Quasi-Optimal Demodulation of Pulse-Frequency Modulation Systems

Novel demodulator structures are derived using a theory for the quasi-optimal on-line demodulation of pulse-frequency modulated (PFM) signals in the presence of white Gaussian channel noise. The basic demodulator consists of a phase-locked loop with time-varying gain elements. Furthermore, its integrators are appropriately reset as each new pulse is received. This modulator may be augmented with additional integrators and gain elements to achieve quasi-optimal demodulation with delay. The quasi-optimal demodulation approaches optimal demodulation, in the minimum mean-square-error sense, as the signal-to-noise ratio increases. The various quasi-optimal receivers are derived by application of the extended Kalman filter theory to a state-space signal model.     

Improved multi-target tracking in clutter by PDA smoothing

An algorithm is presented for the recursive tracking of multiple targets in cluttered environment by making use of the joint probabilistic data association fixed-lag smoothing (JPDAS) techniques. It is shown that a significant improvement in the accuracy of track estimation of both nonmaneuvering and maneuvering targets may be achieved by introducing a time lag of one or two sampling periods between the instants of estimation and latest measurement. Results of simulation experiments for a radar tracking problem that demonstrate the effects of fixed-lag smoothing are also presented     

Performance Degradation of MTI Circuits Due to Amplitude Limiting

The loss in output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to amplitude limiting is obtained for a radar circuit consisting of a bandpass limiter, coherent demodulator, matched filter, and moving-target-indicator (MTI) filter. The circuit is used in scanning MTI radars. The tandem connection of the limiter and coherent demodulator is a model for the saturation of the intermediate-frequency (IF) demodulator of an MTI radar. Results on special functions are used to obtain simple formulas for the loss in output SNR relative to a linear IF demodulator when the input SNR is less than -15 dB and the number of hits per 3-dB beamwidth exceeds 15.     

Equalization of QPSK Data Transmission in Specular Multipath

This paper gives performance results for transversal-filter equalization of quadriphase phase-shift-keyed (QPSK) signals with two-component multipath and demodulator phase error. An analytical expression for optimum, minimum mean-square-error tap weights in terms of the multipath and signal parameters is given. Probability of error results for no equalization and equalization with adaptive decision-feedback tap-weight adjustment are compared. The results show that significant improvement can be obtained with relatively simple equalizer structures.     

Nonsymmetrical, Nonlinear Aerospace Alternators on Nonlinear Loads

A two-dimensional numerical analysis of the cross section of a homopolar inductor alternator supplying a rectifier load is developed. Besides the effects of the nonlinearities of the magnetic materials, the eddy currents induced in the rotor by the nonlinear load are considered. Results for a 95-kVA homopolar inductor alternator are presented and include magnetic induction and flux distribution at two instants of time, output voltage, eddy current densities, and loss. The theoretical results have been found to be in good agreement with available test data on the alternator.     

离散滑模导引律设计

 基于平面内目标-导弹相对运动方程的离散形式,给出了离散滑模变结构导引律设计方法。推导出了一种与连续时间自适应滑模制导律的离散化形式相同的离散变结构导引律。在不需要知道目标法向加速度界限, 而只需要知道其在两个采样周期之间可能变化范围的条件下,设计了一种能显著降低系统抖动的离散滑模导引律,设计的同时给出了一种近似估计目标法向加速度的方法。从理论上证明了上述两种离散滑模导引律具有有限时间收敛的特性。讨论了离散滑模导引律的准滑动模态的切换带范围,给出了离散滑模导引律的终端脱靶量计算方法,最后以某空间拦截问题为实例验证了本文结果的正确性。     

On Finite-Lag Receivers for Fading Channels

This paper reports some results on the development of finite-lag receivers for reception via fading channels. The receivers are given in discrete form and clearly show the additional complexity due to introduction of delay between the instants of reception and estimation of the signal. The channel noise has been assumed to have a multiplicative component due to fading. This results in the optimal demodulators being nonlinear and unrealizable. However, the receivers proposed are suboptimal, but realizable. Simulation studies evaluating the performance of the various receivers are also discussed.     

基于优化Kriging模型和重要抽样法的结构可靠度混合算法

 结构可靠度分析计算通常采用多项式响应面拟合隐式极限状态函数,但对于复杂航空航天机械结构产品极限状态方程往往表现出高度非线性,此时多项式响应面的模拟精度不够就会造成计算不收敛。为了提高结构可靠度计算的精度、效率和收敛性,提出了基于优化Kriging模型和重要抽样法的结构可靠度计算方法。首先,利用人工蜂群算法对Kriging模型的参数进行优化;再用优化后的模型模拟隐式极限状态函数,结合重要抽样法不断修正抽样重心,逐步提高模拟精度以达到给定要求;最后,结合一阶矩法(FORM)/二阶矩法(SORM)经典算法求解结构可靠度。该方法提高了高度非线性隐式极限状态方程可靠度计算的精度和收敛性,并且具有较高的计算效率。     

Baseband Modeling and Distortion Equalization of the Feedback FM Demodulator by Functional Methods

Exact and approximate baseband models for the feedback FM demodulator are derived. Exact and approximate distortion equalizers that may be used to remove distortion in the output of the demodulator are also presented.     

铰链对含铰结构非线性动力学特性影响分析

针对可展结构中铰链带来的展开后非线性动力学问题,建立了含铰结构的动力学模型。基于铰链侧向和径向的几何约束关系,分析了不同约束条件下的铰链非线性特性。基于谐波平衡法（HBM）,对含铰结构的非线性变量进行一次谐波展开,得到铰链非线性力的谐波展开表达式,将含铰可展结构的非线性动力学方程转化为代数方程。分析了铰链在不同非线性特性下各参数对结构动态特性的影响,得到结构固有频率随铰链间隙、刚度和激振力的变化规律。考虑铰链的非线性特性,通过固有频率脊线求解,得到结构固有频率极值随铰链数量、位置和刚度的变化曲面,并对其进行非线性拟合,得到铰链参数对结构固有频率的影响函数,其计算方法和结果在多维复杂结构中具有一定的扩展性,为可展结构的设计和研究提供参考。利用龙格库塔法对非线性结构进行数值仿真,得到结构的固有频率变化曲线,仿真结果表明了利用HBM进行含铰结构动力学分析的正确性。     

基于LabVIEW的皮卫星接收地面站解调器设计

针对皮卫星接收地面站测试系统解调器的应用场合,研究和开发了一种基于LabVIEW虚拟仪器开发平台的软件解调器,提出了一种简化的遥测信号解调算法。利用LabVIEW控制数据的采集和存储,通过VisualC 实现了解调算法,并在LabVIEW中调用该程序来实现地面站遥测信号的解调。给出了解调算法的原理、Costas环跟踪方差的MATLAB仿真和软件设计,通过误码率实验,测试结果证明了该设计的有效性。本解调系统具有应用灵活和便于改进的优点,已应用于皮卫星的测试实验。     

微机电陀螺解调过程中的噪声传递机理研究

微机电陀螺的噪声性能是衡量陀螺综合性能的重要指标之一,不仅与陀螺本身机械结构有关,还与其测控电路有着密切联系。本文将通过理论推导计算出噪声经过乘法解调和开关解调时的传递机理,指出开关解调会使解调信号中的谐波成分和解调输入噪声向解调后的基带中进行混叠,相对于纯正弦解调会增大噪声,最后应用LabVIEW软件进行纯软件仿真和半实物仿真验证,并通过实际测试数据证明其正确性,为陀螺解调方案的选择提供依据。     

民机结构维修大纲抽样检查原则与方法研究

民机结构维修中的抽样检查是保证飞机持续适航的关键措施。结构抽样检查是为了掌握同一时期下线飞机的结构损伤情况,以便更好地修订维修计划。针对民机结构维修的抽样是非随机抽样的特点,本文研究了结构维修抽样的原则,结合空客A320抽样经验,给出了我国自主设计大飞机结构维修抽样准则和抽样的具体步骤。     

Nonlinear modal electromechanical coupling factor for piezoelectric structures containing nonlinearities

Within the linear framework, the Modal Electromechanical Coupling Factor (MEMCF) is an important indicator to quantify the dynamic conversion of mechanical energy and electrical energy of piezoelectric structures. It is also an important tool to guide the piezoelectric damping design of linear structures. Advanced aircraft often fly in maneuvers, and the variable working conditions induce drastic changes in the load level on structures. Geometric and contact nonlinearities of thin-walled structures and joint structures are often activated. To achieve a good vibration reduction effect covering all working conditions, one cannot directly use linear electromechanical coupling theory to instruct the piezoelectric damping design for nonlinear structures. Therefore, this paper defines the Nonlinear Modal Electromechanical Coupling Factor (NMEMCF) and proposes the corresponding numerical method for the first time to quantitatively evaluate the electromechanical coupling capability of nonlinear piezoelectric structures. Three candidate definitions of the NMEMCF are given, including two frequency definitions and one energy definition. The energy definition is the most promising one. It is not only applicable to both conservative and dissipative nonlinear structures but also compatible with the linear MEMCF. In addition, based on the energy formula, the NMEMCF can be obtained by only performing one nonlinear modal analysis in the open-circuit state. The analytical findings and the numerical tool are validated against two piezoelectric structures with different types of nonlinearities. A strong correlation among the NMEMCF, geometric parameters, and energy dissipation is observed. The results confirm that the proposed NMEMCF captures the physics of the electromechanical coupling phenomenon associated with nonlinear piezoelectric structures and can be used as an essential design indicator of piezoelectric damping, especially for variable working conditions.     

Theory of fragmented energy release in the Sun

The magnetic energy released inside an active region is closely related to its formation and evolution. Following the evolution of a collection of flux tubes inside the convection zone and above the photosphere we can show that many nonlinear structures (current sheets, shock waves, double layers etc.) are formed. We propose in this review that coronal heating, flares and particle acceleration are due to the interaction of the plasma with these nonlinear structures. Approaching active regions as a driven complex dynamical system we can show that several coherent ensembles of the nonlinear structures will appear spontaneously. The statistical analysis of these structures is a major problem in solar physics. We can also show that many observed large scale structures are the result of the convolution of non-observable fragmentation in the energy release process.     

Demodulator Structures for Pulse-Frequency-Modulated Signals

Minimum mean-square-error demodulators for pulse-frequency-modulated signals are considered. The optimum demodulator structure is found and a suboptimum one is proposed that may be implemented by standard circuitry.     

Phase Locked Demodulator Threshold: A New Criterion

A new method is developed for determining the threshold carrier-to-noise ratio of a phase locked demodulator based on the notion of the quasi-linearization technique. Simple relations showing the dependence of the threshold carrier-to-noise ratio on the modulation index of the frequency modulated wave are given.     

Interference Due to Limiting and Demodulation of Two Angle Modulated Signals

Two angle modulated signals (FM or PM) passing through a limiter and then a demodulator are analyzed. The analysis considers the problem of adjacent carrier interference, direct adjacent channel interference (DACI) or cross talk, and adjacent channel interference (ACI). The analysis of adjacent carrier interference shows that if the 3rd order IM is not to overlap the signal spectra, the carrier frequencies must be separated by 2B where B is the bandwidth of each carrier. The ACI analysis shows that the carrier frequencies must be separated by B+2?m for no ACI, since the demodulator reduces the bandwidth of the 3rd order IM from 3B to 2B+2?m where ?m is the maximum frequency of each baseband. The DACI analysis shows that DACI does not exist in a PM system and is -52 dB for an ideal hard limiter with no bandpass filter. But the DACI is -58 dB for an ideal hard limiter with a more realistic bandpass filter.     

热声载荷作用下薄壁结构的非线性响应特性

 高速飞行器面临着严酷的高温强噪声环境。温度载荷不仅使结构产生热应力,还会改变材料的物性参数,这使得薄壁结构在宽频噪声激励下具有复杂的运动形式,表现出强非线性特性,严重影响了结构的疲劳寿命。针对热声载荷对结构非线性特性的影响,建立了热声载荷下的非线性大挠度偏微分控制方程,对偏微分方程使用Galerkin法得到了模态坐标下的常微分方程组。计算了四边简支矩形钛合金板在不同温度和声压级(SPL)组合下的动态响应,得到了典型的热声响应运动形式,包括屈曲前的线性随机振动、屈曲后的跳变运动和围绕一个平衡位置的随机振动。通过分析方程中的恢复力项和响应的功率谱密度(PSD)随着温度和SPL的变化规律,对热声响应的非线性特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,热载荷和声载荷对响应非线性特性的影响方式不同:热载荷改变结构刚度特性曲线的形状,以临界屈曲状态的刚度为参照,屈曲前降低结构刚度,屈曲后增加结构刚度;噪声载荷使得结构工作在刚度曲线的不同区域,以不受载荷时的结构刚度为对照,强噪声载荷引起的持续跳变使得结构工作在硬化区域,间歇跳变时结构工作在软化区域。     

Phase-Locked-Loop Detection of Binary PSK Signals Utilizing Decision Feedback

A modified quadrature channel phase-locked-loop demodulator for binary phase-shift-keyed signals is presented. The modification, called decision feedback, is a practical implementation of decisiondirected channel measurement. Noise analyses are carried out for both additive and phase noise. An optimum loop filter is derived and the analyses include determination of probability of error for the system. The results of an analog simulation of the decision feedback technique are also included.