A fast arc fault detection method for AC solid state power controllers in MEA

Arc fault detection is desperately required in Solid State Power Controllers (SSPC) in addition to their fundamental functions because arcs will provoke growing harm and threat to aircraft safety. Experimental study has been done to obtain the faulted current data. In order to improve the detection speed and accuracy, two fast arc fault detection methods have been proposed in this paper with the analysis of only half cycle data. Both Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Wavelet Packets Decomposition (WPD) have been adopted to distinguish arc fault currents from normal operation currents. Analysis results show that Alternating Current (AC) arcs can be effectively and accurately detected with the proposed half cycle data based methods. Moreover, experimental verification results have also been provided.     

循环微粒(细胞外囊泡)在心血管外科领域的研究进展

循环微粒(细胞外囊泡)在血管调节、炎症、凝血、细胞增殖与凋亡等生物过程中具有细胞间传递信息的功能。 所含成分复杂多样，与心血管疾病的发生发展过程联系紧密。循环微粒(细胞外囊泡)未来可以作为反映凝血功能、炎症反应、组织器官损伤的临床标志物，或者是调控血管稳态、纠正凝血、改善内环境、保护组织器官功能的临床治疗靶点，具有重要的研究意义。本文总结循环微粒(细胞外囊泡)在心血管外科领域的相关研究进展，讨论循环微粒(细胞外囊泡) 在相关疾病过程中所起的作用，及其在相关疾病诊断与治疗当中的研究及应用前景。     

桨扇模型的气动性能和气动声学的实验研究

概述了具有不同安装角的直叶片、前掠叶片、后掠叶片等3种桨扇模型在起飞状态下出口流场的气动性能和气动声学实验结果及其相互间的对比。主要结论为:良好的气动设计不仅是提高气动性能的要求, 而且也是改善桨扇气动声学性能的有效途径;有掠度的叶片具有降噪的潜力;桨扇叶尖区采用卸荷设计有利于降噪及提高效率。      

UWB radar for patient monitoring

During the last few years the Moscow Aviation Institute (Russia) and the Industrial Technology Research Institute (Taiwan) have worked jointly on the development of ultrawideband (UWB) medical radars for remote and contactiess monitoring of patients in hospitals. Preliminary results of these works were published in [1]. As of the present, several radars have been produced and tested in real conditions in hospitals in Russia and Taiwan. Some results of these tests are given.     

涡轮机械叶片的流固耦合数值计算方法

发展了一种流固弱耦合数值方法来判断涡轮机械叶片气弹稳定性.通过一种数据交换方法将计算结构动力学(CSD)的节点振动位移施加到计算流体力学(CFD)的叶片表面网格点上,CFD分析采用多层动网格技术实时更新可动域的网格点坐标,并通过有限体积法求解了用k-ε湍流模型封闭的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程.以NASA 67转子叶片为例,在设计状态下,对比了叶片前4阶模态下一个振动周期内的气动功及模态气动阻尼比,初步分析了叶片的气弹稳定性.计算结果表明:所发展的流固弱耦合数值方法用于判断涡轮机械叶片气弹稳定性是可行的.      

在静止扩压环形叶栅中捕获轴流压气机非定常耦合流型的实验研究

本文研究了在静止扩压环形叶栅中如何实现非定常自然流型(UNFT)向非定常耦合流型(UCFT)的转变，以及耦合流型对轴流压气机能带来多大的时均性能提高。在环形叶栅台上的大量实验研究表明：当以一定方式实现非定常耦合流型后，其分离旋涡缩小，流场中涡量减小，流动损失下降，时均性能有较大幅度提高。实验中将常规的气动感头测量和小惯性热线风速仪测量以及数字式PIV瞬态场测量技术相结合，来获得非定常两代流型的流动图案和时均性能及其相互比较。     

Civil unmanned aircraft system operation in national airspace: A survey from Air Navigation Service Provider perspective

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) have advanced technologically and surged exponentially over recent years. Currently, due to safety concerns, most civil operations of UAS are conducted in low-level uncontrolled area or in segregated controlled airspace. As the industry progresses, both operational and technological capabilities have matured to the point where UASs are expected to gain greater freedom of access to both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. Extensive technical and regulatory surveys have been conducted to enable the expanded operations. However, most surveys are derived from the perspective of UAS own operating mechanism and barely consider interactions of their non-segregated activities with the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system. Hence, to fill the gap, this paper presents a survey conducted from the perspective of Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP), which serves to accommodate these new entrants to the overall national airspace while continuing flight safety and efficiency. The primary objectives of this paper are to: (A) describe what typical ANSP-supplied UAS Traffic Management (UTM) architecture is required to facilitate all types of civil UAS operations; (B) identify three major ANSP considerations on how UAS can be accommodated safely in civil airspace; (C) outline future directions and challenges related with UAS operations for the ANSP.     

防老剂H对丁羟推进剂粘合剂体系形态结构和力学性能的影响

运用透射电镜（TEM）和动态力学分析（DMA）研究了丁羟推进剂粘合剂体系的形态结构,发现在该体系中存在硬段、软段两相分离结构；防老剂H（N,N’-二苯基对苯二胺）的加入,引入了更多的硬段微区,使两相结构更为清晰；解释了防老剂H能大幅度提高粘合剂体系力学性能的原因。     

Uncertainty ellipses and their application to interval estimation of emitter position

A method of interval estimation of position of an object emitting electromagnetic energy is presented. The problem is considered in cases of known and unknown errors of emitter position determination. Precise expressions concerning two-dimensional confidence regions for unknown position of the emitter have been obtained. Uncertainty regions defined as error ellipses and confidence ellipses have been determined. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of considered regions have been made. The presented approach and obtained results may be useful in electronic intelligence (ELINT) and electronic warfare (EW) applications, in radio navigation, ballistics, and in rescue operations at sea as well.     

Pre-Main Sequence Stars Seen by ISO

Observations of pre-main sequence objects (T Tauri, Herbig Ae/Be and FU Orionis stars) obtained with the instrumentation on board the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) are reviewed. All the observations have been mainly carried out by using the two spectrographs SWS and LWS, adopting their low resolution modes and such data have been used both for lines detection and to reconstruct the spectral energy distributions. Line emission and photometric behaviour of pre-main sequence objects have been analyzed in the framework of the current models, discussing the agreement (or disagreement) with them and trying to derive the questions which should be answered by the forthcoming FIR instrumentation. Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.     

高硅氧纤维/酚醛泡沫复合材料的结构与性能

以高硅氧短切纤维毡为增强体,分别以酚醛树脂和酚醛泡沫为基体,制备了高硅氧/酚醛与高硅氧/酚醛泡沫两种复合材料,采用红外光谱分析、扫描电镜分析、热失重分析等方法对其结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明,两种材料具有相似的基体化学结构和相近的固化反应温度,均具有良好的耐热性能,性能测试结果表明,复合材料中基体由酚醛树脂变成酚醛泡沫后,力学性能明显降低,同时,密度由1.65 g/cm3降低至0.5 g/cm3,热导率由0.5 W/(m·K)降低至0.09 W/(m·K)。     

光传操纵系统及其余度技术实现

在论述光传操纵系统发展背景和工作原理的基础上,简要介绍了时分复用光传操纵系统和波分复用光传操纵系统两大类别,进一步提出了光纤多路发送软件、接收软件的设计问题。在详尽阐述余度技术的基础上,提出了典型光传操纵系统三余度设计方案及其实现。实例验证表明,光传操纵系统及其余度技术具有普通电传操纵系统无可比拟的优点,必将在今后的航空领域中得到广泛的应用。     

Modeling of dynamic evolution of coronal loops

Parameters of expanding magnetic loops and arches and of mass flows generated by them in the corona have been computed in a 1D two-fluid approximation. Two possible trigger mechanisms of the coronal transients have been considered: (i) sudden increase of the background magnetic field strength, and (ii) heating and compression plasma inside these magnetic structures. We discuss the formation of shock waves and their dependence on dynamics and geometry of the magnetic structures.     

微带电路和天线的时域仿真

介绍了运用FDTD设计和分析微带电路和天线的基础理论,分析了误差产生的原因。利用FDTD法分别对微带传输线、矩形微带贴片天线和微带分支耦合器进行了仿真和特性分析。     

Microstructural characterization and mechanical behavior analysis of 7075-T6 aluminum subjected to simulated lightning strikes

Aircrafts damages caused by lightning strikes have been known since the early days of aviation. However, the physical effects on the aircraft structure are still being investigated. This work seeks to evaluate the lightning strike effects in the aluminum alloy 7075-T6. Samples were submitted to lightning strike simulation in laboratory and the damages evaluated through characterization techniques. Ultrasound and profilometry tests have shown material loss to 0.272 mm depth in the damaged region. In addition, it was detected the material accumulation occurrence in the damage vicinity of the region. Below the damage, it was found a region where metallurgical changes were identified. The tensile and microhardness tests results have shown reduction in the percentage elongation and hardness increasing in the material affected by lightning. These results are corroborated by the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld Method (red line) that indicated an increasing in dislocation density and micro-deformation in the material matrix. Optical microscopy results have shown the presence of microcracks on the normal and cross-section surface of the samples damaged. The Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) and Electron Backscattered Diffraction Test (EBSD) found coarse intermetallic phases and precipitates compounds with dimensions greater than 1 μm in length. They were responsible for nucleation of the microcracks that propagate along the material grain boundaries.     

The Geology of Mercury: The View Prior to the MESSENGER Mission

Mariner 10 and Earth-based observations have revealed Mercury, the innermost of the terrestrial planetary bodies, to be an exciting laboratory for the study of Solar System geological processes. Mercury is characterized by a lunar-like surface, a global magnetic field, and an interior dominated by an iron core having a radius at least three-quarters of the radius of the planet. The 45% of the surface imaged by Mariner 10 reveals some distinctive differences from the Moon, however, with major contractional fault scarps and huge expanses of moderate-albedo Cayley-like smooth plains of uncertain origin. Our current image coverage of Mercury is comparable to that of telescopic photographs of the Earth’s Moon prior to the launch of Sputnik in 1957. We have no photographic images of one-half of the surface, the resolution of the images we do have is generally poor (∼1 km), and as with many lunar telescopic photographs, much of the available surface of Mercury is distorted by foreshortening due to viewing geometry, or poorly suited for geological analysis and impact-crater counting for age determinations because of high-Sun illumination conditions. Currently available topographic information is also very limited. Nonetheless, Mercury is a geological laboratory that represents (1) a planet where the presence of a huge iron core may be due to impact stripping of the crust and upper mantle, or alternatively, where formation of a huge core may have resulted in a residual mantle and crust of potentially unusual composition and structure; (2) a planet with an internal chemical and mechanical structure that provides new insights into planetary thermal history and the relative roles of conduction and convection in planetary heat loss; (3) a one-tectonic-plate planet where constraints on major interior processes can be deduced from the geology of the global tectonic system; (4) a planet where volcanic resurfacing may not have played a significant role in planetary history and internally generated volcanic resurfacing may have ceased at ∼3.8 Ga; (5) a planet where impact craters can be used to disentangle the fundamental roles of gravity and mean impactor velocity in determining impact crater morphology and morphometry; (6) an environment where global impact crater counts can test fundamental concepts of the distribution of impactor populations in space and time; (7) an extreme environment in which highly radar-reflective polar deposits, much more extensive than those on the Moon, can be better understood; (8) an extreme environment in which the basic processes of space weathering can be further deduced; and (9) a potential end-member in terrestrial planetary body geological evolution in which the relationships of internal and surface evolution can be clearly assessed from both a tectonic and volcanic point of view. In the half-century since the launch of Sputnik, more than 30 spacecraft have been sent to the Moon, yet only now is a second spacecraft en route to Mercury. The MESSENGER mission will address key questions about the geologic evolution of Mercury; the depth and breadth of the MESSENGER data will permit the confident reconstruction of the geological history and thermal evolution of Mercury using new imaging, topography, chemistry, mineralogy, gravity, magnetic, and environmental data.     

May 2009 distinguished tutorials program

The Distinguished Tutorials Program (DTP) was established in 2006. Many sections have expressed interest and some are currently in touch with Distinguished Instructors (DIs) to schedule a tutorial.     

FOPEN SAR imaging using UWB step-frequency and random noisewaveforms

The detection and identification of targets obscured by foliage have been topics of great interest. Several synthetic aperture radar (SAR) experiments have demonstrated promising images of terrain and man-made objects obscured by dense foliage, by using either linear frequency modulation (LFM) or step-frequency waveforms. We present here the methodology and results of a comparative study on foliage penetration (FOPEN) SAR imaging using ultrawideband (UWB) step-frequency and random noise waveforms. A statistical-physical foliage transmission model is developed for simulation applications. The foliage obscuring pattern is analyzed by means of the technique of paired echoes. The results of the comparative study demonstrates the ability of a UHF band UWB random noise radar to be used as a FOPEN SAR. Advantages of the random noise radar system include covert detection and immunity to radio frequency interference (RFI)     

推力矢量控制与推力矢量喷管

叙述了推力矢量控制的分类、发展过程，说明了推力矢量控制的重要性，推力矢量控制是未来战斗机提高敏捷性和获得过失速机动的重要手段。介绍了目前世界上航空发达的国家推力矢量控制和推力矢量喷管的发展现状和趋势，采用推力矢量控制和推力矢量喷管后使飞机所获得的效益和面临的问题。     

Loop Models from SOHO Observations

The Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) on SOHO is a grazing/normal incidence spectrograph, aimed to produce stigmatic spectra of selected regions of the solar surface in six spectral windows of the extreme ultraviolet from 150 Å to 785 Å (Harrison et al. 1995). In the present work, CDS, EIT, MDI and Yohkoh observations of active region lops have been analyzed. These observations are part of JOP 54. CDS monochromatic images from lines at different temperatures have been co-aligned with EIT and MDI images, and loop structures have been clearly identified using Fe XVI emission lines. Density sensitive lines and lines from adjacent stages of ionization of Fe ions have been used to measure electron density and temperature along the loop length; these measurements have been used to determine the electron pressure along the loop and test the constant pressure assumption commonly used in loop modeling. The observations have been compared with a static, isobaric loop model (Landini and Monsignori Fossi 1975) assuming a temperature-constant heating function in the energy balance equation. Good agreement is found for the temperature distribution along the loop at the coronal level. The model pressure is somewhat higher than obtained from density sensitive line ratios.