{MC COMMENT: PA CORRECTION}Theoretical study of ullage washing with mixed inert gas in a non-equilibrium state

The Mixed Inert Gas (MIG) produced by the novel Green OnBoard Inerting Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) mainly consists of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. Because of the large solubility of carbon dioxide in jet fuel compared with nitrogen, the no gas release or equilibrium model could not be employed any more. In this paper, first, a mathematical model of the ullage washing was set up to predict the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage and in the fuel, and the gas evolution and dissolution rate were calculated by Fick’s second law. Then, an experimental apparatus was constructed to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, the numerical comparisons of ullage washing using Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) and MIG are presented under various flow rates and fuel loads, and the result reveals that the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage is nearly identical whatever the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the variation of the oxygen concentration in the fuel is disparate, and the oxygen concentration decreases rapidly if the inert gas is MIG, especially when the fuel load is low or the flow rate of the inert gas is high. Besides, MIG could suppress the rising trend of the oxygen concentration on ullage when the aircraft ascends if the fuel tank is fully washed into an equilibrium state on ground.     

Experimental study of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system

In this work, a simulated aircraft fuel tank inerting system has been successfully established based on a model tank. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of different operating parameters on the inerting effectiveness of the system, including flow rate of the inert gas(nitrogen-enriched air), inert gas concentration, fuel load of the tank and different inerting approaches. The experimental results show that under the same operating conditions, the time span of a complete inerting process decreased as the flow rate of inert gas was increased; the time span using the inert gas with 5% oxygen concentration was much longer than that using pure nitrogen;when the fuel tank was inerted using the ullage washing approach, the time span increased as the fuel load was decreased; the ullage washing approach showed the best inerting performance when the time span of a complete inerting process was the evaluation criterion, but when the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration in the fuel was also considered to characterize the inerting effectiveness, the approach of ullage washing and fuel scrubbing at the same time was the most effective.     

一种燃油箱绿色惰化系统地面惰化性能分析

在描述一种采用催化燃烧产生惰气来降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数的新型绿色惰化工作原理基础上，设计了绿色惰化系统流程，通过一定的假设和简化建立了其数学模型并进行了求解.将结果与采用中空纤维膜产生富氮气体的机载惰化系统进行了比较，结果显示:当绿色惰化系统中抽吸气的流量与中空纤维膜惰化所产生富氮气体流量一致时，前者惰化效果远好于后者.同时，还研究了催化反应器效率和预热气体抽取比例对绿色惰化系统的影响，结果表明:提高反应器效率可有效缩短达到安全氧体积分数所需的时间,且最终油箱气相空间氧体积分数会降低，而选取合适的预热气体抽取比例可以减少系统能耗.      

无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化性能

提出了无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化技术理论和方法,利用CFD方法研究了采用地面洗涤惰化技术降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数并使无人机油箱在地面和飞行条件下仍然保持惰化状态的可行性.利用vol-ume of fluid(VOF)两相流模型和自定义传质方程计算了不同油箱初始氧体积分数和载油率下气相空间氧体积分数的变化情况,结果表明:在...     

某飞机多舱燃油箱洗涤惰化的工程计算

为研究某飞机多舱燃油箱洗涤惰化过程,将洗涤气分为与燃油发生传质部分和未发生传质部分,通过理论计算获得洗涤气与燃油发生传质并向气相空间逸出的氧气量.未发生传质的部分用于气相冲洗,其余与液相洗涤逸出量相结合,建立模型进行工程计算.由此将整个洗涤惰化过程转化为有逸出的气相冲洗过程.结果表明:这种将洗涤惰化转化为有逸出的冲洗模型是可行的,其结果与实验值基本吻合.随着时间的增长,气相氧体积分数一般经历先增长后下降的过程,最终趋向于洗涤气体积分数.多舱飞机燃油箱的各舱氧体积分数值变化快慢与进气出气口位置和各舱体积有关.      

航空燃油类型对催化惰化系统性能的影响

在设计了一种催化惰化系统流程并描述其工作原理的基础上,以从油箱中抽吸气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器后各气体组分的流量关系,通过质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体浓度变化的数学模型。选择了RP-3、RP-5和RP-6燃油作为对象,用所建立的数学模型计算了不同载油率和催化反应器效率下的气相空间氧浓度变化关系。研究显示,由于3种燃油的蒸汽压不同,造成从外界环境补气及进入油箱的混合惰气流量不同,从而导致气相空间氧浓度的变化规律差异远大于采用中空纤维膜的机载惰化系统。因此,在设计催化惰化系统时要充分考虑燃油类型对惰化系统性能的影响。     

民用飞机惰化系统富氮气体分配方案分析与研究

提出了飞机惰化系统富氮气体(nitrogen-enriched air,简称NEA)分配系统的主要设计要求,并以A320和波音737飞机为代表,分析了窄体机的NEA分配系统。进一步分析了波音787和A350飞机的惰化系统NEA分配方案,发现其采用限流孔、气体喷嘴、排气笛形管、引射器等相结合的方案来实现NEA在燃油箱内的快速均匀分配,然而这两种方案并不能根据各燃油箱气相空间的实时变化而及时、主动地调节气流量的大小。提出利用燃油液面进行自动流量调节的NEA分配方案,通过在油箱内布置垂直向下的排气管路,并在管路分支上不断增加排气孔来实现排气量随着燃油箱气相空间实时正向变化的目的,达到按照每个隔舱气相空间的变化,调节排气量和排气位置的效果。对比A350和波音787飞机的NEA分配方案的主要特点在于能够主动根据燃油箱内液面变化,及时调节NEA流量,以达到更好的快速、均匀分配的效果,值得进行深入的理论和试验研究。     

Oxygen concentration variation in ullage influenced by dissolved oxygen evolution

To determine the oxygen concentration variation in ullage that results from dissolved oxygen evolution in an inert aircraft fuel tank, the CFD method with a mass transfer source is applied in the present study. An experimental system is also designed to evaluate the accuracy of the CFD simulations. The dissolved oxygen evolution is simulated under different conditions of fuel load and initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert fuel tank with stimulations of heating and pressure decrease. The increase in the oxygen concentration in ullage ranges from 0.82% to 5.92% upon stimulation of heating and from 0.735% to 12.36% upon stimulation of a pressure decrease for an inert ullage in the simulations. The heating accelerates the release of the dissolved oxygen from the fuel by increasing the mass transfer rate in the mass transfer source and decreasing the pressure, thereby accelerating the dissolved oxygen evolution by increasing the concentration difference between the gas and the fuel. The time constant that represents the oxygen evolution rate is independent of the initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert tank but depends closely on the fuel load, temperature and pressure. The time constant can be fitted using a polynomial equation relating the fuel load to temperature in the heating stimulation with an accuracy of 4.77%. Upon stimulation of a pressure decrease, the time constant can be expressed in terms of the fuel load and the pressure, with an accuracy of 5.02%.     

Effect of fuel type on the performance of an aircraft fuel tank oxygen-consuming inerting system

The properties of aviation fuel have a great influence on the performance of oxygen-consuming inerting systems. Based on the establishment of the catalytic inerting process, the flow relationship of each gas component flowing through the catalytic reactor was derived. The mathematical model of the gas concentration in the gas phase of the fuel tank was established based on the mass conservation equation, and the fuel tank model was verified by performing experiments. The results showed that the fuel type exerts a considerably higher influence on the performance of the oxygen-consuming inerting system compared to the corresponding influence on the hollow fiber membrane system, and the relative magnitude of the inerting rates of the four fuel types is RP5 > RP3 > RP6 > JP8. In addition, a higher catalytic efficiency or fuel load rate corresponds to a higher rate of decrease of the oxygen concentration in the gas phase, and the inerting time is inversely proportional to the suction flow rate of the fan. When different fuels are used, the amount of cooling gas and water released from the inerting system are different. Therefore, the influence of fuel type on the system performance should be extensively considered in the future.     

多隔舱燃油箱惰化流场的数值模拟与分析

根据多隔舱燃油箱的特点,建立了适用于多隔舱燃油箱惰化流场的数值模拟方法.将数值模拟结果与工程模型结果及国外文献中的实验数据进行了对比,验证了该方法的正确性.通过对各个隔舱内氧气体积分数分布的分析发现,惰化过程中,各个隔舱内的氧气体积分数趋于均匀,流出某隔舱的气体的氧气体积分数近似等于该隔舱内的平均氧气体积分数.将数值模拟得到的两种流通方式下隔舱间气体体积流量分配情况与隔舱间流通面积比进行对比发现,当通气口相对于富氮气体进口对称布置时隔舱间体积流量能够近似按照面积比分配,而不对称布置时分配情况比较复杂,不能够简单地按照面积比确定.