高超声速进气道等直隔离段的反压特性研究

为了研究高超声速进气道等直隔离段的反压特性,对均匀来流和有斜波入射(非均匀)情况下的等直隔离段内流场进行了数值分析。研究了不同来流马赫数下等直隔离段在不同反压作用下的流动特征,分析了激波串的变化规律以及激波串长度与反压的关系,明确了激波串名义长度与激波串长度的概念。结果表明,随着反压的增加,激波串起始位置前移、名义长度增加,计算值与Waltrup-Billig经验式吻合很好;激波串长度逐渐减小,并给出了激波串长度与反压比的拟合关系。当接近最大承受反压时,激波串由斜激波串逐渐变为正激波串,其对气流的压缩作用接近于正激波的压缩效果。当来流非均匀时,隔离段内形成不对称的单边激波串结构,且最大承受反压下无正激波串出现。     

“人字形小肋”对激波/边界层干扰的影响研究

在曼彻斯特大学跨声速风洞开展激波/边界层干扰及“人字形小肋”对其影响的实验研究。在马赫数1.85流场条件下，应用高速纹影、油流、皮托压力测量和基于压敏漆的壁面压力测量技术，研究“人字形小肋”流动控制方法对激波/边界层干扰的流动分离结构与尺寸、压力分布特性与波系特征等影响。结果显示激波/边界层干扰诱发流动分离，分离区呈现三维特征，在“人字形小肋”的作用下，分离线呈现“波浪”形且整体向上游移动，干扰区流向尺寸增大，分离区高度减小且长度略增大，再附区的压力极值降低，这些特征与叶片、尖楔等微涡发生器的影响趋势相反。下一步工作中，拟针对“人字形小肋”开展参数优化研究，“人字形小肋”可能成为降低激波/边界层干扰诱发的高热流载荷的有效方法。     

超燃冲压发动机隔离段内附面层/激波串相互干扰研究

隔离段内激波串的产生和发展以及激波/附面层相互干扰现象是极为复杂的,有效地进行激波串的组织是研究隔离段的关键所在,而其性能的好坏直接影响着超燃冲压发动机的性能。采用数值模拟的方法对不同来流附面层厚度工况的二维轴对称隔离段内流场流动特性进行了数值计算,分析了附面层/激波相互作用机理和附面层对隔离段激波串及隔离段性能的影响。结构表明:压缩-膨胀-再压缩-再膨胀……的气流流动挤压过程导致激波串的形成,逆压梯度的存在构成了附面层分离;附面层厚度的增加影响着激波串起始位置和结构;随着附面层厚度的增加,出口总压恢复系数和质量平均马赫数降低,且随着反压增大,变化趋势趋于明显。     

物体穿越斜激波干扰特性的数值研究

当物体以超声速穿越同向运动的斜激波时，它的飞行Mach数和攻角都会发生较大的变化。穿越过程中斜激波与物体脱体激波发生相互作用，形成复杂的激波干扰波系结构，基本的干扰形式为复合Mach反射结构。不同的穿越位置时，由于不同的来流条件，使物体上尾部凹坑内的流场和波系发生很大的变化，随着物体的穿越过程，当头部和凹坑下游壁面与翼面穿越激波时，阻力系数有两次剧烈的变化，法向力基本呈线性下降，压力中心先大幅度后移，物体逐渐穿过激波后又快速前移。因此穿越过程使物体加速，给物体的姿态带来很大的扰动。翼面穿过激波也造成阻力、法向力下降，压心后移。如果对有控制的飞行器，穿越激波时气动力特性和稳定性的急剧变化，将给控制系统带来很大的困难。     

激波引燃冲压发动机一体化流场数值模拟

激波引燃冲压发动机是一种采用爆轰形式组织燃烧的吸气式高超声速飞行器动力系统。采用AUSMPW+迎风格式、氢氧7组分8步基于反应模型,在非结构网格离散域上求解二维多组分化学非平衡流Euler方程。采用发展的数值方法求解了激波引燃冲压发动机内外一体化流场,研究了台阶长度、斜劈尖角度对发动机流场结构和发动机性能参数的影响规律。计算结果表明,所发展的数值方法能用于激波引燃冲压发动机的一体化流场和性能预示计算;台阶长度和斜劈尖角度影响发动机流场结构和预混气体能量释放程度。推力和燃料比冲均随台阶长度的增大而增大,随斜劈尖角度的增大而减少。     

超燃冲压发动机S弯隔离段激波串数值研究

S弯隔离段可以解决进气道出口和燃烧室入口处在不同水平高度的飞行器在结构设计上的困难.为考察来流马赫数为2.0时S弯构型对隔离段流场结构和性能参数的影响,在不同边界条件下对3种不同转弯方式的S弯隔离段和等直隔离段进行数值模拟.结果表明,在流场结构方面,S弯隔离段入口拐角处出现斜激波/膨胀波的相交与反射,上、下壁面分离区交替扩大、缩小.在抗反压性能方面,中心对称型和后部转弯较急型隔离段性能稍逊于等直隔离段,前部转弯较急型隔离段性能与等直隔离段相当.在总压恢复性能方面,高反压时前部转弯较急型隔离段性能最好,但在低反压时流场存在剧烈振荡,总压恢复性能最差.因此工作在高反压条件下的隔离段推荐采用前部转弯较急型,而低反压条件下则采用另外两种比较合适.入口边界层厚度对S弯隔离段流场结构和性能的影响有限.     

高超声速层流干扰流场研究

文章研究了高超声速来流绕三维凸起物的层流干扰流场特征。研究工作在M=8轻活塞式炮风洞内完成，通过可改变楔角的模型试验给出纹影照片与特征位置的表面压力分布，分析了楔角变化引起的流动分离范围的变化、激波系的生成与演变以及压力分布及压力峰值改变规律。     

不同攻角下高超声速二元进气道性能研究

针对高超声速二维混压进气道,以最大总压恢复系数为目标,基于多楔面内收缩段设计原理,利用多楔角方法设计内收缩段长度和出口高度等。通过比较不同攻角下二元进气道总压恢复系数、流场及启动情况等多方面特性,验证了改变攻角对进气道启动特性改善的效果。     

激波在狭缝中绕射过程研究

针对固体火箭发动机药柱存在裂纹的情况，对运动激波在狭缝中绕射传播的非定常流场进行了计算，得到了清晰的流场变化图谱，从流场图中可分辨出激波在狭缝中的传播过程。对不同深宽比的狭缝进行研究，发现流场结构存在明显差别，在深宽比较小时狭缝内压力波振荡较小，当深宽比超过一定值时狭缝内的压力波产生剧烈振荡。研究结果表明，该方法可很好地描述激波在狭缝中的传播过程。     

钝头飞行器高超声速侧向喷流干扰流场特性研究

采用数值模拟方法求解N-S方程,对高超声速钝头飞行器绕流与侧向喷流干扰流场中的流动分离和旋涡特性,及其对喷流干扰区压力分布的影响进行了研究。在中小攻角时喷口前存在干扰引起的主分离涡和二次分离涡,喷口前拐角处还存在另一个调和主分离和喷流的第三个马蹄涡,大攻角时这三个马蹄涡消失,干扰规律与中小攻角不同;表面流谱中小攻角时为典型的双分离线和双再附线结构,主分离和二次分离为典型的闭形分离,大攻角时主分离非常靠前,且为鞍、节点结合的开式分离结构,干扰区内的分离为横向分离流动;不同的干扰流场结构导致中小攻角时主分离激波和喷流弓形激波在压力分布产生两个峰值,主分离马蹄涡和喷口前拐角处马蹄涡则产生两个波谷,随攻角增大分离区扩大,波峰和波谷都前移,峰值下降,大攻角时喷口前马蹄涡消失,压力波谷也消失,实验压力分布也从某种程度上验证了大攻角干扰流场特性与中小攻角差别的合理性。研究表明,在不同的攻角状态下高超声速钝头飞行器绕流与侧向喷流干扰流场分离和旋涡特性有很大的差别,引起喷流干扰区压力分布的明显不同,必然导致对喷流控制效率的严重影响。     

火箭低空级间热分离初期流场特性数值模拟

采用耦合求解轴对称非定常NS方程与一维分离动力学方程的方法,对多级火箭低空级间热分离初期过程进行数值仿真。依据仿真结果描述低空级间热分离初期流场的两种典型结构：内部为喷管扩张段流动分离以及外部为级间缝隙横向喷流与超声速外流的干扰流场;给出两种典型流场结构中位于上面级弹体表面（喷管内）的流动分离点位置以及壁面压力分布随仿真时间的变化;初步估算流动分离线偏斜时内外流动分离区域对上面级弹体的干扰力矩。通过分析数值模拟与力矩估算结果,发现在低空级间热分离内外流场中流动分离激波后方形成的高压区域是上面级所受干扰力矩的重要来源。研究结论可为级间热分离过程干扰机理研究提供理论方向,为级间热分离时序设计提供参考。     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

Numerical investigation on the shock wave transition in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator

The scramjet isolator, which is used to prevent the hypersonic inlet from disturbances that arise from the pressure rise in the scramjet combustor due to the intense turbulent combustion, is one of the most critical components in hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems. Any engineering error that is possible in the design and manufacturing procedure of the experimental model, and the intense heat release in the scramjet combustor, may cause the performance of the isolator to decrease, leading to its lack of capability in supporting the back pressure. The coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two-equation standard k?ε turbulent model have been employed to numerically simulate the flow fields in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator. The effects of the divergent angle and the back pressure on the shock wave transition and the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train have been estimated and discussed. The obtained results show that the present numerical results are in very good agreement with the available experimental shadow-pictures, and the numerical method is more suitable for capturing the shock wave train and predicting the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train in the scramjet isolator than the present two-dimensional numerical methods. This is due to the small width-to-height ratio of the isolator and the intense three-dimensional flow structures. On increasing the divergent angle of the scramjet isolator, the static pressure along the central symmetrical line of the isolator decreases sharply. This is due to the strong expansion wave generated at the entrance of the isolator, and when the divergent angle of the isolator is sufficiently large, namely 1.5°, a zone of negative pressure is formed just ahead of the leading edge of the shock wave train. At the same time, the shock wave train varies from being oblique to being normal, and then back to oblique. With an increase in the prescribed back pressure at the exit of the scramjet isolator, the leading edge of the shock wave train moves forward towards the entrance of the isolator, and when the back pressure is sufficiently large, unstart conditions in the hypersonic inlet can take place if the shock train reaches the inlet.     

类火星环境中火箭起降过程喷流影响研究

采用尺度自适应模拟（Scale Adaptive Simulation, SAS）方法对火箭在起降过程中喷流的地面效应进行了数值研究，对比分析了在海平面和类火星环境下的喷流冲击倾斜地面和水平地面时的流场结构以及喷管的侧向载荷。在海平面环境下，喷管内部出现流动分离，喷管内壁压力先减小，在分离点处压力达到最低点，然后压力增加至环境压力。喷流冲击倾斜地面时具有更强烈的流动不稳定性，喷流出现明显的时间演化现象。在类火星环境下，喷管内部不发生流动分离，内壁的压力沿着流向逐渐减小。喷流冲击倾斜地面时，在喷管出口的外侧形成了上下移动的马赫盘；喷流冲击水平地面时，喷流和地面反弹气流相互作用，阻碍了马赫盘的形成。研究结果还表明在类火星环境和海平面环境下，喷流冲击倾斜地面时喷管内壁温度均上升。研究结果将为火箭回收和火星着陆的方案选取提供参考。     

火星车转移坡道柔顺性优化设计及动力学分析

对一种抽展式火星车转移坡道开展柔顺性优化设计和动力学分析。首先，分析火星车与存在异面角的坡道的挤压几何原理。然后，设计坡道的间隙机构和限位机构，并计算出机构关键设计参数的最优值，以自适应调整两侧坡道的距离，〖JP2〗减小火星车与坡道护栏之间的相互作用力。最后，对坡道下落过程和火星车在坡道上的行驶过程进行动力学仿真，验证坡道柔顺性优化设计的效果。结果表明：优化后的坡道柔顺性大幅提高，坡道可以自适应调整两侧的距离；使用优化后的坡道，可以有效降低火星车与坡道护栏的作用力，实现火星车在坡道上的安全行驶。     

超声速进气道喘振的机理研究

应用数值模拟方法对中心锥中心进气混压式进气道的喘振现象进行了研究。在数值计算的基础上,根据进气道出口截面每个网格点的压力、密度、速度等参数计算了进气道喘振过程中流量系数和总压恢复系数随时间的变化情况。同时给出了在喘振过程中激波振荡的振幅、频率、对应的波系图案。并根据进气道头部分离涡的发展情况以及进气道内通道中状态参数的变化情况对喘振产生的机理进行了分析,认为进气道头部分离涡对喘振的产生起关键的作用。     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.     

高超声速绕平板上直立圆柱流动特性研究

以平板上直立平无限谪圆柱体为研究对象，采用和Ｒｏｅ三阶通量差分分裂格式求解雷诺平均Ｎ－Ｓ方程，数值模拟研究了高超声速且壁面有传热条件下三维流流场的激波边界层干扰特性，物面压力分布计算值与值吻合良好，数值模拟结果可见圆柱上游分离区流场是一个马蹄形五涡结构且存在有二次分离激波，这是一种值得深入研究的流动新现象。