基于小波变换的GPS载波相位周跳检测与修复

载波相位周跳检测与修复是实现GPS高精度定位的难点之一。小波变换具有空间局部性好的特点,本文利用小波变换把载波相位观测量分解为高频和低频分量,提出了利用小波系数局部极值点检测相位周跳的方法。基于载波相位和多普勒频率共同约束的埃尔米特多项式,外推周跳时刻载波相位,与观测值比较确定周跳的大小,从而修复周跳。利用飞机实际观测数据和仿真的高动态数据进行了计算,给出了计算结果,表明该方法可以对高动态情况下载波相位周跳进行准确探测和修复。     

基于正交小波变换的目标检测方法

理论分析表明,独立高斯噪声经过正交小波变换后保持方差和独立性不变。基于Mallat的小波多分辨分析,通过对小波系数进行平方律处理,建立了基于正交小波变换的恒虚警率检测器模型,推导了相应的虚警和检测概率公式,分析了噪声未知情况下小波系数序列长度对检测性能的影响,并给出了合适的长度值。实验结果表明,所提出的检测器能满足不同虚警概率和杂波背景的要求,具有较好自适应性。     

基于隐马尔科夫模型的故障诊断系统研究

在制造行业中,机械设备的状态检测技术能提供关于设备运行状态的实时信息,为避免生产损失和减少设备的致命故障提供保障。提出了一套基于小波变换和隐马尔科夫模型(Hidden Markov Models,HMMs)的故障检测系统。提出了小波模极大值分布(Wavelet Modulus Maxima Distribution),并将之定义为诊断系统的观察量加以验证。同时该系统采用在线模型参数估计和培训算法,通过选取能最大化对数似然度的HMM模型,确定设备所处状态。     

基于提升小波和形态学的图像边缘检测算法

基于提升小波变换和形态学的基本理论,提出了一种提升小波和形态学相结合的图像边缘检测算法,算法充分利用了提升小波变换相对于传统小波变换快速而有效的完成小波分解和重构的算法优势。形态学运算在图像处理中具有独特的优势,利用其对图像膨胀和腐蚀的差运算来获取图像的边缘,取得了很好的效果。实验结果表明,算法边缘定位准确,抗噪能力强,检测出的图像边缘连续、平滑,是一种有效的边缘检测方法。     

信号去噪的小波互除方法

小波变换具有良好的时频局部化性质 ,特别适合于分析和处理突变信号。本文在Mallat模极大值去噪方法的基础上 ,提出一种新的小波变换去噪方法———互除法。该方法在小波系数的影响域内计算和估计信号的真实系数 ,从而进行信号重构 ,避免了复杂的交替投影算法。与以前的一些方法比较 ,互除法在平均误差和可视化方面有很好的效果。     

Instantaneous GPS attitude determination

A procedure for instantaneous GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) attitude determination, i.e., a solution for the GPS integrated carrier Doppler wavelength ambiguities using only measurements at a single epoch, is described. Most previous techniques to solve the phase ambiguity problem have required some form of time history processing relying on GPS satellite and/or user motion to provide enough geometry change to eliminate false solutions. The algorithm described assumes three noncollinear antennas and integrated carrier Doppler measurements from four or more satellites. Double-difference processing provides at least three independent observables for the two antenna separation vectors to compute the three attitude Euler angles     

基于预测滤波器的GPS姿态估计

采用预测滤波器,利用全球定位系统的双差相位观测量实现载体姿态估计。该方法对初值的选取具有鲁棒性,可以在天线和可见星较少的情况下快速收敛到姿态精确解。仿真结果显示,该方法的姿态估计结果可以与基于非线性最小二乘的姿态估计结果相比拟,且受初值的影响小;采用双差相位测量比采用单差相位测量可以得到更佳的姿态估计效果;当使用三基线的天线阵时,在飞行机动较大的情况下采用近似正交布局的天线结构可以更好地估计姿态。     

Performance analysis of GPS carrier phase observable

The accuracy analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier phase observable measured by a digital GPS receiver is presented. A digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) is modeled to extract the carrier phase of the received signal after a pseudorandom noise (PRN) code synchronization system despreads the received PRN coded signal. Based on phase noise characteristics of the input signal, the following performance of the first, second, and third-order DPLLs is analyzed mathematically: (1) loop stability and transient process; (2) steady-state probability density function (pdf), mean and variance of phase tracking error; (3) carrier phase acquisition performance; and (4) mean time to the first cycle-slipping. The theoretical analysis is verified by Monte Carlo computer simulations. The analysis of the dependency of the phase input noise and receiver design parameters provides with an important reference in designing the carrier phase synchronization system for high accuracy GPS positioning     

Spacecraft attitude/rate estimation using vector-aided GPSobservations

A sequential filtering algorithm is presented for spacecraft attitude and attitude-rate estimation from Global Positioning System (GPS) differential carrier phase measurements. A third-order, minimal-parameter method for solving the attitude matrix kinematic equation is used to parameterize the state of the filter, which renders the resulting estimator computationally efficient. Borrowing from tracking theory concepts, the angular acceleration is modeled as an exponentially autocorrelated stochastic process, thus avoiding the use of the uncertain spacecraft dynamic model. The new formulation facilitates the use of aiding vector observations in a unified filtering algorithm, which can enhance the robustness and accuracy of the method. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the performance of the method     

Receiver-channel based adaptive blind equalization approach for GPS dynamic multipath mitigation

Aiming at mitigating multipath effect in dynamic global positioning system (GPS) satellite navigation applications, an approach based on channel blind equalization and real-time recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is proposed, which is an application of the wireless communication channel equalization theory to GPS receiver tracking loops. The blind equalization mechanism builds upon the detection of the correlation distortion due to multipath channels; therefore an increase in the number of correlator channels is required compared with conventional GPS receivers. An adaptive estimator based on the real-time RLS algorithm is designed for dynamic estimation of multipath channel response. Then, the code and carrier phase receiver tracking errors are compensated by removing the estimated multipath components from the correlators’ outputs. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, this technique is integrated into a GPS software receiver connected to a navigation satellite signal simulator, thus simulations under controlled dynamic multipath scenarios can be carried out. Simulation results show that in a dynamic and fairly severe multipath environment, the proposed approach achieves simultaneously instantaneous accurate multipath channel estimation and significant multipath tracking errors reduction in both code delay and carrier phase.     

Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) capability forsole-means GPS navigation in the oceanic phase of flight

Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM), a GPS integrity monitoring scheme that uses redundant ranging signals to detect a satellite malfunction that results in a large range error, involves two functions: detection of the presence of a malfunctioning satellite and identification of which satellite (or satellites) is malfunctioning. An analysis is presented of GPS RAIM capability for sole-means navigation in the oceanic phase of flight, where the position protection limit requirement for the integrity function is not as stringent as for nonprecision approaches, and yet both detection and identification function may be required if GPS is to be used as a sole-means system. For this purpose, a detection and identification algorithm is developed which takes advantage of the fact that for the oceanic phase of flight, a much larger position error is acceptable than for the nonprecision approach phase of flight. The performance of this algorithm and an algorithm proposed previously by others is estimated via simulation and compared. On the basis of the results, recommendations are made on how RAIM may be used if GPS is to be coupled with an inertial system to provide a sole-means capability in the oceanic phase of flight     

GPS code and carrier multipath mitigation using a multiantennasystem

Multipath is a major source of error in high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) static and kinematic differential positioning. Multipath accounts for most of the total error budget in carrier phase measurements in a spacecraft attitude determination system. It is a major concern in reference stations, such as in Local Area Augmentation Systems (LAAS), whereby corrections generated by a reference station, which are based on multipath corrupted measurements, can significantly influence the position accuracy of differential users. Code range, carrier phase, and signal-to-noise (SNR) measurements are all affected by multipath, and the effect is spatially correlated within a small area. In order to estimate and remove code and carrier phase multipath, a system comprising a cluster of five GPS receivers and antennas is used at a reference station location. The spatial correlation of the receiver data, and the known geometry among the antennas, are exploited to estimate multipath for each satellite in each antenna in the system. Generic receiver code and carrier tracking loop discriminator functions are analyzed, and relationships between receiver data, such as code range, carrier phase, and SNR measurements, are formulated and related to various multipath parameters. A Kalman filter is described which uses a combination of the available information from the antennas (receivers) in the multiantenna cluster to estimate various multipath parameters. From the multipath parameters, the code range and carrier phase multipath is estimated and compensated. The technique is first tested on simulated data in a controlled multipath environment. Results are then presented using field data and show a significant reduction in multipath error     

红外图像特征提取的一种方法

小波变换是信号处理、图像处理的重要工具,已广泛应用于信号分析、数据压缩和边缘检测等各个领域。本文基于图像小波变换,提出了一种红外图像特征提取的一种方法。通过对红外图像进行小波分解,设置门限,将小波变换系数转换为二进制,然后将二进制小波系数再转换为十进制,这样既得到了红外图像的特征,又压缩了数据。通过大量的红外图像目标识别实验,证明本文提出的方法是有效的。     

基于小波分析的压气机失速故障检测

当发动机发生失速时，会引起压气机内压力信号的变化，这种压力信号的变化可以看作信号的奇异点，利用小波分析所具有的时－频特性和多分辨分析的特点，结合对压气机内压力信号频率成分的研究，通过检测模极大值的方法来确定信号的奇异点，进而探测压气机的失速故障，结果表明，利用该方法可以准确地检测压气机失速故障。     

基于小波域贝叶斯估计模糊萎缩的SAR图像降斑算法

提出了基于小波域高斯混合模型贝叶斯估计模糊萎缩的SAR图像降斑算法.该算法分析了SAR图像在平稳小波变换(SWT)域中的统计模型,并用高斯混合模型对其进行描述,推导出基于贝叶斯估计的信号最小均方误差(MMSE)的模糊萎缩因子.籍此再根据小波域相邻尺度间小波系数的相关性,采用分区域模糊萎缩思想,很好地得到无斑点真实信号小波系数的估计值.仿真结果表明该算法在大大抑制斑点噪声的同时,有效地保持了边缘,其性能优于改进Lee滤波、小波软阈值和SWT萎缩降斑算法.     

多尺度自适应直接信息采样与重构

现有的直接信息采样(Analog-to-Information Conversion,AIC)方法在压缩感知框架下,将采集和压缩过程融合,但并未充分考虑不同稀疏成分在信号重构当中的地位。针对该不足之处,提出一种多尺度自适应直接信息采样与重构算法。该算法充分考虑小波变换后的高频信号和低频信号在重构中的不同地位,实现速率自适应的直接信息采样。同时,给出变速率采样下的信号重构策略,以解决常规重构算法在速率自适应采样时失效的问题。仿真结果表明,多尺度自适应AIC系统可以获得比传统AIC系统更好的AFSNR性能。     

基于伪随机序列调制的混合域自适应盲水印算法

在多小波变换和DCT变换混合变换域中，提出了一种基于伪随机序列调制的彩色图像盲水印算法。该算法先将原始彩色图像由RGB空间转换到YIQ空间．选取Y分量多小波变换后的中频区域作为水印的嵌入区域。水印嵌入前先对待嵌入水印区域8×8分块，然后对所有子块按照纹理和能量特征进行模糊分类，最后将置乱后的二值水印信息用两个互不相关的伪随机序列进行扩频调制．嵌入到8×8子块DCT变换后的交流系数上。提取水印时，通过比较两个伪随机数列和待检测系数相关性的大小来提取水印，不需要原始图像参与。实验表明，该算法对噪声、JPEG压缩和几何剪切等常见的攻击操作具有很强的鲁棒性。     

Autonomous fault detection and removal using GPS carrier phase

This paper is focused on the use of carrier phase measurements and parity space methodology to investigate the limits of high-integrity and high-continuity satellite-based navigation performance. In this regard, a new algorithm for receiver autonomous fault detection and removal is developed with the specific goal of attaining the high levels of integrity and continuity required for aircraft precision approach and landing applications. Fault detection and removal algorithm performance is demonstrated through analysis and simulation, and the results of tests using deliberately induced failures in raw night data are presented     

GPS 载波相位组合观测值理论研究

给出了组合观测值的一般性定义,分析了组合观测值的误差传播规律,讨论了几种特殊的组合观测值的特性。对组合观测值的概念进行了推广,给出了组合观测值可匹配的定义和可匹配的充要条件。     

小波域的自适应波束形成算法

在分析传统自适应波束形成的基础上,首次提出了一种小波域的自适应波束形成算法。与通常的自适应波束形成算法相比,该算法利用小波变换对小波空间进行了分解,信号经小波变换自相关性会下降,收敛速度提高,同时在此分解过程中,根据信号与白噪声在不同尺度上的小波变换模极大值表现完全不同的特性进行信号的消噪。理论分析和仿真结果表明了该算法收敛速度较快,且计算量增加较少,易于实时实现,而且具有较好性能。同时仿真实验表明该算法收敛速度与小波基和尺度的选择有关,尺度越大收敛速度越快;对于同一小波基系列,小波基的正则性越好收敛速度越快。