模拟失重对心血管自主神经调节功能的影响

载人航天或模拟失重后，航天员会出现运动能力与立位耐力降低，其发生机理与多种因素的改变有关．为进一步验证这种变化与中枢神经系统调节功能障碍的可能相关，本文研究模拟失重过程中心脏与外周血管自主神经调节功能的动态变化及与卧床后立位耐力降低的关系．结果表明，6名被试者的HRV谱的总功率（TP）及低频（LF）、高频（HF）成份均减少，而LF：HF比值在卧床后期有增大趋势．卧床后HUT初始6min所有被试者心率明显快于卧床前的相应值．说明模拟失重后心脏迷走神经反应与外周血管交感神经活动水平降低，心脏交感神经活动水平逐渐升高．但卧床后HUT时心血管自主神经调节反应基本正常．     

国际空间站航天员的服装(七)

正功能服装功能服装具有调节身体状态的一定功能,主要是由于航天员长时间处于失重环境中,会造成身体各方面的不利影响,这种服装用于对这种不利影响进行调节。企鹅服人类生命进化是在地球重力环境下形成的,人的机体各组织之间形成了良好的重力环境适应性,从而达到     

空间里的时间:微重力等环境下的生物节律研究

生物钟是地球上的生物为适应环境周期性变化经历长期演化而来的内在机制.在分子水平上受生物钟基因及其他相关基因的调节；在组织水平上，生物钟由主生物钟和外周生物钟组成.生物钟对于各种生物的生理、认知和行为等具有重要功能，是生物适应环境的决定因素之一.空间环境下的微重力、辐射、光照条件、社会性因素等与地面存在很大差异，这些因素均可能导致节律紊乱，影响生物的生理及环境适应性.因此，对地外生命的研究也应该考虑生物钟因素.对航天员而言，节律紊乱可引起睡眠障碍，并且对骨肌系统、神经系统、心血管系统及内分泌系统等造成不利影响，导致人的认知和工效水平下降.在未来空间生命探索以及航天员健康保障研究中，生物钟是一个不可忽视的重要因素.      

地面上的模拟失重方法

航天员在轨道飞行时,由于失重因素,产生了一系列生理、病理变化,出现了空间运动病、心血管和水盐代谢紊乱、骨质脱钙、肌肉萎缩等机能紊乱和失调。这些变化或多或少地影响了航天员的健康和工作,及返回地球的再适应能力,并可能成为长时间航天飞行的主要障碍。因此,了解失重对人体的影响、生理机能失调的机制及采取有效的防护措施是十分必要的。但是在航天飞行中航天员的人数有限,且任务繁忙不能进行大量的生理实验和测试。加之,飞行中的实验     

头低位卧床对恒河猴骨代谢、糖脂代谢的抑制效应及其相关性分析

空间失重引起的骨代谢调节失衡是航天员遭受的最严重的危害之一.骨代谢失衡还有可能影响机体的糖脂代谢平衡.本研究利用恒河猴头低位卧床模拟失重效应实验方法，分析头低位卧床过程中恒河猴血清中骨代谢、糖脂代谢指标变化情况及其相关性.卧床组恒河猴血清中BAP在头低位卧床实验开始7天便出现了显著下降（P<0.05），血清胰岛素、高密度脂肪酸含量在7天显著下降并一直维持在较低水平，血糖含量在7天时显著下降，但在21天时明显回升.分析发现，骨钙素与血糖、皮质醇、高密度脂肪酸含量间均存在相关性，这表明头低位卧床模拟失重效应实验中骨与糖脂代谢之间存在相互调控.      

恶劣可怕的火星环境

航天员的火星旅行首先要经过太空，然后到达火星表面，最后又通过太空返回地球。在火星旅行的整个来回过程中，航天员要经受各种各样的环境因素的“考验”，但其中主要是失重、低重力、火星大气和宇宙辐射。因为这四种因素对航天员的危害最大，因此需要很好地研究和预防。     

训练航天员的大型水池

太空环境与地面环境的最大区别是失重，或者称为微重力。航天员在基础训练阶段就要开始进行失重训练，使他们熟悉失重环境和学习太空行走。在地面上对航天员进行失重训练的方法有两种：用飞机作抛物线飞行和使用大型水池。     

航天员训练揭秘(一)--失重反应及失重训练

在完成对航天员的选拔后,就要开始全面系统的训练。一般对航天员的训练需要4年时间,在航天员训练中心专门进行,其训练内容有基础训练、专业技术训练、飞行任务模拟训练和发射场发射准备训练等,分阶段逐步进行。现只介绍大家感兴趣的特殊训练内容。在航天飞行过程中,航天员会受到失重、超重、振动、噪声、辐射和舱内有害气体等环境因素的影响。     

航天趣闻（一）

当航天妈妈不容易根据美国航宇局的统计,80%以上的美国女航天员没有要小孩,她们中大多数人是在职业生涯结束之后才怀上第一胎,因此第一分娩的平均年龄是41～42岁。美国航宇局明文规定:不允许怀孕的女航天员上天。航天员在航天飞行前都要经过严格的医学检查,一旦发现怀孕,不但取消航天飞行资格,而且也不允许继续进行失重训练,包括中性浮力水池、失重飞机和低压舱内的训练。特别是在中性浮力水池中训练,绝对不允许。因为航天员     

太空行走100问（十一）

太空行走的训练设备(上) 62.航天员太空行走有哪些训练设备? 航天员太空行走的训练设备有很多,归纳起来可分为四大类:1-g模拟设备、失重飞机、水下训练设备和专用训练设备,在这四大类设备中,最常用的是失重飞机和水下训练设备.水下训练设备主要是中性浮力水池,这是航天员太空行走训练的必备设备,是在地面模拟太空失重环境的比较理想的一种方法.专用训练设备包括虚拟现实技术、遥控机械臂训练模拟器、载人机动装置太空操作模拟器和出舱活动程序训练模拟器.     

On the radiosensitivity of man in space.

Astronauts' radiation exposure limits are based on experimental and epidemiological data obtained on Earth. It is assumed that radiation sensitivity remains the same in the extraterrestrial space. However, human radiosensitivity is dependent upon the response of the hematopoietic tissue to the radiation insult. It is well known that the immune system is affected by microgravity. We have developed a mathematical model of radiation-induced myelopoiesis which includes the effect of microgravity on bone marrow kinetics. It is assumed that cellular radiosensitivity is not modified by the space environment, but repopulation rates of stem and stromal cells are reduced as a function of time in weightlessness. A realistic model of the space radiation environment, including the HZE component, is used to simulate the radiation damage. A dedicated computer code was written and applied to solar particle events and to the mission to Mars. The results suggest that altered myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis in microgravity might increase human radiosensitivity in space.     

抗磁性物质磁悬浮方法在空间生物学与生物技术中的应用

失重是特定空间运动条件下的重要环境物理特征之一, 一般以微重力环境来表示. 几十年来人类利用空间失重环境进行了多学科领域的科学研究与探索. 由于真实空间失重环境下科学实验机会稀少, 人类为研究空间失重环境或效应, 开发了多种地基的空间模拟实验技术方法. 然而, 对于空间生物学和空间生物技术研究而言, 已有的各种模拟实验技术手段在原理上和应用上均存在一定的局限性. 本文介绍了抗磁性物质在大梯度强磁场中的悬浮现象, 及将其用于模拟空间失重环境的方法与原理;简述了近年来利用抗磁性物质悬浮方法进行生物大分子晶体生长、分子细胞生物学及整体生物学等方面研究与应用的进展.      

Influence of proprioceptive information on space orientation on the ground and in orbital weightlessness.

Conscious space orientation depends on afferent information from different sense organs including the labyrinth, the eyes, tactile cues from the skin, joint receptors, muscle spindles, tendon organs and possibly viscera. An important role is played by impulses from the cervical position receptors in interaction with concomitant information from the otolith system. In order to isolate the effect of cervical position receptors from that of the otolith system, space experiments in orbital weightlessness and in parabolic aircraft flight were performed. It was found that stimulation of the neck receptors in weightlessness markedly influences the perception of the subjective vertical and horizontal and in addition has a weak effect on ocular torsion.     

Influence of altered gravity on the cytochemical localization of cytochrome oxidase activity in central and peripheral gravisensory systems in developing cichlid fish.

Cichlid fish larvae were reared from hatching to active free swimming under different gravity conditions: natural environment, increased acceleration in a centrifuge, simulated weightlessness in a clinostat and near weightlessness during space flight. Cytochrome oxidase activity was analyzed semiquantitatively on the ultrastructural level as a marker of regional neuronal activity in a primary, vestibular brainstem nucleus and in gravity receptive epithelia in the inner ear. Our results show, that gravity seems to be positively correlated with cytochrome oxidase activity in the magnocellular nucleus of developing fish brain. In the inner ear the energy metabolism is decreased under microgravity concerning utricle but not saccule. Hypergravity has no effect on cytochrome oxidase activity in sensory inner ear epithelia.     

Long-term space flights--personal impressions.

During a final 4-month stage of a 1-year space flight of cosmonauts Titov and Manarov, a physician, Valery Polyakov was included on a crew for the purpose of evaluating their health, correcting physical status to prepare for the spacecraft reentry and landing operations. The complex program of scientific investigations and experiments performed by the physician included an evaluation of adaptation reactions of the human body at different stages of space mission using clinicophysiological and biochemical methods; testing of alternative regimes of exercise and new countermeasures to prevent an unfavourable effect of long-term weightlessness.     

Activity of the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system in rats after space flight on the COSMOS biosatellites

The indicators of adrenomedullary activity (catecholamine content (CA) and the activity of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH)) were measured in the adrenal glands of rats living in a state of weightlessness for 18.5–19.5 days on board the biosatellites COSMOS 936 and COSMOS 1129. None of these indicators was significantly changed by space flight, neither in the group living in a state of weightlessness nor in the group living in a centrifuge on board the spacecraft and exposed to artificial gravity of 1 g (COSMOS 936). Animals exposed after space flight to repeated immobilization stress on Earth showed a significant decrease of adrenal adrenaline and an appreciable increase in adrenal TH activity compared to stressed animals which were not in space. These results suggest that a prolonged state of weightlessness during space flight does not by itself represent an intensive stressful stimulus for the adrenomedullary system but potentiates the response of cosmonauts to stress after return to Earth.     

180天长期密闭环境对志愿者骨代谢、糖脂代谢的影响及其相关性分析

长期空间飞行过程中航天员处于狭小密闭的失重环境中，密闭环境对机体骨代谢与糖脂代谢的影响尚不明确.通过4人180天受控生态生保系统集成实验，分析长期处于密闭环境的4名志愿者血清中骨代谢、糖脂代谢指标变化，并根据骨与能量代谢相互调控理论，分析二者相关性.实验结果表明，长期密闭舱内生活影响了骨代谢与糖脂代谢，表现为骨形成指标（BGP，PICP，BAP）的下降趋势.入舱前中后期Insulin的变化幅度较大.脂代谢类指标也有下降趋势.相关性分析表明BGP与FRUC呈极显著的正相关（r=0.525，p=0.001）；BGP与CHOL和LDL也呈显著正相关（r=0.376，p=0.024；r=0.391，p=0.018）.长期密闭环境影响机体的骨代谢与糖脂代谢，且二者存在一定关联.      

Changes in the central nervous system during long-duration space flight: implications for neuro-imaging.

The purpose of this paper is to review the potential functional and morphological effects of long duration space flight on the human central nervous system (CNS) and how current neuroimaging techniques may be utilized to study these effects. It must be determined if there will be any detrimental changes to the CNS from long term exposure to the space environment if human beings are to plan interplanetary missions or establish permanent space habitats. Research to date has focused primarily on the short term changes in the CNS as the result of space flight. The space environment has many factors such as weightlessness, electromagnetic fields, and radiation, that may impact upon the function and structure of the CNS. CNS changes known to occur during and after long term space flight include neurovestibular disturbances, cephalic fluid shifts, alterations in sensory perception, changes in proprioception, psychological disturbances, and cognitive changes. Animal studies have shown altered plasticity of the neural cytoarchitecture, decreased neuronal metabolism in the hypothalamus, and changes in neurotransmitter concentrations. Recent progress in the ability to study brain morphology, cerebral metabolism, and neurochemistry in vivo in the human brain would provide ample opportunity to investigate many of the changes that occur in the CNS as a result of space flight. These methods include positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).     

一种校准空间蓄电池在不同加速度状态下电特性的装置CSCD

在飞行器发射升空之前,需对空间蓄电池进行一系列的测试。而地球上的环境和在太空中的环境存在很大的不同,尤其是太空的失重环境,在地球上很难长时间的模拟,以达到测试的目的。这样在地面上的测试数据可能与实际工作所得有所偏差。针对这种情况,文章提出了一种校准空间蓄电池在不同加速状态下电特性的装置。     

基于人体模型的舱外航天服热系统分析与计算

分析了舱外航天服空间换热的特点,对"空间环境-舱外航天服-人体"热系统进行了传热分析,利用Visual C++ 6.0及OpenGL技术进行了三维人体模型的构造,对人体体表温度的计算结果进行了三维图形显示.结合人体热调节模型建立了"空间环境-舱外航天服-人体"热系统仿真技术,分析了航天员在不同代谢模式、被动热防护状态及液冷、通风系统控制情况下的热状态,确定了各代谢活动水平下航天员达到舒适状态时液冷、通风系统的工作条件,利用暖体假人试验结果对系统仿真进行了验证,结果表明二者吻合很好,本项目具有很好的工程应用价值.