

本文给出了一种高动态扩频信号的跟踪解调方法，采用数字平方环载波捕获跟踪，并实施数字下变频对无载波频率变化的扩频信号进行简单相干积累解扩解调，变二维捕获过程为两个一维捕获过程，简化了高动态情形设计方案。     

基于UKF准开环结构的高动态载波跟踪环路

 对高动态环境下的全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）载波信号跟踪方法进行了研究。在分析高动态载波信号模型的基础上,提出了一种基于无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）的准开环载波跟踪方法。此方法能够消除导航数据二进制相移键控(BPSK)调制的影响,并采用四维UKF相位估计模型提高跟踪精度,同时对估计值进行补偿以减少滤波器的滞后性。通过模拟接收机的高动态运动轨迹,从跟踪误差、跟踪结果和补偿效果3个方面,与基于卡尔曼滤波（KF）的锁频环(FLL)辅助锁相环(PLL)结构的传统跟踪方法进行比较,结果表明基于UKF的准开环跟踪方法能够有效地完成高动态环境下的载波跟踪。     

Clutter Suppression Properties of Weighted Pulse Trains

A common but troublesome requirement on radar sensors is the detection of a target in the interference from undesired scatterers, or clutter. Systems with coherent processing of pulse trains are uniquely suited for the purpose because, with pulse trains, it is possible to concentrate the receiver output for particular values of Doppler and thus suppress the clutter by Doppler filtering. This paper discusses to what degree the effectiveness of the method can be enhanced by tapering, or weighting, of the pulse amplitudes. The general results are illustrated by computer-plotted response functions for weighted pulse trains. The clutter suppression efficiency of weighting is calculated both for unilateral weighting in the receiver and for bilateral weighting in both receiver and transmitter. The significance of additional phase weighting is discussed and the results for pure amplitude weighting are compared with publishedwork on phase and amplitude weighting.     

利用旋转双天线载波相位双差的欺骗干扰检测技术

有效的欺骗干扰检测是防止卫星导航接收机被欺骗干扰攻击的前提。提出了一种基于旋转双天线载波相位双差的卫星导航接收机欺骗干扰检测技术，在对接收机双天线匀速旋转时输出载波相位测量值进行载波相位双差处理后，利用广义似然比检验实现了对单一发射天线输出欺骗干扰信号的检测。进一步分析了旋转半径和数据长度对检测性能的影响，并与旋转单天线和天线阵载波相位双差欺骗干扰检测方法的性能进行了对比。最后，通过蒙特卡罗方法进行了仿真验证，结果表明了该检测方法和检测性能分析的正确性。     

Receiver-channel based adaptive blind equalization approach for GPS dynamic multipath mitigation

Aiming at mitigating multipath effect in dynamic global positioning system (GPS) satellite navigation applications, an approach based on channel blind equalization and real-time recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is proposed, which is an application of the wireless communication channel equalization theory to GPS receiver tracking loops. The blind equalization mechanism builds upon the detection of the correlation distortion due to multipath channels; therefore an increase in the number of correlator channels is required compared with conventional GPS receivers. An adaptive estimator based on the real-time RLS algorithm is designed for dynamic estimation of multipath channel response. Then, the code and carrier phase receiver tracking errors are compensated by removing the estimated multipath components from the correlators’ outputs. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, this technique is integrated into a GPS software receiver connected to a navigation satellite signal simulator, thus simulations under controlled dynamic multipath scenarios can be carried out. Simulation results show that in a dynamic and fairly severe multipath environment, the proposed approach achieves simultaneously instantaneous accurate multipath channel estimation and significant multipath tracking errors reduction in both code delay and carrier phase.     

一种低复杂度的极低信噪比高动态信号载波粗捕获算法

 针对传统的时域匹配平均周期图算法计算复杂度高的问题,对极低信噪比高动态信号的载波粗捕获算法进行了研究,提出了一种改进的带有补零的频域移位平均周期图算法。该算法采用多速率频域移位运算简化了多支路多普勒变化率匹配,与原算法相比,其计算复杂度降低倍数为匹配支路数与补零倍数之比,捕获性能几乎不损失。给出了算法中影响捕获性能与计算复杂度的关键参数设计方法。在信噪比(SNR)为－41 dB(载噪比C/N₀=18 dBHz)、载波多普勒频偏为－300～300 kHz、多普勒变化率为－800～800 Hz/s、码速率为20 bps条件下对两种算法进行了仿真,结果表明在基本满足后级载波跟踪需求条件下,即频偏精度均达±12 Hz时,多普勒变化率精度均达±25 Hz/s,捕获概率都在90%以上时,改进算法捕获时间比原算法增加了8%,计算复杂度降低了70%。     

GPS code and carrier multipath mitigation using a multiantennasystem

Multipath is a major source of error in high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) static and kinematic differential positioning. Multipath accounts for most of the total error budget in carrier phase measurements in a spacecraft attitude determination system. It is a major concern in reference stations, such as in Local Area Augmentation Systems (LAAS), whereby corrections generated by a reference station, which are based on multipath corrupted measurements, can significantly influence the position accuracy of differential users. Code range, carrier phase, and signal-to-noise (SNR) measurements are all affected by multipath, and the effect is spatially correlated within a small area. In order to estimate and remove code and carrier phase multipath, a system comprising a cluster of five GPS receivers and antennas is used at a reference station location. The spatial correlation of the receiver data, and the known geometry among the antennas, are exploited to estimate multipath for each satellite in each antenna in the system. Generic receiver code and carrier tracking loop discriminator functions are analyzed, and relationships between receiver data, such as code range, carrier phase, and SNR measurements, are formulated and related to various multipath parameters. A Kalman filter is described which uses a combination of the available information from the antennas (receivers) in the multiantenna cluster to estimate various multipath parameters. From the multipath parameters, the code range and carrier phase multipath is estimated and compensated. The technique is first tested on simulated data in a controlled multipath environment. Results are then presented using field data and show a significant reduction in multipath error