落弹舱的微重力环境

本文首先建立了分析落弹舱运动的各种坐标系,给出了解算姿态运动参数的数学模型.然后根据落弹舱微重力加速度的物理背景,对其微重力环境进行了数学描述和物理解释,推导了舱内任意部位微重力加速度表达式,阐明影响微重力环境的主要因素是气动阻力和姿态角运动.最后分析和近似估算了落弹舱的微重力水平,给出了气动阻力对落弹舱微重力水平影响的数值计算结果:平流层气球在30km以上释放落弹舱,优于5×10-2g的微重力持续时间超过30秒.      

姿态运动对落舱微重力的影响研究

本文采用试验的均匀设计方法，结合对气动力矩的理论估算，利用计算机仿真，研究了姿态运动对落舱微重力水平的影响．结果表明，在落舱下落的前60s内，要想保持优于10(－3)g数量级的微重力水平，以满足一般科学实验的要求，则必须安装姿态控制系统．     

落塔微重力水平激光干涉测量方法中的干扰因素分析

落塔是获得微重力环境的重要设施,落塔微重力水平的测量对微重力科学实验的研究至关重要. 激光干涉是测量落塔微重力水平的一种新方法,这种方法的基本原理是让一个参考落体在落舱中自由下落,落舱由于受到服外空气阻力的作用将与自由落体运动略有差异,1 11. 肫内的参考落体则更接近理想的自由落体运动,这就使得落舱与参考落体之间存在着加速度差,这种加速度差便反映了落服的微重力水平,其所导致的相对运动则可通过激光干涉的方法测量出来. 本文对落塔微重力水平的激光干涉测量方法中将会遇到的一些主要干扰因素进行了分析,计算结果表明,这些干扰网素所造成的总误差约为 1.2 x 10-7g,低于微重力水平的预测值 10-4~lO-6 g,因此该方法是一种比较可行的测量方法.      

画说航天服

航天服是航天员进入太空必须穿的服装，一般由压力服、头盔、手套和鞋子等组成。航天服可不是一般的服装，它是保障航天员生命安全的最重要的个人救生设备。航天服按用途可分为舱内航天服和舱外航天服两大类，分别有软式、硬式和软硬混合式结构。相比之下舱内航天服的结构与功能较为简单，舱外航天服的结构复杂，     

万虎遗愿终须偿(中)

3　飞船由单人单舱到多人多舱□□ 40年前 ,人类从未登上过太空 ,苏联和美国都是从研制载人飞船开始 ,而且都是先从小型的单人飞船开始 ,小心翼翼地“摸着石头过河”。美国的第 1代飞船水星号 ,整个飞船就是 1个钟形的航天员座舱 ,总质量只有 1t多一点。舱内空间狭小 ,航天员必须选拔身材矮小者方能进入。航天员半卧式地坐在座椅上 ,几乎不能动弹 ,只能监视仪表和完成按电钮、拉手柄等最简单的操作。美国第 2代飞船双子星座号可乘载 2名航天员。飞船采用分舱设计 ,由两部分组成。前面是截锥形的座舱 ,后部是圆柱形的设备舱。设备舱内装有变…     

再入飞行舱的研制与使用

再入飞行舱最早起始于五六十年代,当时主要用于照相侦察、生命科学研究和载人飞行。随着航天飞机、空间站的问世,再入舱逐渐被忘却了。现在它又被人们重新认识而复苏。它作为航天飞机、空间站的补充,主要用于微重力科学和技术研究。     

苏联量子2号舱

量子2号舱是苏联和平号空间站的组成部分,装载有设备、仪器、消耗材料和燃料。该舱于1989年11月26日发射,12月6日才与和平号空间站对接成功。量子2号舱由3个密封舱组成——货物舱、设备舱和过渡舱。货物舱内装有淋浴设备、盥洗室、贮水箱,使宇航员在空间站保持一个良好的卫生状况。舱内还有许多标准集装箱,箱内安放着如带胶卷的暗盒、生物预防剂的药瓶等物品。这些箱子固定在“地板”和“天花板”上。货物舱内还有生命保障设备的控制台和各种系统的备用工具。设备舱内安放了动物室、家禽运输集装箱、空气导管集装箱、监视和控制台、多光     

日研制在轨展开型返回舱

日本宇宙开发事业团(NASDA)筑波空间中心与三菱重工业公司共同研讨在轨道上可展开的返回舱(DRV)。这是为向轨道上的空间站和空间平台补给物资及进行微重力实验提供较为经济的方案。舱罩可开启与关闭,是以机械手经轨道作业和大型太阳电池翼确保供电,这是以前的密闭舱难以实现的功能。 DRV是一个重约10t的炮弹型舱,舱内除装有轨道更换单元(ORU)和补给用的推进剂贮箱外,还搭载了太阳电池翼和机械手等。该舱拟用H-Ⅱ火箭发射,可与空间站和空间平台等航天器进行对接。等对接后     

日本空间舱的新研制程序

由日本宇宙开发事业团研制并决定在轨道上与美国空间站对接的日本空间舱,是一个为广大用户提供各种实验用的组装式多用途实验室,广大用户将利用其微重力、高真空、高洁净环境进行材料实验、生命科学实验、地球观测、天体观测和理工实验等。它由加压舱、外部舱、气闸、机械手、后勤舱等组成。原计划JEM将于1994年发射并完成在轨组装等任务,由于挑战者号航天飞机失事以及美国空间站研制计划没能按期进行,使整个开发计划推迟,因此美国、ESA、日本等国经过协调,确定空间站的组成部件     

高马赫数内埋武器舱被动流动控制措施

高马赫数(Ma>2)武器舱剪切层更强、更稳定，其噪声产生机制与通常的亚、跨、超声速武器舱流动不同，导致用来抑制空腔噪声的流动控制措施也不同。分别采用数值模拟和风洞试验2种手段，研究了圆柱形机身和马赫数对空腔流动特性的影响，以及前缘锯齿、前缘立柱、前缘横柱、前缘挡板等不同被动流动控制措施对高马赫数武器舱声压级特性的影响，为高马赫数武器舱的流动控制措施设计和研究提供参考。研究表明：圆柱形机身对空腔底部的压力分布会产生影响，压力分布的不均匀性增大，后壁附近的压力峰值增大；对通常的亚、跨、超声速武器舱流动较为有效的被动流动控制措施，对高马赫数空腔流动效果不明显，甚至会加大武器舱内的噪声等级，需要开展更为深入的研究，以设计更为有效的流动控制措施。     

Novel active driven drop tower facility for microgravity experiments investigating production technologies on the example of substrate-free additive manufacturing

Through the striving of humanity into space, new production processes and technologies for the use under microgravity will be essential in the future. Production of objects in space demands for new processes, like additive manufacturing. This paper presents the concept and the realization for a new machine to investigate microgravity production processes on earth. The machine is based on linear long stator drives and a vacuum chamber carrying up to 1000?kg. For the first time high repetition rate and associated low experimental costs can provide basic research. The paper also introduces the substrate-free additive manufacturing as a future research topic and one of our primary application.     

Microgravity experiment system utilizing a balloon

A system for microgravity experiments by using a stratospheric balloon has been planned and developed in ISAS since 1978. A rocket-shaped chamber mounting the experiment apparatus is released from the balloon around 30 km altitude. The microgravity duration is from the release to opening of parachute, controlled by an on-board sequential timer. Test flights were performed in 1980 and in 1981. In September 1983 the first scientific experiment, observing behaviors and brain activities of fishes in the microgravity circumstance, have been successfully carried out. The chamber is specially equipped with movie cameras and subtransmitters, and its release altitude is about 32 km. The microgravity observed inside the chamber is less than 2.9 × 10^?3 G during 10 sec. Engineering aspects of the system used in the 1983 experiment are presented.     

Advances of Microgravity Sciences

Advances of microgravity sciences in China are introduced. The research works include ground-based study and space experiments. In the recent years, the main means still are theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, ground-based experiment, and short-time microgravity experiments of drop tower. Besides, many space experiment projects are arranged. SJ-10 recoverable satellite will carry out 19 scientific experiment projects. Nine of them are for microgravity Sciences. The other ways for space microgravity experiment are with the help of Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft, Chinese Tiangong space laboratory, and Chinese space station in the near future. The Chinese space station will become main platform of Chinese microgravity sciences experiment in space.      

Capillary brazing under microgravity (TEXUS-II) and 1g conditions

Experiments of vacuum brazing under both microgravity and 1-g conditions show the effect of hydrostatic pressure on ga-filling. The absence of buoyancy forces under microgravity affects the microstructure of the solidified braze in the joint.     

微重力煤粉燃烧实验装置的研制

介绍了一种空间煤粉燃烧实验装置, 用于研究微重力条件下煤粉颗粒群的热解、气化、着火、挥发的析出与焦碳燃烧及其燃尽等燃烧特性. 采用间断式喷入方式, 当炉膛内温度达到设定值时, 将煤粉通过一定氧气比例的空气喷入, 观察并记录煤粉在炉膛中的燃烧过程. 燃烧完成之后, 测量燃烧产物中的气体成分和含量. 给出了利用该装置在地面进行煤粉燃烧实验的结果. 详细介绍了该实验装置的系统构成、工作原理、工作过程, 并提出了进一步改进的方案.      

Modelling the effects of microgravity on the permeability of air interface respiratory epithelial cell layers

Although it has been suggested that microgravity might affect drug absorption in vivo, drug permeability across epithelial barriers has not yet been investigated in vitro during modelled microgravity. Therefore, a cell culture/diffusion chamber was designed specifically to accommodate epithelial cell layers in a 3D-clinostat and allow epithelial permeability to be measured under microgravity conditions in vitro with minimum alteration to established cell culture techniques. Human respiratory epithelial Calu-3 cell layers were used to model the airway epithelium. Cells grown at an air interface in the diffusion chamber from day 1 or day 5 after seeding on 24-well polyester Transwell cell culture inserts developed a similar transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) to cells cultured in conventional cell culture plates. Confluent Calu-3 layers exposed to modelled microgravity in the 3D-clinostat for up to 48 h maintained their high TER. The permeability of the paracellular marker ¹⁴C-mannitol was unaffected after a 24 h rotation of the cell layers in the 3D-clinostat, but was increased 2-fold after 48 h of modelled microgravity. It was demonstrated that the culture/diffusion chamber developed is suitable for culturing epithelial cell layers and, when subjected to rotation in the 3D-clinostat, will be a valuable in vitro system in which to study the influence of microgravity on epithelial permeability and drug transport.     

Crystallisation of alpha-crustacyanin, the lobster carapace astaxanthin-protein: results from EURECA.

Crystallisation of alpha-crustacyanin, the lobster carapace astaxanthin-protein was attempted under microgravity conditions in EURECA satellite using liquid-liquid diffusion with polyethyleneglycol (PEG) as precipitant; in a second reaction chamber phenol and dioxan were used as additives to prevent composite crystal growth. Crystals of alpha-crustacyanin grown under microgravity from PEG were larger than those grown terrestrially in the same apparatus under otherwise identical conditions. On retrieval, the crystals from PEG were shown to be composite and gave a powder diffraction pattern. The second reaction chamber showed leakage on retrieval and had also been subjected to rapid temperature variation during flight. Crystal fragments were nevertheless recovered but showed a powder diffraction pattern. It is concluded, certainly for liquid-liquid diffusion using PEG alone, that, for crustacyanin, although microgravity conditions resulted in an increase in dimensions of crystals, a measurable improvement in molecular ordering was not achieved.     

微重力环境下植物培养箱设计

基于空间微重力下植物的生物学效应及其微重力信号转导研究需要,在微重力条件下培养拟南芥,获得经微重力条件生长的拟南芥样品.在空间实验过程中实时采集、存储和传输植物样品的数字图像,并根据生物样品的生长周期对生物样品进行低温固定和储存,再由返回式卫星带回地面,开展微重力植物生物学效应研究.      

Space Materials Science in China: I. Experiment Studies under Microgravity

The virtual absence of gravity-dependent phenomena in microgravity allows an in-depth understanding of fundamental events that are normally obscured and therefore are difficult to study quantitatively on Earth. Of particular interest is that the low-gravity environment aboard space provides a unique platform to synthesize alloys of semiconductors with homogeneous composition distributions, on both the macroscopic and microscopic scales, due to the much reduced buoyancy-driven convection. On the other hand, the easy realization of detached solidification in microgravity suppresses the formation of defects such as dislocations and twins, and thereby the crystallographic perfection is greatly increased. Moreover, the microgravity condition offers the possibilities to elucidate the liquid/solid interfacial structures, as well as clarify the microstructure evolution path of the metal alloys (or composites) during the solidification process. Motivated by these facts, growths of compound semiconductors and metal alloys were carried out under microgravity by using the drop tube, or on the scientific platforms of Tiangong-2 and SJ-10. The following illustrates the main results.