地面上的模拟失重方法

航天员在轨道飞行时,由于失重因素,产生了一系列生理、病理变化,出现了空间运动病、心血管和水盐代谢紊乱、骨质脱钙、肌肉萎缩等机能紊乱和失调。这些变化或多或少地影响了航天员的健康和工作,及返回地球的再适应能力,并可能成为长时间航天飞行的主要障碍。因此,了解失重对人体的影响、生理机能失调的机制及采取有效的防护措施是十分必要的。但是在航天飞行中航天员的人数有限,且任务繁忙不能进行大量的生理实验和测试。加之,飞行中的实验     

掀开科学实验的红盖头

正像地面活动受天气影响一样，神舟四号飞船在轨运行也会受到空间天气的影响。太空中的各种带电粒子辐射和中性大气是威胁航天员生命、影响飞船正常工作的重要因素之一。     

日本计划发射生命科学卫星

日本宇宙开发事业团(NASDA)拟于1995年发射搭载老鼠、金鱼等生物的生命科学卫星,进行空间生物实验,其目的是为2000年前后航天员在空间站上长期驻留做实验准备,探求空间环境给予生物的影响。该计划是将搭载有生物实验装置的重约1吨的密闭舱,用NASDA于1992年开始研制的小型火箭J-1发射至高度为251～450km的低轨道上。在空间飞行约60天后,密闭舱将在海上回收。人在空间长期驻留,由于受到宇宙线的辐射及失重环境影响,存在     

基于人体模型的舱外航天服热系统分析与计算

分析了舱外航天服空间换热的特点,对"空间环境-舱外航天服-人体"热系统进行了传热分析,利用Visual C++ 6.0及OpenGL技术进行了三维人体模型的构造,对人体体表温度的计算结果进行了三维图形显示.结合人体热调节模型建立了"空间环境-舱外航天服-人体"热系统仿真技术,分析了航天员在不同代谢模式、被动热防护状态及液冷、通风系统控制情况下的热状态,确定了各代谢活动水平下航天员达到舒适状态时液冷、通风系统的工作条件,利用暖体假人试验结果对系统仿真进行了验证,结果表明二者吻合很好,本项目具有很好的工程应用价值.      

国外空间站环控生保分系统研究现状和发展趋势分析

<正>环境控制与生命保障分系统(ECLSS,简称为环控生保分系统)是载人航天器所独有和必需的一个最重要分系统。环控生保分系统应对人类在空间特殊环境的生存需求,通过大气控制、温度控制、供应和再循环、水再循环、食物供应、废物清除、火灾等应急措施的解决,为载人航天器上航天员的正常生活、工作、身体健康和生命安全提供关键性保障。该分系统研究涵盖物理、化学、材料、生物、机电等多个技术领域,它从最初的非再生式储存系统,到物化再生式     

空间高等植物培养装置

空间高等植物培养装置用于中国天宫二号空间实验室开展微重力条件下高等植物生长机理研究.该装置由高等植物培养模块、生命保障模块、实时在线检测模块和返回单元等功能单元组成,可实现高等植物空间长周期培养,在轨启动生物实验,实时在线观察和荧光监测,水分循环利用及营养供给,模拟太阳长短日照周期控制与检测,环境温度测量与控制,CO₂浓度调节,有害气体去除及航天员回收部分样品等功能.      

失重因素对航天员体温调节影响的分析

系统地总结了实际载人航天及地面模拟中失重因素引起的航天员生理性体温调节功能变化的种种现象和内在联系。指出在失重环境下 ,自然对流消失 ,血液重新分布 ,排尿性失水增加 ,血浆容积变小 ,心血管系统功能下降 ,最大氧摄入量降低 ,这些都可导致体温调节能力受损 ,最终使航天员的高温耐力明显下降。文章同时指出 ,在体温调节系统中 ,行为性调节是生理性调节的补充和延伸 ,前者只有通过后者才能发挥作用 ,因此 ,在航天器座舱温控系统及航天服通风 -液冷系统的设计中 ,应充分考虑失重因素的影响。     

一种深空探测航天员应急生命保障系统

1 引言 在执行远距离探测任务时,航天员如受到外界损伤或自身保障设备(如航天服、月球车等)出现异常时,无法及时返回基地(空间站或月球基地)进行处理和救治,将导致航天员生命安全受到威胁,甚至一个小的异常也可能导致航天员生命丧失.     

航天员出舱活动地面试验系统设计与实现

为了完成航天员的出舱活动任务,必须建设可以验证航天员出舱活动适应性的地面试验设备。文章描述了航天员出舱活动地面试验设备的系统构成、性能指标以及实现方法,给出了航天员出舱活动试验过程的实际过程曲线。试验结果表明:该地面试验设备可以满足航天员出舱活动试验任务的要求,拓宽了空间环境地面试验的领域范围,提升了空间环境地面模拟的能力,并为后续有人参与的空间环境地面试验提供了能力保证。     

人在太空中会晕飞船么?

正进入太空后,由于失重,所有东西都会漂浮,人也不例外。且舱内的空间狭小封闭,这导致人类没有参考、无法区分上下前后左右东西南北,前庭系统和脑部相关神经就会出现紊乱,一个表现就是无法抑制的恶心。为了应对这个,每位航天员都经过了各种艰苦的训练。关于前庭系统     

Biorhythms on cellular and organismic level (introduction).

The regular change of day and night, of light and darkness during millions of years has strongly affected the development of life on earth. Many organisms adapted themselves to this environmental condition and, finally, evolved an endogenous timer which usually is in phase with the earth's rotation and causes many functions to perform one oscillation per day. Such circadian rhythms (derived from circa dies i.e. about 1 day) were found in almost all classes of plants and animals, and even in protozoans. They persist in a constant environment and, therefore, are independent of any known external trigger signals. Since even unicells perform circadian rhythms which are similar to those observed in highly developed multicellular organisms many scientists favor the existence of a basic mechanism common to all kinds of biological clocks that is located somewhere in the single cell and probably comprises many different biochemical reactions. One purpose of this topical meeting was to discuss how organisms respond to the absence of gravity and terrestrial zeitgeber and how they may react to the imposing of hypergravity fields. Another aim was to develop model-mechanisms appropriate to describe these responses.     

Influence of gravity on the circadian timing system.

The circadian timing system (CTS) is responsible for daily temporal coordination of physiological and behavioral functions both internally and with the external environment. Experiments in altered gravitational environments have revealed changes in circadian rhythms of species ranging from fungi to primates. The altered gravitational environments examined included both the microgravity environment of spaceflight and hyperdynamic environments produced by centrifugation. Acute exposure to altered gravitational environments changed homeostatic parameters such as body temperature. These changes were time of day dependent. Exposure to gravitational alterations of relatively short duration produced changes in both the homeostatic level and the amplitude of circadian rhythms. Chronic exposure to a non-earth level of gravity resulted in changes in the period of the expressed rhythms as well as in the phase relationships between the rhythms and between the rhythms and the external environment. In addition, alterations in gravity appeared to act as a time cue for the CTS. Altered gravity also affected the sensitivity of the pacemaker to other aspects of the environment (i.e., light) and to shifts of time cues. Taken together, these studies lead to the conclusion that the CTS is indeed sensitive to gravity and its alterations. This finding has implications for both basic biology and space medicine.     

Quality variation of GPS satellite clocks on-orbit using IGS clock products

Over 60% clocks on board of the GPS satellites are working longer than their designed life. Therefore realizing their stabilities in a long time scales is essential to GPS navigation and positioning plus IGS time scale maintaining. IGS clock products from 2001 to 2010 are used to analyze the GPS satellite clock qualities such as frequency stabilities and clock noise level. We find out that for the clocks of Block IIA satellites the frequency stabilities and clock noise are 10 times worse than that of the Block IIR and IIR-M satellites. Moreover, the linear relationships between frequency stabilities and clock residuals have been deduced with an accuracy of better than 0.02 ns. Specially, it is noticed that the clock of the PRN27 is instable and the relationship between the frequency stability and residuals is at least a quadratic curve. Therefore, we suggested that GPS satellite clocks should be weighted by their quality levels in application, and the observations of the Block IIA should not be used for real-time positioning which required precision better than one meter.     

星载原子钟在轨剩余寿命预测方法研究

原子钟是导航卫星最关键载荷之一, 开展原子钟健康状态评估与寿命预测相关工作, 对于及时掌握原子钟性能和运行状况, 确保卫星导航系统提供高可用性连续性完好性的服务, 具有重要意义。结合星载原子钟在轨失效特性分析, 提出了一种综合考虑原子钟随机失效与耗损失效的剩余寿命预测方法。该方法融合利用原子钟寿命周期内产生的多源多维数据, 通过概率统计和机器学习的途径实现原子钟的剩余寿命预测。经案例验证, 所提方法合理有效, 具有一定的工程应用价值。      

Preliminary characterization of persisting circadian rhythms during space flight.

In order to evaluate the function of the circadian timing system in space, the circadian rhythm of conidiation of the fungus Neurospora crassa was monitored in constant darkness on the STS 9 flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia. During the first 7 days of spaceflight many tubes showed a marked reduction in the apparent amplitude of the conidiation rhythm, and some cultures appeared arrhythmic. There was more variability in the growth rate and circadian rhythms of individual cultures in space than is usually seen on earth. The results of this experiment indicate that while the circadian rhythm of Neurospora conidiation can persist outside of the Earth's environment, either the timekeeping process or its expression is altered in space.     

发展我国的空间用高准确度原子钟

原子钟在科学技术、军事和商业中应用甚广,在空间任务,特别是卫星导航系统中起着决定性作用。目前我国还没有自己的空间用高准确度原子频标,发展适合空间应用的星载原子钟是我们面临的迫切任务。     

Monitoring atomic clocks on board GNSS satellites

A method for monitoring atomic clocks on board Global Navigation Satellites System (GNSS) satellites is described to address the issue of clock related signal integrity in safety–critical applications of GNSS. The carrier-phase time transfer is employed in the clock monitoring method which enables tight tracking of the satellite onboard clocks and thus improves detectability of clock anomalies. Detecting onboard clock anomalies requires the ability to monitor clocks in real time, and a Kalman filter can then be utilized to estimate the phase offsets between the satellite clocks and ground clocks. This study, using the difference between the measured and predicted phase offset as a test statistic, sets a threshold for clock anomalies based on the prediction interval approach. Finally the validity of the monitoring method is examined by processing a set of real GNSS data that includes two recent incidents of clock anomalies in GNSS satellites.     

Switching and performance variations of on-orbit BDS satellite clocks

The information of the satellite clock switching and performance variations on-orbit of Chinese BeiDou-2 Navigation System (BDS) is not available for the public. In order to detect the BDS satellite clock switching and performances variation, we analyzed the precise clock offset products with a total duration of 5?years every BDS satellite equipped four atomic clocks from four different manufactures from January 2013 to October 2017. Three important contributions are concluded as follows. (1) It is found that the average time of on-orbit operation for BDS satellite clocks is about 1–2?years. There have been 22 times of clock switching for BDS satellites, of which the C05 and C08 satellites have been switched to the fourth (last) atomic clock. (2) There are frequent phase adjustments for BDS on-orbit satellite clocks, and the frequency series is relatively stable. Furthermore, there are semi-annual sinusoid cycles in the frequency drift series of C06 and C09 satellites. (3) The performances of MEO satellite clocks perform better than the IGSO and GEO satellite clocks. The average ten-thousand frequency stability of BDS satellite clocks is about 1E-13, which is worse than that of GPS and Galileo but better than that of GLONASS.     

星载原子钟数据预处理的方法研究CSCD

星载原子钟的数据预处理是进行原子钟性能分析和钟差预报的前提,本文主要利用相位数据和频率数据的转换和异常数据的分析处理方法对原子钟数据进行了预处理,有效的保证了数据的可靠性。     

小型磁选态铯原子钟产品化进展

本文介绍了磁选态铯原子钟产品化进展情况，包括人们广泛关注的产品的性能指标测试、可靠性保证及寿命评估等，提出了铯束管采用单束束光学和电路采用了数字化技术是实现性能指标的基本保证；给出了产品化初期出现的一些故障现象及解决措施，以及为进一步提高可靠性开展的环境适应性试验；并讨论了电子倍增器寿命评估方法，提出寿命评估公式，对铯钟的寿命给出了评估结果。最后提出了产品化过程中还需要进一步探索的问题，不仅对磁选态铯原子钟的产品化有帮助，而且对光抽运铯钟甚至其他种类原子钟的产品化亦有参考价值。