Aperture Sampling Techniques for Precision Direction Finding

The resolution and tracking of radar targets which are close to. gether is a classical problem which is receiving increased attention. Improving the angular resolution by sampling the received wave front along the aperture and then applying modern "high resolution" spectrum estimation techniques (e. g., maximum likelihood and maximum entropy processing) to the spatial sample data is discussed. Experimental results are presented for the application ion of these techniques to field data from a L- band line array.     

Weapons System Open Architecture - a bridge between "embedded" and "off-board"

A demonstration program is described: Weapons System Open Architecture (WSOA) - funded jointly by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), DARPA, and the Open Systems Joint Task Force (OSJTF). WSOA provides an open systems "bridge" between legacy embedded mission systems and off-board C3I sources and systems. This "bridge" is used to support Internet-like connectivity between command and attack nodes. The foundation of this bridge is the creation of a Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) layer over Link 16. In addition, application of quality of service techniques and resource management technologies will ensure the timely exchange and processing of mission critical information by both attack and command nodes in even the most time-sensitive situations.     

弹塑性接触有限元分析的凝缩法

 解决弹性接触问题可用一种新的弹塑性接触有限元计算方法,即有限元混合法与弹塑性有限元分析的凝缩法结合而成,能显著地节省计算时间。文中对涡轮盘榫槽与叶片榫头的接触问题进行了计算分析。     

NCTR Plus Sensor Fusion Equals IFFN or can Two Plus Two Equal Five?

Fowler's Seventh Law for military systems [1] states: "Be wary of proposals for synergistic systems. Most of the time when you try to make 2 + 2 = 5, you end up with 3-and sometimes 1.9." We attempt to approach the broad issues of IFFN (identification, friend, foe, neutral) of military targets via the techniques of NCTR (noncooperative target recognition), coupled with the systems approach called "sensor fusion." Although the overall style of the paper is that of a tutorial, many of the results presented are original. In all cases where we make political obsrvations, they represent our personal opinions.     

利用卡尔曼滤波求取直升机气动导数的应用研究

本文主要介绍利用低通滤波、卡尔曼滤波及最小二乘法求取直升机气动导数的方法。本方法的特点是,通过低通滤波使旋翼高频成份的影响减至最小,同时求取试验数据的测量噪声和过程噪声,然后通过卡尔曼滤波使试验数据包含的随机噪声减至最小,最后用最小二乘法求得直升机的气动导数,为了提高卡尔曼滤波的准确度,用最小二乘法由试验数据求取直升机的气动导数作为卡尔曼滤波时的初始导数。计算结果表明,该方法可使试验数据中包含的噪声大大减小,误差带减少70％以上,而计算工作量又远远小于最大似然法。     

Comments on "Computationally Efficient Bank of Rectangular Digital Filters"

In [1] a scheme for forming a rectangular FIR filter bank is described using only a few percent of the number of multiplications required by straightforward procedures. The sidelobe level suffers degradation. Attention is drawn to a different scheme published in [2] and [3] which needs even fewer multiplications without degradationvof the sidelobe level.     

基于JAVA技术的校园“一卡通”管理系统

通过分析智能卡的特点,介绍我于JAVA技术构建的"校园一卡通"管理系统的系统分析、系统设计和系统实现,并重点介绍了智能卡商务交易问题的解决方法--电子钱包的基本架构和实现过程.     

剩余柔度模态与附着模态在模态综合法中的等价性

在早期的模态综合法中,引起计算误差的主要原因是由于截去了高阶模态。文献[1～4]从不同角度揭示,剩余柔度模态和附着模态可以有效地补偿这种截断误差。在此基础上,已派生出两类新的自由界面模态综合法。第一类方法的特点是将子结构位移用自由界面模态与剩余柔度模态来表示,第二类方法的特点是用自由界面模态与附着模态来表示子结构位移。本文将指出,这两类方法是等价的。其等价性表现在剩余柔度模态与附着模态可以相互替换而不影响模态综合的最终结果。本文将以文献[4]提出的方法为例来证明该等价性,并在文末给出一个数值算例。     

Comments on "on Probability of Error in Decision Feedback Equalizer"

The above-mentioned paper [1] derives bounds on the error probability of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) which are claimed to be significantly tighter than the earlier upper bound of [2]. Unfortunately, [1] makes an unsupportable assumption which reddars the conclusions incorrect. We show that valid bounds can be obtained by the methods of [1], but that for the numerical example of [2] , the resulting upper bound is never tighter than, and sometimes significantly weaker than, that derived in [2]. Similarly, a lower bound derived by the method of [1] is shown for the same numerical example to be very close to the error-free past lower bound previously known.     

Ionization processes in the heliosphere — Rates and methods of their determination

The rates of the most important ionization processes acting in interplanetary space on interstellar H, He, C, O, Ne and Ar atoms are critically reviewed in the paper. Their long-term modulations in the period 1974 – 1994 are reexamined using updated information on relevant cross-sections as well as direct or indirect data on variations of the solar wind/solar EUV fluxes based on IMP 8 measurements and monitoring of the solar 10.7 cm radio emission. It is shown that solar cycle related variations are pronounced (factor of 3 between maximum and minimum) especially for species such as He, Ne, C for which photoionization is the dominant loss process. Species sensitive primarily to the charge-exchange (as H) show only moderate fluctuations 20% around average. It is also demonstrated that new techniques that make use of simultaneous observations of neutral He atoms on direct and indirect orbits, or simultaneous measurements of He⁺ and He⁺⁺ pickup ions and solar wind particles can be useful tools for narrowing the uncertainties of the He photoionization rate caused by insufficient knowledge of the solar EUV flux and its variations.     

The Galileo Energetic Particles Detector

Amongst its complement of particles and fields instruments, the Galileo spacecraft carries an Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) designed to measure the characteristics of particle populations important in determining the size, shape, and dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere. To do this the EPD provides 4 angular coverage and spectral measurements for Z 1 ions from 20 keV to 55 MeV, for electrons from 15 keV to > 11 MeV, and for the elemental species helium through iron from approximately 10 keV nucl^-1 to 15 MeV nucl^-1. Two bi-directional telescopes, mounted on a stepping platform, employ magnetic deflection, energy loss versus energy, and time-of-flight techniques to provide 64 rate channels and pulse height analysis of priority selected events. The EPD data system provides a large number of possible operational modes from which a small number will be selected to optimize data collection during the many encounter and cruise phases of the mission. The EPD employs a number of safeing algorithms that are to be used in the event that its self-checking procedures indicate a problem. The EPD has demonstrated its operational flexibility throughout the long evolution of the Galileo program by readily accommodating a variety of secondary mission objectives occasioned by the changing mission profile, such as the Venus flyby and the Earth 1 and 2 encounters. To date the EPD performance in flight has been nominal. In this paper we describe the instrument and its operation.     

基于桨叶角法的螺旋桨拉力确定方法研究

以SAE AIR4065A指南为基础,对计算螺旋桨拉力的桨叶角法进行了理论推导,考虑诱导速度和不同前进比的影响,对指南中简化后的桨叶角法进行了完善,从而提高了桨叶角法的准确性。以NACA CLARK-Y翼型的试验数据为基础,对改善后的桨叶角法进行了验证。验证结果表明,改善后的桨叶角法能够有效提高不同工况下螺旋桨拉力系数的预测精度。针对飞行试验的需求,提出了在试飞中应用桨叶角法确定飞机螺旋桨拉力的具体思路。     

压-压疲劳载荷下CFRP层合板表面红外辐射特征

为探究含冲击损伤CFRP层合板在循环交变载荷下的损伤演化规律,基于热力耦合效应研究了含损伤CFRP层合板疲劳过程中的表面红外辐射特征。以压-压疲劳试验模拟交变载荷,采用红外热成像方法分析了疲劳过程中含损伤CFRP层合板的热图序列和温度数据,结果表明：随着疲劳次数的增加,损伤沿垂直疲劳载荷方向演化,热斑颜色逐渐加深,初始冲击损伤形状逐渐演化为椭圆状,最后热斑横向端部出现"尖点";试件最大表面温差演化整体呈"快速上升-缓慢上升-快速上升"规律,最后出现跳升,其中热斑尖点、最大表面温差跳升可被视为结构疲劳破坏的前兆;含损伤CFRP层合板疲劳破坏时,其最大表面温差主要与纤维和基体种类有关,而试件铺层方式相较于纤维基体类别对最大表面温差无明显影响。研究揭示了冲击后CFRP层合板在疲劳载荷作用下的损伤演化规律,为飞行器复合材料结构的剩余疲劳寿命评估与损伤容限设计奠定了基础。     

The longitudinal morphology of equatorial F-layer irregularities relevant to their occurrence

Determining the morphology of F-layer irregularities as a function of longitude in the equatorial region is vital for understanding the physics of the development of these irregularities. We aim to lay the observational basis which then can be used to test theoretical models. Theoretical models have been developed, notably in the papers by Tsunoda (1985) and by T. Maruyama and N. Matuura (1984). The question is whether the models are consistent with the morphology as we see it.According to our criteria, the data used should be confined to observations taken near the magnetic equator during quiet magnetic periods and at times within a few hours after sunset. Anomaly region scintillation data have to be used in a limited manner for studying the generation mechanism.The questions to be answered by proposed mechanisms are (1) why do the equinox months have high levels of occurrence over all longitudes and (2) why are there relatively high levels of occurrence in the Central Pacific Sector in the July–August period and in the 0–75° West Sector in the November-December period and (3) why are there very low levels of occurrence in November and December in the Central Pacific Sector and in July and August in the 0–75° West Sector.In the paper by Maruyama and Matuura, the authors have taken observations of topside soundings of spread-F. With this data set in hand, they conclude: During the northern winter periods, there is maximum enhancement at the Atlantic longitudes of large westward geomagnetic declination and during the northern summer at the Pacific longitude of large eastward declination.Tsunoda's conclusions from his use of scintillation data is that scintillation activity appears to maximize at times of the year when the suset nodes occur. The emphasis of one paper is on the maximum enhancement during the solstices and in the other paper on variations from the equinox as determined by latitude and declination. Each stresses certain characteristics of the morphology. While the two papers explain relatively different morphologies, each makes contributions. However there remain problems to be resolved before certifying a solution as to the physics explaining the longitudinal pattern of F-region irregularities.Satellitein-situ data, scintillation and spread-F observations will be reviewed. The limitation of each data set will be outlined particularly as relevant to the bias produced by the existence of thin versus extended layers of irregularities. A cartoon as to the occurrence pattern, as we see it, as a function of longitude will be shown.     

《爱犬弗拉狮传》的“戏仿”实验

研究伍尔夫颠覆传统传记的"戏仿"实验。在《爱犬弗拉狮传》中选择一条宠物狗作为传主,运用娴熟的操纵视角手法,以"戏仿"的方式,颠覆文坛沿袭的维多利亚传记传统。这种高超的叙事技巧证明伍尔夫不仅是一个艺术的讲故事者,还是一个才华横溢的维多利亚传记传统的反叛者。     

定几何二元倒置“X”型混压式超声速进气道数值仿真与实验验证

针对一种定几何二元倒置"X"型混压式超声速进气道开展了数值仿真研究, 结果表明:随着来流马赫数的增加, 进气道总压恢复系数下降, 而流量系数却先上升, 在设计点达到最大值后下降.当攻角变化时, 小攻角α<6°时迎背风两侧进气道总压恢复系数虽有下降但变化幅度不大, 对于流量系数, 在小攻角α<6°下背风侧进气道高于迎风侧进气道, 但两侧总的流量随攻角变化不大;在大攻角状态下(α=6°～9°), 背风侧进气道总压恢复系数和流量系数均下降剧烈, 而迎风侧进气道总压恢复系数虽然下降但流量系数却有上升.同时, 与实验结果对比表明, 两者规律趋势一致.      

Mapping of the Cygnus Loop with EXOSAT

Three 2.10⁴ s observations were carried out with EXOSAT on three fields following the shock from the north to the east of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant. Due to the softness of the source, most of the photons were collected with the LE package (CMA). For each exposure we used at least three filters (4000 Å lexan, Al-Par, boron) in order to extract the maximum spectral information from the data. The few photons gathered with the boron filter are particularly important in that respect. The total count number collected with the other filters allows a statistically significant overall mapping of the fields with 1*1 pixels, but a better resolution can be achieved on the brightest areas of the Loop. Interesting details are revealed, such as bright small spots. Irregularities are also evident both in the shock front and inside the remnant, specially in the northern and eastern fields.     

基于不平衡加速响应信息的柔性转子双面平衡

模态平衡法和影响系数法是转子平衡中最常用的两类方法,它们都以转子的稳态响应为基础,因此称之为"稳态平衡方法"。针对当前转子稳态平衡方法中存在的不足,提出了利用不平衡加速响应信息进行柔性转子平衡的新方法。为了描述模态不平衡相对键相槽的角位置,首次引入了模态不平衡方位角的概念,并通过转子的不平衡加速响应信息对其进行了识别;在此基础上,结合转子的模态知识,添加合理的平衡试重组,利用各阶模态试重大小与对应阶模态不平衡响应幅度增量的线性关系,识别出校正质量组的大小,通过双面加重的方法实现了转子前两阶模态的平衡。仿真和实验结果表明,该瞬态平衡方法在有效降低转子不平衡振动的同时,减少了平衡过程中的起车次数。     

由飞行试验数据求取直升机气动导数的最佳方法研究

本文主要介绍利用频率法、卡尔曼滤波和最大似然法求取气动导数的方法。方法的特点是,通过频率法使旋翼高频成份的影响减至最小,同时求取试验数据的测量噪声和过程噪声,然后通过卡尔曼滤波使试验数据包含的随机噪声减小,最后使用最大似然法使试验数据包含的随机噪声进一步减小,并求取最终的气动导数。计算结果表明,该方法可使试验数据中包含的噪声减至最小,复合相关系数提高到0.95以上,特征根更接近真值,其准确度优于最小二乘法、频率法、卡尔曼滤波方法和最大似然法,它保留了使用低通滤波数据的卡尔曼滤波方法的优点,克服了原方法振荡模态频率偏低的缺点,适合于各种直升机的导数识别。     

机动目标“当前”统计模型与自适应跟踪算法

本文提出机动目标“当前”统计模型的概念并建议用修正的瑞利-马尔科夫过程描述目标随机加速机动的统计特性。文中指出了在机动目标运动模型中状态（机动加速度）估值与状态噪声之间的内在联系。在此基础上提出了具有机动加速度均值及方差自适应的卡尔曼滤波算法。对一维和三维的情形进行了计算机模拟。计算结果表明,在仅对目标位置进行观测的情况下,这类自适应估值算法无论对高度机动或无机动的目标均可绘出较好的位置、速度及加速度估值。