Residual Strength of Stiffened LY12CZ Aluminum Alloy Panels with Widespread Fatigue Damage

Experimental and analytical investigations on the residual strength of the stiffened LY12CZ aluminum alloy panels with widespread fatigue damage （WFD） are conducted. Nine stiffened LY12CZ aluminum alloy panels with three different types of damage are tested for residual strength. Each specimen is pre-cracked at rivet holes by saw cuts and subjected to a monotonically increasing tensile load until failure is occurred and the failure load is recorded. The stress intensity factors at the tips of the lead crack and the adjacent WFD cracks of the stiffened aluminum alloy panels are calculated by compounding approach and finite element method （FEM） respectively. The residual strength of the stiffened panels with WFD is evaluated by the engineering method with plastic zone linkup criterion and the FEM with apparent fracture toughness criterion respectively. The predicted residual strength agrees well with the experiment results. It indicates that in engineering practice these methods can be used for residual strength evaluation with the acceptable accuracy. It can be seen from this research that WFD can significantly reduce the residual strength and the critical crack length of the stiffened panels with WFD. The effect of WFD crack length on residual strength is also studied.     

Research on failure criterion of composite based on unified macro- and micro-mechanical model

A new unified macro- and micro-mechanics failure analysis method for composite structures was developed in order to take the effects of composite micro structure into consideration. In this method, the macro stress distribution of composite structure was calculated by commercial finite element analysis software. According to the macro stress distribution, the damage point was searched and the micro-stress distribution was calculated by reformulated finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM), which was a multi-scale finite element method for composite. The micro structure failure modes were estimated with the failure strength of constituents. A unidirectional composite plate with a circular hole in the center under two kinds of loads was analyzed with the traditional macro-mechanical failure analysis method and the unified macro- and micro-mechanics failure analysis method. The results obtained by the two methods are consistent, which show this new method’s accuracy and efficiency.     

基于自适应分层元的复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤分析(英文)

On the basis ofa 2D 4-node Mindlin shell element method, a novel self-adapting delamination finite element method is presented, which is developed to model the delamination damage of composite laminates. In the method, the sublaminate elements are generated automatically when the delamination damage occurs or extends. Thus, the complex process and state of delamination damage can be simulated practically with high efficiency for both analysis and modeling. Based on the self-adapting delamination method, linear dynamic finite element damage analysis is performed to simulate the low-velocity impact damage process of three types of mixed woven composite laminates. Taking the frictional force among sublaminations during delaminating and the transverse normal stress into account, the analytical results are consistent with those of the experimental data.     

Compressive failure analysis of unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite based on micro-mechanical models

A 2D micro-mechanical model was proposed to study the compressive failure of Uni Directional(UD) carbon/epoxy composite. Considering the initial imperfection and strength distribution of the fiber, the plasticity and ductile damage of the matrix, the failure of T300/914 UD composite under longitudinal compression and in-plane combined loads was simulated by this model. Simulation results show that the longitudinal compressive failure of the UD composite is caused by the plastic yielding of the matrix in kink band, and the fiber initial imperfection is the main reason for it. Under in-plane combined loads, the stress state of the matrix in kink band is changed, which affects the longitudinal compressive failure modes and strength of UD composite.The failure envelope of r_1–s_(12) and r_1–r_2 are obtained by the micro-mechanical model. Meanwhile,the compressive failure mechanism of the UD composite is analyzed. Numerical results agree well with the experimental data, which verifies the validity of the micro-mechanical model.     

Nonlinear thermomechanical deformation behaviour of P-FGM shallow spherical shell panel

In the present article, the linear and the nonlinear deformation behaviour of functionally graded (FG) spherical shell panel are examined under thermomechanical load. The temperature-dependent effective material properties of FG shell panel are evaluated using Voigt’s micro-mechanical rule in conjunction with power-law distribution. The nonlinear mathematical model of the FG shell panel is developed based on higher-order shear deformation theory and Green-Lagrange type geometrical nonlinearity. The desired nonlinear governing equation of the FG shell panel is computed using the variational principle. The model is discretised through suitable nonlinear finite element steps and solved using direct iterative method. The convergence and the val-idation behaviour of the present numerical model are performed to show the efficacy of the model. The effect of different parameters on the nonlinear deformation behaviour of FG spherical shell panel is highlighted by solving numerous examples.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DAMAGE TOLERANCE BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE PANELS WITH SOFTENING STRIPS

In this paper an experimental study on damage tolerance behaviour of composite panels with softening strips is carried out. A prediction method of residual strength of panels with softening strips is proposed. The comparison between estimated and experimental results shows that the prediction method can be applied to design. In this paper the failure mechanisms are described.     

Reliability analysis of aero-engine blades considering nonlinear strength degeneration

To comprehensively consider the effects of strength degeneration and failure correlation, an improved stress-strength interference (SSI) model is proposed to analyze the reliability of aeroengine blades with the fatigue failure mode. Two types of TC4 alloy experiments are conducted for the study on the damage accumulation law. All the parameters in the nonlinear damage model are obtained by the tension-compression fatigue tests, and the accuracy of the nonlinear damage model is verified by the damage tests. The strength degeneration model is put forward on the basis of the Chaboche nonlinear damage theory and the Griffith fracture criterion, and determined by measuring the fatigue toughness during the tests. From the comparison of two kinds of degeneration models based on the Miner’s linear law and the nonlinear damage model respectively, the nonlinear model has a significant advantage on prediction accuracy especially in the later period of life. A time-dependent SSI reliability model is established. By computing the stress distribution using the finite element (FE) technique, the reliability of a single blade during the whole service life is obtained. Considering the failure correlation of components, a modified reliability model of aero-engine blades with common cause failure (CCF) is presented. It shows a closer and more reasonable process with the actual working condition. The improved reliability model is illustrated to be applied to aero-engine blades well, and the approach purposed in this paper is suitable for any actual machinery component of aero-engine rotor systems.     

Stress analysis and damage evolution in individual plies of notched composite laminates subjected to in-plane loads

This work aims to investigate local stress distribution, damage evolution and failure of notched composite laminates under in-plane loads. An analytic method containing uniformed boundary equations using a complex variable approach is developed to present layer-by-layer stresses around the notch. The uniformed boundary equations established in series together with conformal mapping functions are capable of dealing with irregular boundary issues around the notch and at infinity. Stress results are employed to evaluate the damage initiation and propagation of notched composites by progressive damage analysis(PDA). A user-defined subroutine is developed in the finite element(FE) model based on coupling theories for mixed failure criteria and damage mechanics to efficiently investigate damage evolution as well as failure modes. Carbon/epoxy laminates with a stacking sequence of [45°/0°/ 60°/90°]sare used to investigate surface strains, in-plane load capacity and microstructure of failure zones to provide analytic and FE methods with strong validation. Good agreement is observed between the analytic method, the FE model and experiments in terms of the stress(strain) distributions, damage evaluation and ultimate strength, and the layerby-layer stress components vary according to a combination effect of fiber orientation and loading type, causing diverse failure modes in individuals.     

基于静强度分布的复合材料疲劳寿命分布的预测模型(英文)

The reasons of the static strength dispersion and the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates are analyzed in this article. It is concluded that the inner original defects, which derived from the manufacturing process of composite laminates, are the common and major reason of causing the random distributions of the static strength and the fatigue life. And there is a correlative relation between the two distributions. With the study of statistical relationship between the fatigue loading and the fatigue life in the uniform confidence level and the same survival rate S-N curves of material, the relationship between the static strength distribution and the fatigue life distribution through a material S-N curve model has been obtained. And then the model which is used to describe the distributions of fatigue life of composites, based on their distributions of static strength, is set up. This model reasonably reflects the effects of the inner original defects on the static strength dispersion and on the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates. The experimental data of three kinds of composite laminates are employed to verify this model, and the results show that this model can predict the random distributions of fatigue life for composites under any fatigue loads fairly well.     

Crashworthiness uncertainty analysis of typical civil aircraft based on Box–Behnken method

The crashworthiness is an important design factor of civil aircraft related with the safety of occupant during impact accident. It is a highly nonlinear transient dynamic problem and may be greatly influenced by the uncertainty factors. Crashworthiness uncertainty analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of initial conditions, structural dimensions and material properties. Simplified finite element model is built based on the geometrical model and basic physics phenomenon. Box–Behnken sampling and response surface methods are adopted to obtain gradient information.Results show that the proposed methods are effective for crashworthiness uncertainty analysis.Yield stress, frame thickness, impact velocity and angle have great influence on the failure behavior,and yield stress and frame thickness dominate the uncertainty of internal energy. Failure strain and tangent modulus have the smallest influence on the initial peak acceleration, and gradients of mean acceleration increase because the appearance of material plastic deformation and element failure.     

复合材料胶接修补结构剩余强度分析

随着复合材料在航空结构中的广泛应用,航空复合材料修补技术也成为研究热点。通过复合材料单面胶接维修方法,将抛物线型损伤演化规律应用于胶层的损伤分析。对商业有限元软件进行了二次开发并建立了数值模型,研究了补片尺寸与厚度对修补结构压缩强度的影响。对复合材料胶接修补结构试验件进行剩余强度试验,研究了补片形状、尺寸、厚度等参数对修补后结构压缩剩余强度的影响。数值模拟结果与试验值吻合良好,误差在5%以内。     

含穿透损伤泡沫夹层结构的修补及拉伸性能

建立了复合材料泡沫夹层结构含穿透损伤挖补维修的三维有限元模型,对其在单、双向拉伸载荷作用下进行了有限元分析,根据各铺层的材料主方向的应力分布,采用最大应力强度准则计算了挖补维修前后结构的单、双向拉伸强度。结果表明:单向拉伸载荷状态下,维修后结构强度恢复系数为88.1%,初始损伤为面内剪切失效;双向拉伸载荷状态下,维修后结构强度恢复系数为97.6%,初始损伤为纤维拉伸断裂。最佳表面额外贴补层数量为1至2层,过多贴补层会导致局部应力集中,使维修后结构强度下降。     

双面贴补层合板压缩屈曲渐进损伤分析

贴补复合材料层合板在压缩载荷作用下的屈曲破坏强度及其损伤演化过程对于复合材料结构修理具有重要意义。本文基于应变和黏聚区模型(CZM)建立了贴补复合材料层合板的渐进损伤分析模型,引入复合材料与胶层的损伤判据和刚度退化方案,计算了结构屈曲强度。数值仿真结果和实验数据吻合较好,验证了模型的有效性。基于该模型,采用非线性有限元方法研究了压缩载荷下双面贴补复合材料层合板的屈曲损伤演化过程,并讨论了补片参数对结构屈曲强度的影响。研究结果表明:双面贴补复合材料层合板屈曲后,处于拉伸和压缩状态下的铺层中的损伤程度存在差异;增大补片直径与厚度可以在一定程度上提高双面贴补复合材料层合板的屈曲强度。     

复合材料胶粘修复界面的载荷传递仿真优化

胶接修复工艺是飞机结构修理的重要工艺之一,为了研究胶黏工艺对修复效果的影响规律,探索最佳的工艺参数,本文建立胶粘修复的三维模型,利用ANSYS Workbench有限元软件对胶粘修复界面载荷传递进行分析,讨论补片材料、补片厚度、胶层剪切模量和胶层厚度对胶接修复的影响。仿真结果证明补片材料为硼/环氧树脂时,胶粘失效风险最小;补片较厚时,胶接修复效果好,但补片过厚会削弱胶接修复的效果;胶黏剂剪切模量越大越有助于损伤区域的修复,工程应用中建议选用剪切模量较高的胶黏剂;胶层较厚时会增大胶层发生缺陷的概率从而减弱修复效果,建议合理选取厚度较小的胶层。最后提出修复界面的表面处理、复合材料端部的溢胶以及倒角处理均有益于修复结构的载荷传递,缓和胶粘界面应力水平,降低胶层失效的风险。     

复合材料损伤结构胶接补强修补分析及设计

对复合材料层合板采用20节点等参元、对于胶层采用节理单元建立有限元分析模型，并针对胶接补强修补的两种形式－－贴补和挖补编制了相应的三维有限元分析程序，进行静力分析，获得了修补参数对修补效果的影响曲线，据此来初步确定最佳的修补参数。     

胶接修补复合材料层合板失效分析的PDA-CZM方法

建立了一种预测胶接修补复合材料层合板的损伤演变与剩余强度的PDA-CZM方法。该方法应用三维渐进损伤分析（PDA）方法和粘聚区模型（CZM）分别模拟复合材料层合板和修补胶层的失效过程。对修补层合板的纤维断裂、基体开裂、层间分层以及胶层脱胶等损伤的萌生和扩展以及它们之间的耦合作用进行了研究。计算得到了修补结构的载荷--位移曲线,并预测了其极限强度。计算结果和试验数据吻合良好,验证了PDA-CZM方法的有效性。最后,讨论了修补参数对剩余强度的影响规律。     

补片尺寸对复合材料胶接修理性能的影响

在复合材料胶接修补中，补片的尺寸对胶接强度的影响非常关键。本文针对单面胶接修理结构建立了“三板模型”，并且，通过试验来验证该有限元模型的正确性，然后，利用该模型来分析补片尺寸对胶接质量的影响。对计算结果的分析发现：补片的直径为孔直径的2—3倍，厚度为孔深的45％～60％时，修补结构的强度恢复能达到最大值。     

基于CDM-CZM的复合材料补片补强参数分析

 复合材料开口补强设计参数的确定对于结构设计具有重要的意义。针对复合材料层合板开口区补片补强结构,采用各向异性材料连续介质损伤力学模型(CDM)对复合材料层合板的损伤演化进行描述,采用粘聚区模型(CZM)对补片与母板间界面材料的分层损伤进行模拟,建立了复合材料开口区补片补强结构三维非线性渐进损伤模型,模型可预测补强结构强度和损伤演化过程。应用本文模型分析了补片铺层方式、补片厚度和补片半径3个主要设计参数对补强效果的影响,明确了补片与母板间界面材料分层损伤破坏是导致补强结构最终失效的主要原因。     

复合材料薄板斜接式挖补修理稳定性优化设计

对复合材料层合板挖补修理模型进行了稳定性优化分析。采用ARSM优化算法研究了挖补修理结构失稳载荷与挖补角、胶层厚度以及补片材料与母板材料匹配对挖补修理后复合材料薄板失稳载荷大小的影响,得到了各母板材料对应的稳定性最优挖补修理模型。结果表明,补片材料各方向上的模量匹配非常重要,硼纤维层合板的6个方向上模量搭配最优,硼纤维层合板补片为各个修理方案中的最佳补片材料。当胶层厚度和挖补角参数增大时,失稳载荷逐渐增大,在挖补角与胶层厚度最佳匹配范围内,失稳载荷很快达到最大。在挖补角与胶层厚度脱离最佳匹配范围内后,失稳载荷迅速减小,进一步说明ARSM优化算法可以高效地完成挖补修理结构的稳定性优化分析。     

金属裂纹板复合材料胶接修补结构裂纹扩展行为研究

为研究金属裂纹板复合材料胶接修补结构的裂纹扩展行为,进行了LY12CZ航空铝合金裂纹板碳/环氧复合材料补片胶接修复结构的疲劳性能测试试验,观察修补结构疲劳失效模式,并测量一定疲劳周次下的铝合金板的裂纹长度.建立了考虑裂纹扩展,界面脱粘两种失效模式相互耦合的三维非线性有限元分析模型,计算出不同裂纹长度对应的疲劳寿命,对修补结构的疲劳性能进行了评估,其数值计算与试验结果吻合较好.