基于广义相对论的轨道摄动下星间激光相位比对

针对纳米到皮米量级星间激光测距,在地心非旋转坐标系(GCRS)下,考虑卫星轨道摄动引起的广义相对论效应,建立了星间单向以及双向星间激光相位比对模型.通过仿真研究了地球主引力场范围内轨道摄动引起的广义相对论效应对星间激光相位比对误差的影响,并通过星间激光相位比对误差计算星间激光测距误差.不同轨道高度的卫星仿真结果表明,对...     

利用二维核回归估计的大气密度模式修正

传统经验大气密度模式预测大气密度存在的较大误差会引起低轨卫星轨道预报误差,对卫星的再入轨、控制计划、碰撞规避及精密定轨造成不利影响.利用天宫一号卫星探测数据,针对大气NRLMSISE-00模式计算的误差特点,在地磁相对平静(Ap ≤ 30)的时间段内,对相近地方时和纬度的模式误差分布进行分析发现,相近地方时和纬度的模式误差分布基本相同.利用二维核回归估计方法,对与预测点相近地方时和纬度的样本误差进行加权,估计预测点处的模式误差,进而按距离预测日期天数的长短,采用加权修正法对模式预测结果进行修正,修正后大气模式误差的均方差(RMS)由14.09%降至4.05%.研究结果表明,该修正方法可以显著提高大气密度预报精度.      

两种J_2摄动模型下卫星编队相对位置误差分析

为了研究一个轨道周期内卫星和卫星编队的运动规律,在J2摄动理论基础之上,采用摄动加速度分析方法,给出了J2瞬时摄动模型。以近地太阳同步轨道卫星和双星编队为例,与只考虑J2一阶长期项的平均摄动模型比较,仿真分析结果表明,对卫星而言,一个轨道周期内,卫星半长轴相对平均半长轴漂移达到18km,偏心率相对平均偏心率漂移达到10-3量级,轨道倾角相对平均轨道倾角漂移达到0.01°,即由于J2瞬时摄动的影响,卫星运动发生了摄动;对双星编队而言,一个轨道周期内,两星相对位置的径向误差达到5km,沿迹向误差达到19km,法向误差相对较小,在10-2量级上,相对距离的误差达到了19km,随着时间的推移,误差会越来越大。     

利用卫星两行轨道根数反演热层密度

两行轨道根数（TLEs）是基于一般摄动理论产生的用于预报地球轨道飞行器位置和速度的一组轨道参数,通过求解大气阻力微分方程,可反演出热层大气密度. 本文选取近圆轨道CHAMP卫星和椭圆轨道Explorer8卫星,以两行轨道根数数据为基础,计算反弹道系数,并根据不同轨道特征采用两种不同反演方法对热层大气密度进行研究. 结果表明,这两种方法反演得到的大气密度与实测值均符合较好,其中CHAMP卫星的反演结果和经验模式值相对于实测值的误差分别为7.94%和13.94%,Explorer8卫星的误差分别为9.04%和14.32%. 相比模式值,利用两行轨道根数数据反演的热层大气密度更接近于实测值,说明该方法可以作为获取大量可靠大气密度数据的一种有效途径.      

基于GLONASS星历的预报轨道的误差分析

推导了协议地球坐标系下的卫星运动方程.通过分析由GLONASS(Global Navigation Satellite System)广播星历参数确定的卫星预报轨道的拟合精度,指出了摄动力模型的简化、积分器的选择,以及忽略了极移影响等因素是引起拟合误差的主要因素,其中摄动力模型的简化起最主要的作用.通过对卫星轨道运动方程积分30?min,可知由摄动力模型的简化、积分器和忽略极移影响等因素引起的拟合误差分别为0.827?m,0.224?m和0.025?m.要提高预报轨道拟合的精度,关键是要对摄动力简化特别是地球引力摄动高阶项的截断以及日月引力场简化造成的轨道预报精度损失加以控制.     

轨道误差对星敏感器对地指向精度的影响分析

针对使用星敏感器进行对地指向精度问题,分析了影响卫星对地指向精度的主要因素,根据卫星轨道误差,推导了轨道根数误差对经度方向和纬度方向上的指向误差方程.分析了轨道根数对指向精度的影响规律.最后对轨道根数误差的影响进行了仿真,仿真结果与分析结果一致.     

钟差和动力学参数联合约束下的北斗卫星轨道快速确定

受地球非球形引力、第三体摄动和太阳光压等摄动因素的影响,导航卫星位置存在长周期变化趋势,需要定期对导航卫星进行轨道机动,以保持卫星轨位和导航服务区.导航卫星机动后的定轨,特别是GEO卫星,其频繁轨控后的轨道快速确定问题,是制约卫星可用度和导航系统服务性能的重要因素.在基于伪距相位数据的轨道测定中,轨道与钟差的统计相关是制约卫星轨道快速确定的关键因素,特别是在观测弧段短的情况下,待估参数之间的相关性更强,动力学参数估计结果严重失真会导致轨道预报精度衰减明显.当卫星钟差与测站钟差通过外部手段高精度测定后,可以减少待估参数的估计,同时利用长弧定轨的动力学与运动学参数先验信息,对短弧定轨模式进行参数约束,卫星定轨精度将有很大的提升空间.通过钟差与力学参数的联合约束,实现了北斗卫星短弧快速定轨,解决了卫星机动后的轨道快速确定问题,SLR评估的卫星机动后4 h定轨外符视向精度优于0.71 m,比常规方法提高了3倍,预报1 h轨道视向精度为1.89 m,用户等效距离误差(UERE)精度达到1.85 m.     

《中国空间科学技术》1987年总目录

期号页数1洲防291盯4500月性 空间飞行器系统工程空间站发展的探讨任意偏心率卫星的大气阻力的短周期摄动空间站概述航天飞行器入轨道误差分析载人航天器轨道运行段的救生问题整星稳态温度的热网络分析方法地球引力场带谐调和项引起的卫星轨道摄动Q曰1上,.︸一刁自0 QU进任61火︸O咬1 LJ3 4 4 56 飞行动力学航天飞行器的两大数学问题三层壁喷管的不稳定导热用Nocilla模型计算卫星气动力系数和热流密度分布求解Navier一Stokes方程的指数型差分法用Schamberg方法计算卫星阻力系数四层壁的不稳定导热3 41匕6 测控技术和数据处理模式识别技…     

一种高精度的卫星星历模型

针对近圆的近地卫星轨道提供了一种高精度的计算卫星星历的数学模型,该模型利用10个固定参数来拟合轨道的长期和长周期变化部分,短周期变化部分利用已有的理论结果。充分利用近圆轨道的特点将田谐项引起的短周期变化部分进行同频合并后,最终的分析表达式相当简单。该模型还有相当大的灵活性,可以根据不同的精度要求进行相应的选择,其最大误差可控制在50m以下。      

基于射频敏感器的卫星三轴姿态确定方法研究

带有大型网状展开天线的同步轨道移动通信卫星,一般通过卫星本体的姿态控制间接保障星上通信天线的指向精度,难以避免天线因自身安装、变形、挠性振动等引起的指向误差.提出直接利用射频敏感器测量的信标信号误差确定卫星三轴姿态,并计算天线保持目标指向所需三轴姿态角偏差,通过卫星姿态控制系统实时或离线姿态修正以保证天线指向精度.利用数学仿真方式验证算法正确性和有效性.     

基于实时观测数据的大气密度模式修正

针对国际大气密度模式NRLMSISE-00, 以中国神舟飞船探测数据为基础, 提出一种基于实时大气密度观测数据的模式修正方法. 通过计算分析模式计算结果与探测数据的误差分布特征, 针对地磁相对平静期(Ap≤ 30)模式计算的误差特点, 建立了一种平均误差修正方法, 即认为在相对平静期, 在相同纬度和地方时, 模式误差基本相同, 某一时刻模式预测误差可以近似用与其相同纬度和地方时的平均误差来替代, 从而对模式预测结果进行修正. 以神舟4号探测数据为基础, 通过对模式预测结果采用两种方式进行修正, 可以看到模式误差得到了一定的改善. 采用误差库累积准实时修正, 修正后的误差由原来的20 %降至6 %; 采用误差库5天滑动预报修正后, 模式提前1, 2, 3天的预测误差由原来的20 %分别降至7.8 %, 9.4 %和10.5%.      

Use of two-line element data for thermosphere neutral density model calibration

Traditional empirical thermospheric density models are widely used in orbit determination and prediction of low-Earth satellites. Unfortunately, these models often exhibit large density errors of up to around 30% RMS. Density errors translate into orbit errors, adversely affecting applications such as re-entry operations, manoeuvre planning, collision avoidance and precise orbit determination for geodetic missions. The extensive database of two-line element (TLE) orbit data contains a wealth of information on satellite drag, at a sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution to allow a calibration of existing neutral density models with a latency of one to two days. In our calibration software, new TLE data for selected objects is converted to satellite drag data on a daily basis. The resulting drag data is then used in a daily adjustment of density model calibration parameters, which modify the output of an existing empirical density model with the aim of increasing its accuracy. Two different calibration schemes have been tested using TLE data for about 50 objects during the year 2000. The schemes involve either height-dependent scale factors to the density or corrections to CIRA-72 model temperatures, which affect the density output based on a physical model. Both schemes have been applied with different spherical harmonic expansions of the parameters in latitude and local solar time. Five TLE objects, varying in perigee altitude between 280 and 530 km, were deliberately not used during calibration, in order to provide independent validation. Even with a single daily parameter, the RMS density model error along their tracks can already be reduced from the 30% to the 15% level. Adding additional parameters results in RMS errors lower than 12%.     

Precise orbit determination using the batch filter based on particle filtering with genetic resampling approach

In this study, genetic resampling (GRS) approach is utilized for precise orbit determination (POD) using the batch filter based on particle filtering (PF). Two genetic operations, which are arithmetic crossover and residual mutation, are used for GRS of the batch filter based on PF (PF batch filter). For POD, Laser-ranging Precise Orbit Determination System (LPODS) and satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations of the CHAMP satellite are used. Monte Carlo trials for POD are performed by one hundred times. The characteristics of the POD results by PF batch filter with GRS are compared with those of a PF batch filter with minimum residual resampling (MRRS). The post-fit residual, 3D error by external orbit comparison, and POD repeatability are analyzed for orbit quality assessments. The POD results are externally checked by NASA JPL’s orbits using totally different software, measurements, and techniques. For post-fit residuals and 3D errors, both MRRS and GRS give accurate estimation results whose mean root mean square (RMS) values are at a level of 5 cm and 10–13 cm, respectively. The mean radial orbit errors of both methods are at a level of 5 cm. For POD repeatability represented as the standard deviations of post-fit residuals and 3D errors by repetitive PODs, however, GRS yields 25% and 13% more robust estimation results than MRRS for post-fit residual and 3D error, respectively. This study shows that PF batch filter with GRS approach using genetic operations is superior to PF batch filter with MRRS in terms of robustness in POD with SLR observations.     

Bayesian linking of geosynchronous orbital debris tracks as seen by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope

We describe a Bayesian sampling model for linking and constraining orbit models from angular observations of “streaks” in optical telescope images. Our algorithm is particularly suited to situations where the observation times are small fractions of the orbital periods of the observed objects or when there is significant confusion of objects in the observation field. We use Markov Chain Monte Carlo to sample from the joint posterior distribution of the parameters of multiple orbit models (up to the number of observed tracks) and parameters describing which tracks are linked with which orbit models. Using this algorithm, we forecast the constraints on geosynchronous (GEO) debris orbits achievable with the planned Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). Because of the short 15 s exposure times, preliminary orbit determinations of GEO objects from LSST will have large and degenerate errors on the orbital elements. Combined with the expected crowded fields of GEO debris it will be challenging to reliably link orbital tracks in LSST observations given the currently planned observing cadence.     

FY-3D 中分辨率成像仪图像地理定位误差来源分析

以风云三号D星（FY-3D）中分辨率成像仪（MERSI）的图像地理定位为背景，针对现阶段FY-3D图像与海岸线匹配时误差表现为周期性振荡的现象，从卫星轨道和姿态控制的角度出发，分析了当前卫星运行策略对图像地理定位精度的影响。首先，建立了当前FY-3D卫星动力学模型和成像模型；然后，以FY-3D/MERSI真实遥感图像为基础，分析姿轨控分系统对遥感图像周期性定位造成的误差；最后，通过对比数值仿真结果与真实图像数据，对来自姿轨控分系统的图像定位误差来源进行了验证。研究表明，姿轨控分系统的轨道、姿态预报误差以及载荷安装误差都会导致成像基准产生偏差，进而使图像的地理定位误差呈现周期性振荡现象。     

连续波雷达多站跟踪数据的时间对齐与轨道解算

连续波雷达是目前外火箭轨道测量的主要高精度设备。由于各种原因,各测站的时间不能完全一致,导致轨道解算的误差。文章对测量机理和时间不对齐量进行分析,利用轨道参数可以用多项式表述的特点,建立了一个估计时间不对齐量和轨道多项式系数的非线性回归模型,给出了参数估计方法和估计的误差。理论分析和模拟计算表明,用该方法可以给出轨道参数和各站时间不对齐量较高精度的估计。     

Validation of GOCE densities and evaluation of thermosphere models

Atmospheric densities from ESA’s GOCE satellite at a mean altitude of 270 km are validated by comparison with predictions from the near real time model HASDM along the GOCE orbit in the time frame 1 November 2009 through 31 May 2012. Except for a scale factor of 1.29, which is due to different aerodynamic models being used in HASDM and GOCE, the agreement is at the 3% (standard deviation) level when comparing daily averages. The models NRLMSISE-00, JB2008 and DTM2012 are compared with the GOCE data. They match at the 10% level, but significant latitude-dependent errors as well as errors with semiannual periodicity are detected. Using the 0.1 Hz sampled data leads to much larger differences locally, and this dataset can be used presently to analyze variations down to scales as small as 150 km.     

Propagation errors analysis of TLE data

Orbit position uncertainty is an important factor for collision avoidance issues. For a single object with high frequency historical data, we can attain its position uncertainty easily. But sometimes data is not enough for errors analysis, orbits need to be classified. In this paper error analysis is made from two-line element sets data (TLEs). The Simplified General Perturbations-4 (SGP4) propagator was used. Statistical errors of debris and R/B are given for lower-altitude orbits which are classified by perigee altitude and eccentricity. The errors results and analysis for SSO (the Sun synchronous orbit) typical orbits are obtained. At last atmospheric drag as a main cause of downrange errors in lower-altitude orbit is analyzed. BSTAR in TLEs is modified to improve prediction precision.     

基于线性协方差方法的交会对接误差分析

将线性协方差分析方法和蒙特卡罗仿真相结合,按交会任务和飞行特征把交会过程分为变轨飞行、自由飞行和中途速度修正三种特征段,研究了状态误差的传播规律和交会过程中各种误差对交会对接精度的影响。在变轨飞行段,分析了追踪航天器的姿态误差、控制系统性能状态估计误差,以及目标航天器轨道摄动对状态误差传播的影响。在自由飞行段,分析了追踪航天器估计状态误差的先验值和测轨误差对状态误差传播的影响。在中途速度修正段,分析了追踪航天器姿态误差和控制系统性能误差对状态误差传播的影响。仿真结果表明,误差分析方法设计合理,可以指导交会对接的轨道设计工作,能对已经设计好的交会策略进行误差分析和设计验证。