欧空局环月观测器方案

为了填补欧洲在月球探测领域的空白，欧空局于今年１０月向其部长级会议提出了研制欧洲第一个月球探测器的建议。现将该探测器的方案简介如下。欧洲第一个月球探测器取名为“环月观测器”（ＭＯＲＯ——ＭｏｏｎＯｒｂｉｔｉｎｇＯｂｓｅｒ－ｖａｔｏｒｙ）。它实际上是一个月球极轨卫星，其任务是对月面进行遥感观测，对全月球进行月貌和重力场测量，为研究月球的形成、演化和未来提供科学数据。ＭＯＲＯ将携带４种科学探测仪器和１颗微型子卫星。４种仪器是：·月球立体相机（ＬＵＳＴＥＣ）·月球紫外／可见光／红外绘图光谱计（ＬＵＶＩ…     

单自由度太阳帆板极月轨道月球卫星的初步热分析与热设计

对国外极月轨道月球卫星的热设计进行了概述,并以一个极月轨道月球卫星为例,介绍了采用单自由度太阳帆板技术的某极月轨道月球卫星.针对该卫星,对其奔月飞行和在极月轨道上环月运行时的外热流与空间散热问题进行分析,根据分析结果,初步提出了该卫星的热设计方案,重点对有效载荷热控问题, ±y侧仪器设备的热控问题,以及热控百叶窗的应用技术等进行了描述.     

美国军用气象卫星系统掠影

美国军用气象卫星包括美国国防部(Do D)的卫星和美国海洋大气局 (NOAA)的卫星 ,共有 4个业务卫星系列 :“地球静止轨道环境业务卫星” (GOES)、“诺阿”(NOAA)、“国防气象卫星” (DMSP)和“国家极轨业务环境卫星系统”(NPOESS) ,其中 DMSP由 Do D控管 ,其余由 NOAA控管。1　 GOES1.1　概况GOES(Geostationary Operational En-vironmental Satellites)是美国 NOAA的静止轨道业务卫星系列 ,采用双星运行体制 ,GOES- East卫星和 GOES- West卫星分别定点在 75°W和 135°W的赤道上空 ,覆盖范围为 2 0°W～ 16 5°E,…     

"嫦娥一号"卫星轨控标定方法研究与实现

在航天测控任务中,对轨控效果进行标定并合理利用可以实现更为精准的轨道控制.提出了一种综合利用控前控后精密轨道、轨控过程遥测姿态数据、遥测加速度计测量数据对沉底发动机、轨控发动机、加速度计刻度系数进行标定的方法;介绍了该方法在中国首次月球探测任务中的应用情况;最后分析了标定结果对定轨及定姿精度的敏感程度,从而在理论上进一步说明在后续深空探测中利用精密轨道进行轨控标定的可行性和重要性.     

向月球飞行轨道的若干特性研究

利用圆锥曲线拼接技术,研究从地球圆形停泊轨道飞向月球的轨道及月球卫星轨道的轨道特性.当地月转移轨道平面与月球轨道平面共面时,月心轨道和地月转移轨道射入条件的关系可用一组代数方程描述;不共面时,可用一组超越方程迭代求解.数字仿真得到了有益结论.      

导航星座不完整对星间自主定轨几何精度因子的影响

星间自主定轨是星座自主导航的关键技术. 在系统建设初期未完成全星座组网、卫星出现故障或受损等情况下, 部分卫星缺失将导致导航星座不完整, 其对星间自主定轨性能的影响值得研究. 本文在提出逐卫星加权最小二乘自主定轨估计方法的基础上, 引入几何精度因子作为衡量星座不完整影响卫星自主定轨性能的指标, 最后以Galileo星座为例进行了仿真与分析. 结果表明, Galileo星座中卫星进行自主定轨时其可视卫星的冗余度较高, 少数卫星缺失不会对星间自主定轨的几何精度因子产生明显影响. 只有当星座缺失卫星数达2/3时, 会使得部分卫星的几何精度因子超差, 卫星自主定轨性能明显下降.      

嫦娥-1的奔月之路

中国已经发射过各种轨道的人造地球卫星,但是还没有发射过人造月球卫星.从地球到月球不但距离遥远,将近4×105km,而且月球自身还在围绕地球进行公转,平均运动速度为1.023km/s.因此,如何让嫦娥-1月球探测卫星与运动着的月球精确交会,并按绕月的工作轨道运行是非常困难的事情.在世界探月历史上,曾多次发生探测器距离月球很远飞过,与月球"失之交臂",也曾发生过探测器未能进入环月轨道而撞到月球表面上"粉身碎骨".由此可见,嫦娥-1飞行轨道的设计是整个工程中一项必须突破的关键技术.     

基于多模型最优融合的双星定位系统一体化精密定轨方法

针对卫星动力学模型复杂且不准,考虑到卫星定轨中待估参数在时间和空间上的相关性,提出了一种基于多模型最优融合的双星定位系统一体化参数建模的近地卫星精密定轨新方法.利用节点自由分布B样条描述卫星运动,实现了对卫星粗略动力学模型的抑制作用;同时结合双星观测模型,使该方法转化为关于求解卫星轨道样条表示参数和定轨系统误差的多模型融合的非线性优化问题;通过引入模型结构确定最优融合权值的选取准则,在最小二乘准则下,采用非线性最优化方法搜寻样条的最优节点分布,得到了待估参数的最优估计,完成了近地卫星的精密定轨.理论分析和仿真计算表明,该方法确实有效,不仅提高了卫星的定轨精度,而且使状态估计的结构更加稳定.      

基于自适应滤波的编队卫星实时相对定轨

提出基于自适应滤波的编队卫星实时相对定轨算法,利用2005-12-09—10两颗GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）卫星的GPS（Global Positioning System）实测数据进行实时相对定轨试验计算,采用JPL（Jet Propulsion Laboratory）轨道对试验结果外部检核,结果表明:①自适应滤波相对定轨通过自适应因子,可以较好地平衡编队卫星的观测信息和相对动力学信息,其相对定轨结果精度优于Kalman滤波相对定轨结果;②自适应滤波相对定轨结果随着星间基线缩短而精度提高;③两颗GRACE卫星采用单频伪距和广播星历进行自适应滤波相对定轨,可以得到精度优于6cm的星间基线。     

基于引力场不对称性的三体系统轨道自主导航

以月球背面的中继通信为背景,提出了基于三体系统引力场不对称特性的星–星测距自主定轨方案。该方案以环月极轨卫星和地–月L2点Halo轨道卫星组成中继通信网,以实现对月球两极和背面的覆盖。通过采集极轨卫星与Halo轨道卫星的测距信息,结合卡尔曼滤波在日–地–月动力学模型下获得两颗卫星的绝对轨道。数值仿真结果表明:本文方法能将导航的位置精度和速度精度分别提高到百米和厘米/秒量级。该自主导航方法还可以扩展到不规则引力场小天体附近星群运动的自主导航。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。     

直尺反转组合法测量直线度的理论分析

对直尺反转组合法的测量原理进行了较为深入的理论分析，指出测量的准确性受测头误差、采样点定位误差、直尺尺面斜率、直尺再定位误差、直尺各点直线度误差的变化率等五个方面共同作用。其中，采样点定位误差和直尺安装斜率影响直线度测量准确度这一结论，将适用于其他的直尺直线度测量方法，因而具有普遍的指导意义。