重力场测量卫星研究概况

首先给出了地球重力场和重力测量卫星的内涵，然后概要介绍了地球重力场、月球重力场的作用和意义及国外地球重力场测量技术的发展现状和趋势，比较了目前国际上具有代表性的CHAMP、GRACE和GOCE等重力卫星测量系统。最后阐述我国重力场测量的现状以及发展我国重力场测量卫星系统的必要性，并简要介绍了最新研究进展。     

基于卫星观测数据的地球重力场探测技术发展趋势分析

分析研究了公开发布的全球重力场模型,根据已有真实卫星数据的重力场反演结果,依次分析了激光地球动力学卫星、重力卫星和测高卫星用于地球重力场探测的特点和局限性,并针对上述缺点和局限性,进一步介绍和分析了当前出现的可用于地球重力探测的新型载荷,如激光测距仪、原子干涉绝对重力梯度仪、干涉SAR高度计等,以及新载荷可能产生的探测效益。以上研究可为地球重力场探测技术未来的发展提供参考。     

捷联式定位定向系统中动力调谐陀螺误差实时补偿

恶劣的工作环境给进一步提高捷联系统的性能带来了较大的困难，究其所有误差源，系统中的动力调谐陀螺误差对系统的精度影响较大。为此，本文主要对“捷联式定位定向系统”中动力调谐陀螺的误差作分析与研究。本文结合“捷联式定位定向系统”的特点，对动力调谐陀螺的主要漂移误差进行了分析，接着根据推得的动力调谐陀螺的静态、动态误差模型，提出了相应的误差补偿算法，并设计了误差实时补偿软件。最后经仿真计算，证明其补偿效果较好。     

神舟号飞船微波重力水平开关发展及应用

全电子化微波重力水平开关是俄罗斯水银式微波重力水平开关的国产化替代产品。该产品采用加速度计检测重力场倾角,经检测电路放大后推动单刀双掷微波磁自锁开关实现状态切换。从而彻底解决了水银开关存在的诸多问题,使信号衰减最小,可靠性和寿命也大幅提高,在神舟号系列飞船的返回舱得到成功应用。重力开关技术已拓展应用于探月三期返回器伞绳天线和信标天线的选通控制。预测了该技术的下一步发展方向是智能化多端口重力开关系统。     

针对伪码引信的瞄准式噪声调频干扰机理及硬件实现

首先从理论上分析了瞄准式噪声调频干扰对伪码调相引信相关检测的影响，分析表明当噪声调频干扰超出伪码调相引信自身抗干扰容限时，相关输出严重恶化，引信不能正常工作。基于此提出了一种瞄准式噪声调频干扰方案。该方案中，干扰机先搜索、接收伪码引信信号，提取伪码引信信号的载波频率，并把它存储下来，在引信工作频率上进行噪声调频干扰，使引信早炸或使引信失去识别目标信号的能力。给出了该方案的主要电路的工作原理和硬件实现，主要包括载波提取电路、低频噪声源的产生和锁相环噪声调频电路。从实验结果来看，系统设计原理正确，干扰方案有效可行。     

卫星跟踪卫星应用于月球重力场探测的模拟研究

月球卫星跟踪卫星技术作为月球和行星重力场探测的一种解决方案已经初步研究和讨论。文章引入已有的解析方法在理论上分析卫星间精密测距与月球重力场信号的频率响应关系，并通过模拟计算，以分析月球卫星跟踪卫星方法应用于月球重力场探测的可行性和恢复重力场的能力。由于月球卫星跟踪卫星方法是目前解决远月面重力探测最有潜力的方法之一，且已为一些月球探测计划采用，而我国的月球探测计划也同样面，临远月面探测的难题，文章的研究成果可为我国月球和行星重力场的探测提供参考。     

便携式多用途导弹方案设想

提出了一种便携式多用途导弹方案的设想。根据确定的设计理念,给出了刚性（捷联）制导系统中的目标探测装置、控制系统,引战系统中的引信、战斗部,以及电源系统和动力系统。讨论了制导舱、引战舱、动力舱等各舱段以及部位安排。介绍了导弹气动外形、战技指标、作战过程和关键技术。     

重力梯度仪及其应用

旋转加速度计重力梯度仪是一种高精度的可直接用于测量重力梯度空间张量的精密仪器，安装在动基座上并进行误差的动态实时补偿后，可实现大范围快速测量重力和重力场，这对于提高弹道导弹的精度以及快速测量发射首区重力场以及快速选取发射阵地等都具有十分重要的意义。     

静电加速度计对重力卫星平台的要求分析

静电加速度计是重力卫星的核心有效载荷,其非保守力测量精度是地球重力场反演任务成功执行的有效保证。文章分析了静电加速度计的测量信号以及对重力卫星平台的指标要求,重点指出满足这些要求应解决的关键技术,最后建议我国开展重力卫星研究。     

下一代高精度卫星重力测量技术研究

以下一代高精度卫星重力测量为背景,针对低低卫卫跟踪模式与卫星重力梯度测量模式,论述了下一代低低卫卫跟踪和下一代重力梯度测量卫星方案。下一代低低卫卫跟踪重力卫星采用纳米级星间激光测距替代原微波测距,同时降低轨道高度以提高重力场敏感度。下一代重力梯度测量卫星采用原子干涉重力梯度仪替代静电重力梯度仪,原子干涉重力梯度仪在空间有超高的潜在灵敏度,可进一步提高卫星重力梯度测量的精度。同时,突破现有牛顿力学框架下的卫星重力测量技术,提出了基于广义相对论引力钟慢效应的卫星重力测量技术概念,卫星遍历地球周围空间时,通过测量星上时钟频率变化获取全球重力分布。仿真结果表明:三种新型高精度卫星重力测量技术可恢复200~305阶的全球重力场模型。     

基于形状的火卫一重力场研究

介绍基于形状对不规则小天体重力场建模的原理和方法,并通过解析法和数值法对火卫一的重力场进行正演建模。相比之前的重力场模型,基于解析算法获得的17阶次球谐展开形式重力场模型,在分辨率上有显著提高。进一步结合火卫一动力学参数,分析了火卫一表面加速度。结果显示,火卫一因其轨道十分接近火星,导致表面离心力和潮汐力十分显著,在某些区域与自引力相当,造成火卫一的特殊表面重力环境。这些结果可为未来的火卫一探测和科学研究提供基本输入物理场模型,也可为其他小天体探测中的类似问题提供方法参考。     

Orbital stability of planar oscillations of a satellite in a circular orbit

We consider the attitude motion of a satellite with a circular orbit in a central Newtonian gravitational field. The satellite is a solid body whose mass geometry is that of a plate. A nonlinear analysis is made of orbital stability of planar oscillations of the satellite at which its middle or major axis of inertia is perpendicular to the orbit plane. At small amplitudes of oscillations the analysis of stability was made analytically, while for arbitrary amplitudes the numerical analysis was performed.     

Compensation of gravitational attraction disturbance to pure gravity orbit for Inner Formation Flying System

The Inner Formation Flying System (IFFS) consisting of an outer satellite and an inner satellite which is a solid sphere proof mass freely flying in the shield cavity can construct a pure gravity orbit to precisely measure the earth gravity field. The gravitational attraction on the inner satellite due to the outer satellite is a significant disturbance source to the pure gravity orbit and is required to be limited to 10⁻¹¹ m s⁻² order. However, the gravitational disturbance force was on 10⁻⁹ m s⁻² order actually and must be reduced by dedicated compensation mass blocks. The region of relative motion of the inner satellite about its nominal position is within 1 cm in dimension, which raises the complexity of the compensation blocks design. The iterative design strategy of the compensation blocks based on reducing the gravitational attraction at the nominal position of the inner satellite is presented, aiming to guarantee the gravitational force in the relative motion region within requirements after the compensation. The compensation blocks are designed according to the current status of IFFS, and the gravitational disturbance force in the region is reduced to 10⁻¹¹ ms⁻² order with minimized adding mass.     

Evolution of motion of two viscoelastic planets in the field of forces of their mutual attraction

Translational-rotational motion of two viscoelastic planets in a gravitational force field is studied. The planets are modeled by homogeneous isotropic viscoelastic bodies. In their natural undeformed state each of the planets represents a sphere. We investigate a specific case when the planet’s centers of mass move in a fixed plane, the axis of rotation for each planet being directed along the normal to this plane. An equation describing the evolution of a slow angular variable (perihelion longitude) is derived. The observed displacement of the perihelion of Mercury is compared with the results obtained in the considered model problem about motion of two viscoelastic planets. Quite important is the fact that the planet of smaller mass (Mercury) moves not in a central Newtonian field of forces, but rather in the gravitational field of a rotating viscoelastic planet (Sun).     

About one problem of trajectory optimization

The optimization problem for trajectories of spacecraft flight from the Earth to an asteroid is considered in this paper. The flight is realized in the central Newtonian gravitational field of the Sun with a possibility of gravitational maneuvers near planets. Perturbation maneuvers are taken into account using the method of point area of action with a limitation on the flyby altitude. The spacecraft is controlled by changing the value and direction of the engine thrust. The problem is solved taking into account constraints on the launch time, flight duration, and minimum distance to the Sun.     

Optimization of space orbits design for Earth orbiting missions

In Earth orbiting space missions, the orbit selection dictates the mission parameters like the ground resolution, the area coverage, and the frequency of coverage parameters. To achieve desired mission parameters, usually Earth regions of interest are identified and the spacecraft is maneuvered continuously to visit only these regions. This method is expensive, it requires a propulsion system onboard the spacecraft, working throughout the mission lifetime. It also requires a longer time to cover all the regions of interest, due to the very weak thrust forces compared to that of the Earth's gravitational field. This paper presents a methodology to design natural orbits, in which the regions of interest are visited without the use of propulsion systems, depending only on the gravitational forces. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem. A genetic algorithm along with a second order gradient method is implemented for optimization. The design process takes into consideration the gravitational second zonal harmonic, and hence allows for the design of repeated Sun-synchronous orbits. The field of view of the payload is also taken into consideration in the optimization process. Numerical results are presented that demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method.     

On the photon path deviation in the Sun gravity field

It is assumed that the gravitational interaction is carried out by material agents, and it is affected by the relativistic squeezing. With only this assumption, the solution of the problem of a photon path deviation in the Sun gravity field conforms with the experiment.     

Realization of modes of satellite attitude motion with a small level of microaccelerations using electromechanical executive devices

Quasi-static microaccelerations are estimated for a satellite specially designed to perform space experiments in the field of microgravity. Three modes of attitude motion of the spacecraft are considered: passive gravitational orientation, orbital orientation, and semi-passive gravitational orientation. In these modes the lengthwise axis of the satellite is directed along the local vertical, while solar arrays lie in the orbit plane. The second and third modes are maintained using electromechanical executive devices: flywheel engines or gyrodynes. Estimations of residual microaccelerations are performed with the help of mathematical modeling of satellite’s attitude motion under the action of gravitational and aerodynamic moments, as well as the moment produced by the gyro system. It is demonstrated that all modes ensure rather low level of quasi-static microaccelerations on the satellite and provide for a fairly narrow region of variation for the vector of residual microacceleration. The semi-passive gravitational orientation ensures also a limited proper angular momentum of the gyro system.     

A specific case of stability of cylindrical precession of a satellite

In a central Newtonian gravitational field, the motion of a dynamically symmetrical satellite along an elliptical orbit of arbitrary eccentricity is considered. The particular motion of the satellite is known when its axis of symmetry is perpendicular to the orbit plane, and the satellite rotates about this axis with a constant angular velocity (cylindrical precession). A nonlinear analysis of stability of this motion has been performed under the assumption that the geometry of the satellite mass corresponds to a thin plate. At small values of orbit eccentricity e the analysis is analytical, while numerical analysis is used for arbitrary values of e.     

刚弹性复杂系统在重力场中的定点转动

本文研究了轴对称刚－弹系统在重力场中的定点运动。首先利用模态分析方法将偏微分方程转化为常微分方程组，然后引进小参数将藕合的长周期运动和短周期运动分离。得到了这个非线性刚弹藉合系统的一次近似解，并利用它研究了刚－弹系统运动特性。