空间飞网抛射展开动力学建模与仿真

空间飞网是由轻质绳索编织的在轨展开网状物体,主要用于在轨捕获。作为在轨服务的 关键技术之一,飞网捕获技术受到国际空间技术领域越来越广泛的关注。当前国际上空间飞 网的展开方式主要有三种：旋转展开、刚性构件支撑展开和直接抛射展开。其中,直接抛射 展开方式的发射装置结构最为简单,但飞网的动力学行为最为复杂。本文针对飞网直接抛射 展开的动力学过程,建立了正方形绳网、牵引质量块和发射器机构的力学模型,提出了飞网 抛射效果的衡量标准,分析了影响飞网抛射效果的主要因素。为了分析飞网展开过程,建立 了正方形空间飞网运动的解析模型;应用绝对节点坐标方法建立了正方形空间飞网的有限元 模型,并在软件THUsolver上进行了数值仿真。本文选取多种不同工况,应用上述两类模型 进行计算和仿真,并分析结果数据,得到主要因素对空间飞网抛射效果的影响。两类模型所 得定性结论相一致。
     

空间飞网捕获机器人系统时变惯量姿态动力学研究

空间飞网捕获机器人系统提供了一种新的以柔性飞网为作业方式的在轨捕获模式,其捕获过程当中系统姿态动力学与普通航天器相比有较大的不同,主要表现在飞网抛射及捕获过程中系统质量特性不断发生变化,使得该系统姿态动力学呈现出丰富的特性.详细研究了飞网捕获机器人捕获前后二维轨道平面内的姿态动力学模型,在考虑重力梯度力矩的情况下建立了飞网抛射及捕获过程当中系统的惯量时变姿态动力学模型,并根据不同的初始条件完成了数值仿真.仿真结果说明在飞网抛射及目标捕获过程中系统会发生明显的面内天平动.该文的研究结果为后继飞网捕获过程当中的姿态协调控制及射网路径规划的研究提供了理论支撑.     

空间碎片飞网捕获仿真研究

文章利用动力学建模的方法分析了采用柔性飞网进行空间碎片捕获的过程。以非合作性目标捕获系统为基础建立了柔性飞网X模型,利用EXCEL和MATLAB对飞网捕获碎片的全过程进行仿真,重点分析了抛射速度和抛射角度对飞网捕获能力的影响。结果表明,随着抛射角度的增大,飞网的捕获能力无明显变化;随着抛射速度的增大,飞网的捕获能力增强。     

共面快速受控绕飞轨迹设计与控制

绕飞运动在航天器在轨服务与在轨支援、辅助航天员舱外活动、航天器编队飞行、空间交会对接等空间活动中具有重要应用。分析了快速受控绕飞的可行性和主要过程，建立了适用于目标航天器运行在圆轨道上的共面快速绕飞和进入绕飞与退出绕飞的轨迹设计模型，采用多速度脉冲控制方法和等角度，等时间控制方式对绕飞轨迹进行控制。仿真计算结果表明所提出的快速受控绕飞轨迹设计模型和控制方法可以实现对圆轨道目标航天器的共面快速受控绕飞。     

空间绳网旋转展开动力学分析

针对火工装置直接抛射展开空间绳网方案存在的对卫星平台冲击大、绳网展开后网体构型维持时间短的问题,提出一种基于周置可控旋筒的旋转展开空间绳网系统方案.构建了基于拉格朗日动力学方程的网臂旋转展开解析模型和基于中心差分算法的网臂/网体的旋转展开有限元(FE)仿真模型,并将上述三种模型进行了对比校验.采用解析模型和有限元仿真模...     

空间抓捕系统绳网的设计与研制

概述了空间碎片主动清除方式——空间绳网抓捕的优点,梳理了研制空间绳网要解决的难题,结合工程样机研制,介绍了针对捕获目标直径20 m的特大型绳网的结构设计、材料选择、加工方式以及折叠包装研究情况,确定了较优构型绳网-正六边形网型正四边形网目,选取了合适的绳网材料,解决了超细绳网状结构编织问题和可控折叠包装问题;对绳网的拉出展开过程进行了仿真分析,开展了地面抓捕试验验证,绳网均有序拉出展开捕获目标,通过仿真分析及实物试验对比,特大型绳网的设计、折叠包装方式、拉出展开得到了验证;总结了特大型绳网研究成果和后续改进方向,为工程应用奠定了基础,可为空间碎片柔性捕获清除的研究提供参考和借鉴。     

带射频电缆的可展开天线阵在轨展开动力学

空间存在射频电缆穿越可展开部件工作区域的情形,这会对部件的展开特性造成较大的影响(特别是无源可展开机构),甚至会影响整个航天器任务。文章以某卫星带有半刚性射频电缆的无源可展开天线阵为例,提出了其动力学建模仿真流程,并建立在轨展开动力学模型;采用该模型开展了在轨展开动力学特性的仿真研究,同时与在轨实测数据进行了比对。结果表明,仿真数据与在轨实测数据基本一致,准确地评估了射频电缆对可展开天线阵在轨展开特性的影响,仿真评估方法有效。该建模仿真流程同样适用于卫星其他类型可展开部件的展开特性研究。     

卫星快速绕飞轨迹设计与制导

快速绕飞在航天器近距离观测、空间目标识别与侦察、在轨服务与应急情况处理活动中具有重要应用。首先建立了适用于目标航天器运行在圆轨道或椭圆轨道的相对运动状态转移矩阵;然后,推导了采用多脉冲控制方法实现与目标航天器共面和异面快速绕飞、进入绕飞和退出绕飞的轨迹设计与制导的模型和算法;最后,分析了绕飞过程速度脉冲需求与绕飞参数的关系。仿真计算结果表明所提出的快速绕飞轨迹设计模型和制导算法可以用于对圆轨道或椭圆轨道目标航天器的共面或异面快速绕飞。     

国外航天器在轨捕获技术综述

论述了国外延寿飞行器设计方案中采用的各种在轨捕获技术,典型捕获机构包括伸缩杆、机械臂、飞网或飞爪等,比较分析了技术复杂性、成本、工程可实现性等问题,最后建议采用通用性好的空间机械臂作为在轨捕获机构,以充分满足在轨延寿、离轨和在轨维修等任务需求。     

折叠方式对折叠翼气动及展开特性的影响

折叠方式对折叠翼的气动特性及展开特性有重要影响。对对称折叠、顺向折叠方式下折叠翼的气动特性及展开运动过程分别进行了数值模拟仿真和动力学仿真,比较了折叠方式对折叠翼气动特性、展开运动特性的影响,并分析其影响机制。计算结果表明,相对状态下,与对称折叠时相比,顺向折叠时,下折叠翼所受气动力减小,上折叠翼略有增大,导致负攻角情况下顺向折叠时,下折叠翼展开时间增加,展开同步性增强;正攻角情况下下折叠翼展开时间减小,展开同步性减弱。侧滑状态下,两种折叠方式下折叠翼展开时间基本相当,由于背风侧下折叠翼展开时间减小,导致顺向折叠时折叠翼展开的同步性有所减弱。同时,在小展开角度下,顺向折叠时全弹纵向静稳定性有所提高。     

波带片衍射成像技术在对地观测卫星中的应用

介绍了国外波带片衍射成像技术在对地观测领域中的发展,论述了光子筛技术的演化历程,并总结了衍射成像技术在国外高轨和低轨卫星成像中的应用,提出了波带片衍射成像技术可使“低轨成像卫星小型化”和“高轨成像卫星高分（辨率）化”的优势,及目前国外在研究波带片衍射成像技术中存在的带宽较窄、薄膜折叠展开方法、衍射透镜面形保持等问题,并对中国开展用于对地观测的波带片衍射成像技术的研发提出了建议。     

Analysis of dynamic behaviour of inflatable booms in zigzag and modified zigzag folding patterns

The deployment behaviour of inflatable booms with zigzag and modified zigzag folding patterns is experimentally and theoretically investigated in this paper with the aim to deploy the booms as the actuator for future deployable large-scale membrane structures. Regarding the experimental approach, the stable deployment of a modified zigzag folding pattern is demonstrated, and the relation between stable and unstable deployment behaviour is considered in relation to air pressure and flow rate. In terms of the theoretical approach, the folding process and deployment behaviour are simulated using commercially available software (PAM-CRACH and PAM-SAFE). To create folding lines from the zero stress condition in the case of analytical inflatable boom models, the stress distribution and the shapes of the folding lines are considered for the initial self-deployment behaviour and deployment behaviour using the uniform pressure method. From the folding experiments and the results of folding analyses and UPM, the deployment behaviour of inflatable boom models in zigzag and modified zigzag folding patterns is compared by using the finite point-set method. For the sequential deployment behaviour, which is difficult to replicate, the uniform pressure method is used for the calculations, and the relation between inlet air flow and stable deployment behaviour is discussed through comparison of the experimental and analytical results.     

On the deployment dynamics of tether connected two-body systems

A general formulation of the deployment dynamics of tether connected two-body systems taking into account the three dimensional librational motion, longitudinal and transverse vibrations of the continuous tether, eccentricity of the orbit and aerodynamic drag in a rotating, oblate atmosphere, is presented. Three simple deployment procedures (uniform, exponential and their combination) are considered. In the beginning analytical solutions are obtained for the degenerate case of negligible vibrations in a circular orbit, which help in establishing trends for the more general situation. This is followed by the general dynamics of the system investigated through integration of the linearized autonomous equations of motion numerically. Typical plots are presented which describe the effects of various system parameters on the tether dynamics during deployment of a subsatellite from the Space Shuttle.     

Design of meo constellations for galileo: towards a “design to cost” approach

GALILEO aims at involving Europe in a new generation of satellite navigation services. In the context of the phase A of this programme, many system options are still widely open: detailed requirements, constraints and hypotheses are not yet fully stabilised.In order to design a satellite constellation satisfying civil aviation and other users needs in this early stage of the system definition, it is necessary not only to take into account classical performance aspects, such as accuracy and availability of accuracy, but also cost constraints. The paper describes the design and dimensioning method which has led ALCATEL to propose a set of MEO constellations in the frame of the GALILEO project for ESA. It especially places emphasis upon the sensitivity of the system design to numerous parameters as well as its sensitivity to performance requirements.Potential candidate constellations obviously need to meet given performance specifications which are determined by operational aspects such as: satellite reliability, maintenance strategy (spare in orbit, launch on schedule, launch on need), deployment strategy (launcher choice, etc.). The estimated cost of a potential solution is mainly derived from the number of satellites and the deployment/maintenance strategy, but it is representative of the whole life-cycle of the constellation. Furthermore, the exhibited solution shall be “as robust as” possible to requirement or assumption changes. So, it should be a baseline solution that could be easily updated in order to take into account small upgrades.This has led to the performance of some trend analyses to understand the actual influence of some constraints or requirements on the system design, and to see how initial requirements can be efficiently relaxed in order to obtain the maximum system cost diminution for a minimum constraint relaxation. This will be very useful, if cost reduction is necessary, to quickly propose alternative or sub-solutions to the baseline one.     

充气式天基太阳能电站方案构想

为了解决现有天基太阳能电站面临的技术难度和成本问题,尽早使其实用化,文章提出了一种新型充气式球形天基太阳能电站概念。概述了新型电站的工作原理、系统构成及功能,重点分析了通过采用球形柔性薄膜太阳能电池和空间充气展开结构材料技术,新型电站无须对日定向,能高效折叠存储升空和大大降低发电模块质量。文章还对新型电站总体设计、折叠展开、在轨刚化、高精度姿态控制及大功率电量存储和传输等关键技术进行了简要论述,可为未来天基太阳能电站的技术发展提供参考。     

应用于立方星的剪叉式可展开太阳电池阵机构

立方星在轨任务期间的能源供给主要依靠蓄电池或体装太阳能电池阵。随着微小航天器技术的发展,立方星功能密度越来越大,星上载荷对功率的需求越来越高,传统的电池板供能方式已很难满足未来空间任务需求。另外,立方星因其特有的尺寸规范和标准,对电池阵的收纳尺寸和展开机构也有特殊应用需求。基于上述背景和立方星的结构特点,设计了一种展开原理简单、扩展性好、折展比大的一维剪叉式空间可展开机构,进行了原理样机的加工制造和地面展开试验,验证了机构设计的功能可行性以及设计参数的合理性。机构展开后阵列发电功率是传统供能方式的3~5倍,且特殊的几何外形可提供被动重力梯度稳定优势,在提升未来立方星载荷能力方面有重要应用价值。     

大型空间电站在轨展开与组装动力学与控制

针对大型空间电站在轨展开与组装过程中复杂的动力学环境，将桁架类大型空间电站视为一个刚柔多体系统，采用自然坐标法对刚性构件建模，基于绝对节点坐标方法描述柔性桁架结构，编写了一套动力学仿真软件，实现了大型空间电站在轨展开与组装动力学的精确仿真。仿真结果表明，采用摆线运动插值函数作为控制方程有利于提高多级展开过程的稳定性；在结构组装过程中，减小组装速度，增大组装机构阻尼系数与劲度系数，有利于提高结构稳定性。最终集成了一套针对大型空间电站的动力学仿真平台搭建方法，为大型空间电站在轨展开与组装动力学预示提供了理论依据和方法指导。     

Spacecraft dynamics with regard to elastic gravitational stabilizer deployment

The present paper deals with the study the dynamics of the spacecraft with gyro-gravitational system of stabilization. The deployment of the boom of the gravitational stabilizer commences after placing the spacecraft into the orbit and completion of the preliminary damping, when the gyroscopes are uncaged. Primarily the boom is the pre-stressed tape wound on the special drum. When the drum starts deploying the tape, it turns into the elastic cylindrical rod with the mass at its tip. The objective of the study is the creation of the generalized mathematical model and the conducting of the computer modelling of the spacecraft dynamics. The equations of motion are worked out with the use of the Lagrangian formalism. The numerical simulation of typical modes of system functioning is conducted. It is shown that the folding and the following deployment of the boom result in the turn of the spacecraft by 180° about the axis of the pitch. The results illustrate the behaviour of the main system variables.