负跃层对主动声纳探测距离影响仿真研究

简要分析了声波穿过负跃层时的传播特性,结合潜艇利用跃变层规避主动声纳探测的战术背景,对负跃层影响主动声纳的探测距离进行了研究。建立了主动声纳搜潜的数学模型,利用平滑平均声场理论估算了存在负跃层时的声传播损失,分析了负跃层深度、厚度以及声速跃变差对主动声纳探测距离的影响,并进行了仿真。结果表明,负跃层对主动声纳的探测距离有明显影响。     

基于全局/梯度优化方法的宽速域乘波-机翼布局气动设计

宽速域高超声速飞行器是航空航天领域新的战略制高点,其飞行速域与空域极大化特点导致亚/跨/超/高超声速气动性能难以兼顾。为了缓解高低速气动设计的矛盾,以典型宽速域乘波-机翼布局为研究对象,结合基于代理模型的全局优化方法和基于伴随梯度的局部优化方法,对该宽速域构型的布局参数和剖面形状进行了从全局到局部的多目标分步优化。结果表明,在约束亚声速升力系数、高超声速阻力系数的情况下,基于代理模型的布局参数优化方法能够在维持高超声速气动性能的同时,将亚声速的升阻比提升9.5%。进一步选取布局参数优化结果 Pareto面上亚声速气动特性最优的构型,利用基于伴随梯度的优化方法,对机翼剖面进行梯度优化。优化结果表明,梯度优化能够有效地改善飞行器亚/高超声速状态下的阻力特性,并将翼型在几何上优化为兼顾亚/高超声速气动特性的双S翼型。通过上述从布局参数到剖面参数的优化,乘波-机翼构型的亚声速升阻比相比初始构型提升了12.4%,高超声速升阻比相比原始构型提升了6.2%。     

小推力深空探测轨道全局优化设计

 针对小推力深空探测四维轨道优化设计,给出了一种组合优化算法,采用该算法基于二体模型进行了深空探测四维轨道全局优化。该组合优化算法由动态规划算法、静态参数优化算法与共轭梯度算法组成。动态规划算法和静态参数优化算法用以选择最优的发射窗口、返回窗口及相应的近似飞行轨道;基于该近似轨道方案,采用共轭梯度算法（解决两点边值问题）求解精确的最优轨道。通过大量的数值仿真计算,得到了航天器的全局最优飞行轨道,及相应的最优发射窗口与返回窗口。数值仿真结果表明,该组合优化算法对深空探测轨道优化具有良好的通用性和工程运用价值。     

探测点间距对吊放声纳搜索效能影响仿真研究

通过分析吊放声纳的作战机理,建立了吊放声纳搜索效能仿真模型,并在想定条件下利用该模型研究了探测点间距对吊放声纳搜索效能的影响。给出了仿真结果,通过对仿真结果初步分析,得出了最佳探测点间距为吊放声纳有效探测距离的1．4倍的重要结论。     

基于多层感知机的远距离水下声源定位技术研究

针对传统匹配场处理方法存在水下声源远距离定位失准以及定位时间过长的问题，提出了一种基于多层感知机的水下声源被动定位方案。利用团队自研的“浮星”浮标实测的剖面数据模拟真实海洋环境，并在水中布设垂直水听器阵，仿真大量不同位置的声源在水听器处产生的接收数据。将多通道波形数据直接作为输入对多层感知机网络进行训练，从而获取高精度的定位神经网络。仿真结果表明，与匹配场处理算法相比，设计的感知机网络可以在大范围信噪比环境中实现有效的水下声源定位，其中在30dB信噪比下定位距离和深度的平均相对误差达到了1.94%和6.84%。另外，相对于失配声速剖面，使用平均声速剖面模拟的接收数据可提高网络的定位性能。     

耦合粒子图像测速误差的连续伴随数据同化技术

提出了一种耦合粒子图像测速(PIV)实验误差的连续伴随数据同化算法，通过优化目标损失函数，增强算法在不同误差场景下的鲁棒性。为了验证该算法的有效性，先对已知PIV流场植入合成误差进行同化对比测试，继而对PIV互相关算法不同参数设置所获得的流场进行同化研究。结果表明：相比于原连续伴随数据同化，耦合PIV实验误差的同化算法能够对实验观测数据去伪存真，抗误差干扰能力明显提升，鲁棒性更强，能够对高误差场景下的流动数据进行更好地同化，准确地预测流场的真实分布规律，还原流场细节。     

反临近空间高超声速飞行器中末交接视角研究

针对临近空间高超声速飞行器的拦截问题,研究了拦截弹中末制导交接班时的导引头视角优化问题。首先,分析了临近空间大气环境及其对红外传输的影响,表明该空域适合红外探测器工作;然后,针对临近空间高超声速目标的红外特性设计了红外导引头方案;最后,将目标视为点源目标,建立了探测距离计算模型和大气透过率工程计算模型,研究了导引头探测距离与探测视角的关系。研究结果表明:针对临近空间高超声速目标,自上而下的探测方式有利于增加导引头探测距离;拦截弹中制导段弹道宜采用高抛再入式弹道。     

高超声速二维钝楔边界层参数分析

为了指导二元高超声速进气道型面设计,基于两类高超声速二维钝楔外形,采用高精度CFD方法计算了四种典型工况下二维钝楔边界层参数,分析了前缘半径、壁面温度、压力梯度对边界层参数的影响,得出了边界层位移厚度、边界层总压恢复及壁面压力梯度沿流向的变化规律。研究表明,前缘半径及壁面温度对边界层参数影响较大,在两者一定的情况下,逆压梯度使边界层位移厚度增速放缓,顺压梯度会使边界层位移厚度快速增长。     

主动全向声纳浮标性能预测

主动声纳浮标适合探测安静型潜艇,预测主动声纳浮标的性能已成为航空反潜战的重要内容。文章首先简要分析了水声传播模型、海底和海面损失模型以及混响模型等声纳模型的优劣并进行合理选择；在此基础上,提出了一种主动全向声纳浮标性能预测系统的总体方案,并设计了相应软件；最后,针对不同的海洋环境进行仿真实验。该系统能预测主动声纳浮标在各传播方向、水平距离和深度的传播损失及检测概率,可以用于分析浮标性能的时空变化特性,为优化使用声纳浮标提供参考。     

反潜直升机吊放声纳水面舰艇编队尾后锯齿形法搜潜

针对水面舰艇编队尾后方向的潜艇威胁,研究反潜直升机使用吊放声纳搜潜中的警戒扇面、兵力需求、参数决策等问题。通过分析锯齿形法特点、吊放声纳搜潜过程,建立了多机舰艇编队尾后搜潜的警戒扇面定量计算模型。研究了齿形法相邻探测点间距系数、搜索速度等制约因素,探索了吊放声纳作用距离与潜艇航速的定量关系,给出了已探测区等效圆半径的计算方法。仿真计算了舰艇编队尾后搜潜中实际对潜警戒扇面、最优间距系数、不同任务要求下的兵力需求。结果表明:配置2架直升机于舰艇编队尾后15海里处,可建立80.9°的对潜警戒扇面;齿形法最佳间距系数介于1.1~1.3之间。     

负梯度浅海混响条件下吊放声纳主动探测深度研究

负梯度浅海条件下,吊放声纳主动工作时混响呈现"峰"现象,且随吊放声纳深度变化。为此,建立浅海混响模型,采用Bellhop模型计算吊放声纳与海底散射元之间的传播,并依据Jackson模型推导海底反向散射强度的计算方法。结合海底散射面积的估算与吊放声纳主动工作满足小掠射角的特点,对浅海混响进行了仿真和分析。     

Automatic detection and tracking of a small surface watercraft in shallow water using a high-frequency active sonar

A high-frequency (HF) active sonar can be used to detect and track a small fast surface watercraft in shallow water based on the evolution of the watercraft wake observed in the sonar image sequence. An automatic detection and tracking (ADT) algorithm is described for this novel application. For each ping, the measurement of the target's polar position consists of 2 steps. First, the target bearing is estimated by finding the direction of arrival of the cavitation noise emitted by the watercraft. Then range measurements are extracted from the range profile (constant-angle cut of the sonar image) at the estimated target bearing. Range normalization and clutter map processing are used to reduce the number of false measurements. Estimates of the target's Cartesian position and velocity are updated at the sonar pulse repetition rate using the Kalman filter with debiased consistent converted measurements and nearest neighbour data association. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated using real data.     

海洋环境对吊放声纳作战使用影响研究

作战海域海洋环境对航空吊放声纳工作深度、探潜能力有重要影响。文中以声纳方程为基础,分析了作战海域海况、深度等海洋环境因素对吊放声纳作战使用及探测能力的影响,为合理使用吊放声纳提供了依据。     

不同插值方法对残缺环阵声源定位的影响

研究了利用不完整麦克风阵列进行声源定位的算法，通过修正傅里叶插值、B样条插值和三次样条插值对残缺麦克风阵列的交叉互谱矩阵的插值补偿，获得了声源定位算法。通过数值模拟对声源定位算法进行了验证，发现在波束形成的声源强度上，傅里叶插值模拟结果最大偏差达到5.21 dB,B样条插值为1.17 dB，三次样条插值为0.80 dB；在声源位置偏差上，傅里叶插值为0.04 m,B样条插值为0.01 m，三次样条插值为0.01 m。结果表明傅里叶插值计算得到的声源定位的强度、位置精度和动态性能最差，三次样条插值最优，B样条插值表现一般。实验验证也得出类似的结论，因此利用三次样条插值计算不完整麦克风阵列的交叉互谱矩阵最佳。     

An Adaptive Threshold System for Nonstationary Noise Backgrounds

The problem of detecting target signals in an ocean environment using active sonar is complicated by the nonstationary background which usually consists of both ambient ocean noise and reverberation. on. In this paper a signal processing system capable of detecting a signal in nonstationary noise is introduced. This system makes use of the mean and variance time functions of the nonstationary noise background in order to design estimation filters which will cope with the nonstationarity. Appropriate statistics of the noise and signal (tone burst) plus noise have been obtained and are used to determine the probabilities of false alarm and detection and the receiver operating characteristics.     

影响吊放声纳检查搜潜效能主要因素仿真研究

在分析吊放声纳检查搜潜过程的基础上,对仿真环境进行假设,并建立吊放声纳搜潜蒙特卡洛法模型。通过仿真实验对反潜直升机在一定条件下检查搜潜时吊放声纳间隔系数、螺旋系数、探测点数和搜索阵型进行研究,得出相关结论。     

Optimal assimilation for ionospheric weather – Theoretical aspect

Observation, specification and prediction of ionospheric weather are the key scientific pursuits of space physicists, which largely based on an optimal assimilation system. The optimal assimilation system, or commonly called data assimilation system, consists of dynamic process, observation system and optimal estimation procedure. We attempt to give a complete framework in this paper under which the data assimilation procedure carries through. We discuss some crucial issues of data assimilation as follows: modeling a dynamic system for ionospheric weather; state estimation for static or steady system in sense of optimization and likelihood; state and its uncertainty estimation for dynamic process. Meanwhile we also discuss briefly the observability of an observation system; system parameter identification. Some data assimilation procedures existed at present are reviewed in the framework of this paper. As an example, a second order dynamic system is discussed in more detail to illustrate the specific optimal assimilation procedure, ranging from modeling the system, state and its uncertainty calculation, to the quantitatively integration of dynamic law, measurement to significantly reduce the estimation error. The analysis shows that the optimal assimilation model, with mathematical core of optimal estimation, differs from the theoretical, empirical and semi-empirical models in assimilating measured data, being constrained by physical law and being optimized respectively. The data assimilation technique, due to its optimization and integration feature, could obtain better accurate results than those obtained by dynamic process, measurement or their statistical analysis alone. The model based on optimal assimilation meets well with the criterion of the model or algorithm assessment by ‘space weather metrics’. More attention for optimal assimilation procedure creation should be paid to transition matrix finding, which is usually not easy for practical space weather system. High performance computing hardware and software studies should be promoted further so as to meet the requirement of large storage and extensive computation in the optimal estimation. The discussion in this paper is appropriate for the static or steady state or transition process of dynamic system. Many phenomena in space environment are unstable and chaos. So space environment study should include and integrate these two branches of learning. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

HMS SCOTT ring laser gyro navigator integration

HMS SCOTT is a United Kingdom ocean survey vessel that hosts a state-of-the-art deep ocean mapping system which was designed, developed, and is currently maintained and periodically updated by the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, (SSC San Diego). A recent update of this system consisted of the replacement of an obsolete and very costly to maintain inertial navigation system. Another reason for updating the ship's inertial system was to provide higher accuracy attitude data, than was previously available with the old inertial system, to the high resolution multi-beam sonar system in order to produce improved bathymetric charts. After conducting a market survey of suitable inertial navigator systems, the Kearfott SEANAV ring laser gyro navigator (RLGN) system, using a monolithic T-24 gyro, was selected to replace the old inertial system. The selection of the SEANAV RLGN was based on its relatively low cost, high reliability, and, particularly, the roll and pitch data accuracies of typically less than 1-arc-minute. This attitude data accuracy was key to enable a significant improvement in the bathymetry data accuracy. Two SEANAV systems were integrated with GPS receivers, a system master time code generator, and electro magnetic (EM) log and Doppler sonar speed sensors to provide the navigation portion of the mapping data. Operational testing of this updated system aboard HMS SCOTT, in November, 2003, showed a marked improvement in the quality of the map product due, in part, to the improved attitude data provided by the SEANAV RLGN system.