倾转机翼无人倾转旋翼机飞行动力学稳定性分析

为了研究倾转机翼无人倾转旋翼机的稳定性,发展了一种倾转机翼无人倾转旋翼机飞行力学模型,并开展了仿真研究。旋翼气动模型采用动量-叶素理论,机翼、尾翼和机身的气动模型在升力线气动理论的基础上结合了旋翼动量源方法以计入旋翼尾流的气动干扰影响。在全机飞行力学模型配平的基础上开展了动力学稳定性分析,并与常规倾转旋翼机飞行动力学特性进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:倾转机翼无人倾转旋翼机在悬停状态下,表现出俯仰角衰减迅速的稳定模态;在直升机模式小速度前飞时,改变重心位置及机翼倾转段面积可使机体纵向振荡模态发散速度减缓,系统稳定性增强。     

倾转机翼无人倾转旋翼机飞行动力学稳定性分析

为了研究倾转机翼无人倾转旋翼机的稳定性,发展了一种倾转机翼无人倾转旋翼机飞行力学模型,并开展了仿真研究。旋翼气动模型采用动量-叶素理论,机翼、尾翼和机身的气动模型在升力线气动理论的基础上结合了旋翼动量源方法以计入旋翼尾流的气动干扰影响。在全机飞行力学模型配平的基础上开展了动力学稳定性分析,并与常规倾转旋翼机飞行动力学特性进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：倾转机翼无人倾转旋翼机在悬停状态下,表现出俯仰角衰减迅速的稳定模态;在直升机模式小速度前飞时,改变重心位置及机翼倾转段面积可使机体纵向震荡模态发散速度减缓,系统稳定性增强。     

倾转旋翼机回转颤振研究

建立倾转旋翼机飞机模式的分析模型,分析系统的频率和阻尼特性,揭示了对系统稳定性起主要作用的一些模态;分析了旋翼摆振运动、机翼气动力和自转状态假设对系统稳定性的影响;分析了系统一些重要参数,如桨叶固有频率和机翼固有频率,对系统回转颤振稳定性的影响。分析结果表明:本文建立的模型可以有效地分析倾转旋翼机的回转颤振特性。     

倾转旋翼回转颤振参数影响规律研究

基于Hamilton原理,利用多体方法描述动力学部件的空间运动关系,充分考虑倾转旋翼/弹性机翼之间强耦合非线性的气动、惯性及结构耦合,建立倾转旋翼/机翼气弹耦合动力学分析模型,开展倾转旋翼回转颤振参数影响研究,分析参数包括:机翼弹性、耦合刚度、机翼几何参数、桨毂构型参数、挥舞变距调节等基本动力学设计参数。分析研究得到了一些有意义的结论与参数影响规律,这些结论可以用于指导倾转旋翼机的动力学设计。     

倾转旋翼机螺旋颤振稳定性研究

为揭示旋翼设计对倾转旋翼机气动弹性稳定性的影响机制,探索通过改进桨尖形状提升机翼颤振稳定性的方法,采用Hamilton能量原理推导了旋翼/短舱/机翼耦合动力学方程,建立了适用于气动弹性稳定性分析的配平与特征值求解方法。以XV-15倾转旋翼机为例,计算了风车状态下机翼的模态特性,结果表明当前进比超过0.9,机翼的一阶弦向和法向模态先后进入不稳定区域;经与参考文献数据对比,验证了理论模型的有效性。研究了旋翼桨尖后掠角、下反角以及尖削比对倾转旋翼机螺旋颤振稳定性的影响,结果表明后掠与下反设计有利于增强机翼模态阻尼。最后通过对比不同设计组合,总结了提升倾转旋翼机螺旋颤振稳定性的旋翼桨尖设计方法。     

倾转旋翼机气动弹性稳定性研究进展

文中从分析模型入手,对倾转旋翼/动力舱回转颤振及旋翼/动力舱/机翼气弹稳定性分析进行了概述,包括飞行参数及设计参数对气弹稳定性的影响等,并对气弹稳定性的风洞试验及飞行试验进行了介绍,对于开展倾转旋翼机气弹稳定性研究起到一定的引导作用。     

倾转旋翼机前飞动力学稳定性分析

倾转旋翼机的机翼端部装有一个可倾转的旋翼.所建立的倾转旋翼机前飞动力学稳定性分析简化模型由一个机翼和一个螺旋桨旋翼组成.机翼承受垂向弯曲、弦向弯曲和扭转变形,螺旋桨旋翼的桨叶认为是刚性的并承受一阶挥舞和摆振.机翼和螺旋桨旋翼的空气动力学载荷由准定常片条理论得到.利用此模型在高入流状态下建立运动微分方程,对倾转旋翼机在前飞状态下的动力学稳定性进行计算,计算结果与Bell公司试验结果基本一致,表明该模型可用于倾转旋翼机的前飞动力学稳定性分析.      

倾转旋翼机多部件对机翼气动干扰的分析及优化

为研究倾转旋翼机各部件对机翼的气动干扰效应，建立了一套适用于倾转旋翼机流场CFD求解方法，提出并生成了一套由三棱柱/四面体组成的适用于倾转旋翼机多种飞行状态的非结构混合网格系统.以三维Navier-Stokes方程为主控方程，采用动量源方法进行倾转旋翼的模拟，并引入了高效的OpenMP并行加速技术等，提出了一套新型的动量源项添加及搜索方法.计算分析了倾转旋翼机旋翼/机身/短舱对于机翼气动特性的干扰影响，得出了一些对设计有指导意义的结论.采用基于径向基函数（RBF）的代理模型方法，根据机翼不同展向位置的干扰程度对各段翼型配置进行气动优化.优化结果表明:考虑气动干扰作用，在巡航速度下优化后的全机升阻比增长达到了36.78%.      

倾转旋翼机过渡状态飞行速度对气动性能的影响

针对倾转半机翼类型的倾转旋翼机，采用计算流体力学方法建立过渡状态的数值计算模型，用于其气动特性计算与分析，研究前飞速度对倾转旋翼机过渡状态气动性能的影响。首先，基于动量源方法建立旋翼气动分析模型，对孤立旋翼进行动压分布计算并与试验结果进行对比，验证建立的动量源方法的有效性；然后，建立全机的气动干扰数值计算模型，对机身采用非结构化网格进行划分；最后，分析过渡状态主要部件竖直方向力及倾转段机翼气动性能随前飞速度的变化规律。结果表明：随倾转角增大，倾转段机翼的升阻比减小明显；在小倾转角度下，虽然倾转段机翼发生了失速，但由于其迎风面积增大且在升力方向上具有一定的投影面积，其升力不会迅速减小。     

倾转旋翼机飞行力学特性

总结和分析了旋翼、机翼、机身、短舱和尾翼气动力模型和操纵机构特点,其中旋翼气动力模型以准定常叶素理论为基础,机翼和尾翼气动力模型以升力线理论为基础,并分析了旋翼尾流对机翼气动力气动干扰问题;建立了全量非线性倾转旋翼机飞行力学模型;以XV-15为样机,对倾转旋翼机在不同飞行模式和飞行速度下飞行力学特性展开了详细研究,得到的结论有助于深入了解倾转旋翼机飞行力学特性,也可用于倾转旋翼机飞行控制系统设计.      

倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰理论与试验

采用参数化建模方法,建立了适用于飞行力学分析的倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰模型,提出一套简单而准确的干扰区计算方法,得出了干扰区边界的解析表达式,并根据解析式数值积分得到了干扰区的面积,据此给出了过渡过程中旋翼/机翼气动干扰的速度边界。针对上述模型和方法,进行了倾转旋翼不同旋翼总距、前飞速度以及短舱倾角下的旋翼/机翼气动干扰风洞试验,并通过理论计算结果与风洞试验结果的对比验证建模方法的正确性。     

倾转旋翼机动态倾转过渡过程的操纵策略优化

利用最优控制方法研究倾转旋翼机的最优动态倾转过渡过程,并得到最优操纵策略,使得由时间、姿态角变化以及驾驶员工作负荷等组成的性能指标达到最小。首先,在基本纵向刚体飞行动力学模型的基础上引入混合操纵方程,并使用杆量位移的一阶导数作为控制量,形成适用于计算倾转旋翼机动态倾转过渡过程的飞行动力学模型,从而能在动态倾转操纵策略优化过程中考虑到操纵系统特性对操纵量变化速度的限制,以及避免操纵量在优化过程中出现跳跃不连续。然后,将倾转旋翼机的最优动态倾转过渡过程转化为非线性动态最优控制问题,建立合理的性能指标,并采用直接转换法和序列二次规划算法进行求解。最后,以XV-15倾转旋翼机为样机,分别计算正向和逆向最优动态倾转过渡过程,并与驾驶员飞行仿真数据进行对比。结果表明:飞行状态量的时间历程与文献吻合地较好,且俯仰姿态角和杆量位移变化更加柔和。最优控制方法可以用于研究倾转旋翼机的最优动态倾转过渡过程。     

新构型倾转旋翼无人机飞行力学建模

倾转旋翼无人机飞行力学模型是设计飞行控制律和分析飞行特性的基础。从一款在研的新构型倾转旋翼无人机工程实际出发,建立该无人机非线性飞行力学模型;分析新构型倾转旋翼机相比常规倾转旋翼机的特点和优势,建立直升机模式、倾转过渡模式和固定翼模式下各部件飞行力学模型;并针对直升机模式,对不同飞行速度进行配平及稳定性分析。结果表明:该构型倾转旋翼无人机直升机模式横航向模态具有很好的稳定性,直升机模式悬停状态横纵向模态基本没有耦合。     

倾转旋翼飞行器飞行仿真建模

本文分析了旋翼与机体之间空气动力学干扰,推导了在过渡状态时旋翼尾迹对机体空气动力学干扰计算的简化方程,建立了一个全量倾转旋翼飞行器飞行力学数学模型,引进遗传算法进行配平计算,并对倾转旋翼飞行器飞行特性进行了简单分析.样例倾转旋翼飞行器在直升机模式时,操纵通道的操纵响应都不稳定,说明单独操纵飞行器某一通道时响应是不稳定的.随着向飞机模式的转换,操纵通道的主操纵响应逐渐稳定.     

Nonlinear Aeroelastic Response of High-aspect-ratio Flexible Wings

The aeroelastic analysis of high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) aircraft that features high-aspect-ratio flexible wings needs take into account structural geometrical nonlinearities and dynamic stall. For a generic nonlinear aeroelastic system, besides the stability boundary, the characteristics of the limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) should also be accurately predicted. In order to conduct nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of high-aspect-ratio flexible wings, a first-order, state-space model is developed by combining a geometrically exact, nonlinear anisotropic beam model with nonlinear ONERA (Edlin) dynamic stall model. The present investigations focus on the initiation and sustaining mechanism of the LCO and the effects of flight speed and drag on aeroelastic behaviors. Numerical results indicate that structural geometrical nonlinearities could lead to the LCO without stall occurring. As flight speed increases, dynamic stall becomes dominant and the LCO increasingly complicated. Drag could be negligible for LCO type, but should be considered to exactly predict the onset speed of flutter or LCO of high-aspect-ratio flexible wings.     

Augmented flight dynamics model for pilot workload evaluation in tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure

An augmented flight dynamics model is developed to extend the existing flight dynamics model of tilt-rotor aircraft for optimal landing procedure analysis in the event of one engine failure.Compared with the existing flight dynamics model, the augmented model involves with more pilot control information in cockpit and is validated against the flight test data. Based on the augmented flight dynamics model, the optimal landing procedure of XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft after one engine failure is formulated into a Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem(NOCP), solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. The time histories of pilot controls in cockpit during the optimal landing procedure are obtained for the evaluation of pilot workload. An evaluation method which can synthetically quantify the pilot workload in time and frequency domains is proposed with metrics of aggressiveness and cutoff frequencies of pilot controls. The scale of the pilot workload is compared with those of the shipboard landing procedures, bob-up/bob-down and dash/quickstop maneuvers of UH-60 helicopter. The results show that the aggressiveness of pilot collective and longitudinal controls for the tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure are higher than those for UH-60 helicopter shipboard landing procedures up to the condition of sea state 4, while the pilot cutoff frequency of collective control is lower than that of the bob-up/bob-down maneuver but the pilot cutoff frequency of longitudinal control is higher than that of the dash/quick-stop maneuver. The evaluated pilot workload level is between Cooper–Harper HQR Level 2 and Level 3.     

Recent advance in nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and control of the aircraft

A review on the recent advance in nonlinear aeroelasticity of the aircraft is presented in this paper. The nonlinear aeroelastic problems are divided into three types based on different research objects, namely the two dimensional airfoil, the wing, and the full aircraft. Different non- linearities encountered in aeroelastic systems are discussed firstly, where the emphases is placed on new nonlinear model to describe tested nonlinear relationship. Research techniques, especially new theoretical methods and aeroelastic flutter control methods are investigated in detail. The route to chaos and the cause of chaotic motion of two-dimensional aeroelastic system are summarized. Var- ious structural modeling methods for the high-aspect-ratio wing with geometric nonlinearity are dis- cussed. Accordingly, aerodynamic modeling approaches have been developed for the aeroelastic modeling of nonlinear high-aspect-ratio wings. Nonlinear aeroelasticity about high-altitude long- endurance （HALE） and fight aircrafts are studied separately. Finally, conclusions and the chal- lenges of the development in nonlinear aeroelasticity are concluded. Nonlinear aeroelastic problems of morphing wing, energy harvesting, and flapping aircrafts are proposed as new directions in the future.     

Aeroelastic stability of full-span tiltrotor aircraft model in forward flight

The existing full-span models of the tiltrotor aircraft adopted the rigid blade model without considering the coupling relationship among the elastic blade, wing and fuselage. To overcome the limitations of the existing full-span models and improve the precision of aeroelastic analysis of tiltrotor aircraft in forward flight, the aeroelastic stability analysis model of full-span tiltrotor aircraft in forward flight has been presented in this paper by considering the coupling among elastic blade, wing, fuselage and various components. The analytical model is validated by comparing with the calculation results and experimental data in the existing references. The influence of some structural parameters, such as the fuselage degrees of freedom, relative displacement between the hub center and the gravity center, and nacelle length, on the system stability is also investigated. The results show that the fuselage degrees of freedom decrease the critical stability velocity of tiltrotor aircraft, and the variation of the structural parameters has great influence on the system stability,and the instability form of system can change between the anti-symmetric and symmetric wing motions of vertical and chordwise bending.     

复合材料大展弦比机翼动力学建模与颤振分析

新一代航空结构广泛采用复合材料，对复合材料机翼的气动弹性工程化建模和分析是飞机设计的重要任务。应用气动弹性分析理论和方法，对复合材料大展弦比机翼进行了结构有限元建模、模型修正、固有振动特性计算、部件发散与颤振工程分析。本文使用MSC／NASTRAN软件，在复合材料大展弦比机翼的初步静力分析模型基础上，依据结构图纸、相关试验结果反复修改得到合理的机翼结构动力学有限元模型，固有振动计算中采用动力减缩方法消除局部模态并提高计算精度，采用亚音速偶极子格网法求解非定常气动力，并对单独机翼进行了发散和颤振计算分析。